Onlinecalc - Sdsu.edu Onlinetractiveforceexample

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CIVE 530 - OPEN-CHANNEL HYDRAULICS
LECTURE 7A: DESIGN OF CHANNELS FOR UNIFORM FLOW II
7.11THE TRACTIVE FORCE
Tractive Force Sketch
Assume a control volume of area A, wetted perimeter P, and distance (channel

length) x, with channel head drop H:
Assume a channel slope So, equal to:
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So = H / x = tan
The total weight of the water in the control volume (gravitational force) is:
W = A x
The tractive force is:
Ft = W sin W tan = A x So
The resisting force is:
Fr = o P x
Equating tractive and resisting force leads to:
o = (A/P) So = R So
For hydraulically wide channels (R y):
o = y So
The distribution of the tractive stress varies along the wetted perimeter.
At the channel bottom, the maximum tractive force is the full value: ySo.
At the channel sides, the maximum tractive force is only: 0.78 ySo.
Fig. 7-6 (Chow)
Fig. 7-7 (Chow)
7.12TRACTIVE FORCE RATIO
Two forces are acting on a soil particle of submerged weight Ws resting on the side
of a channel, with tractive stress s and angle of inclination of the slope :
1. The tractive force: as (a= effective area of the particle).

2. The gravity force component: Wssin .
The resultant acting force is:
Fa = (Ws2sin2 + a2s2)1/2
Fig. 7-8 (Chow)
When this acting force is large enough, the particle will move.
At equilibrium, the resistance force is equal to the acting force.
The resistance force is equal to the normal force Wscos times the coefficient of
friction tan, where is the angle of friction of the material:
The resisting force is:
Fr = Ws cos tan
Therefore:
Ws cos tan = (Ws2sin2 + a2s2)1/2
Squaring both sides:
Ws2 cos2 tan2 = Ws2sin2 + a2s2
a2s2 = Ws2 cos2 tan2 - Ws2sin2
s2 = (Ws2/a2) cos2 tan2 [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]
s = (Ws/a) cos tan [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]1/2
This is the shear stress on the sides of a channel with side slope angle .
The force balance on a level surface, with = 0, is (cos = 1; sin= 0):
Ws tan = a L
Therefore, the shear stress that causes impending motion on a level surface is:
L = (Ws/a) tan
The tractive force ratio is defined as:
K = s/L
K = cos [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]1/2
This ratio K is only a function of and .
Simplifying:
K = {cos2 [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]}1/2
K = [cos2 - (cos2 tan2/ tan2)]1/2
K = [cos2 - (sin2/ tan2)]1/2
K = [cos2 - (sin2 cos2 /sin2 )]1/2
K = {(1 - sin2) - [sin2 (1 - sin2) /sin2 ]}1/2
K = {(1 - sin2) - [(1 - sin2) (sin2 /sin2) ]}1/2
K = {(1 - sin2) - [ (sin2 /sin2) - sin2]}1/2

K = [1 - (sin2 /sin2) ]1/2
Values of the angle of repose of noncohesive material (sand) are given in Fig. 7-9.
The diameter is that of a particle for which 25% (by weight) of the material is larger.
Fig. 7-9 (Chow)
7.13PERMISSIBLE TRACTIVE FORCE
The permissible tractive force is the maximum shear stress that will not cause
erosion of the material forming the channel bed on a level surface.
The value, obtained from laboratory experiments, is called the critical tractive force.
USBR practice:
For coarse noncohesive materials (sand), the permissible tractive force (lbs/sq
ft) is equal to 0.4 times the d25 diameter (inches) (See straight line in Fig. 7-10).
Fig. 7-10 (Chow)
For fine noncohesive material (silt), the diameter is the median diameter, or d50.
Three designs are recommended:
1. Canals with high content of sediment in the water.
2. Canals with low content of sediment in the water.
3. Canals with clear water ("hungry" water).
For cohesive materials, see Fig. 7-11.
Fig. 7-11 (Chow)
The permissible tractive forces mentioned above refer to straight channels.
For sinuous channels, the values of permissible tractive force should be

lowered to reduce scour.
A 10% reduction is recommended for slightly sinuous channels, 25% for

moderately sinuous, and 40% for very sinuous.
STEPS IN PERMISSIBLE TRACTIVE FORCE METHOD.
1. Assume b/y = 6 and z, with Q, S, and n known.
2. Assume tractive force on sides is critical (as opposed to tractive force on level
ground).
3. With b/y and z, enter Fig. 7-7 left to determine Cs in the acting unit tractive force on
the sides Ts:
Ts = CsyS
4. With d25 and grain shape, find angle of repose from Fig. 7-9.
5. Calculate from:
tan = 1/z
6. Calculate K from:
K = [1 - (sin2/sin2)]1/2
7. Determine permissible unit tractive force on level ground L from Fig. 7-10.
(If the material differs from sides and bottom, this could be either Lb based on the
material on the bottom, or Ls based on the material on the sides).
8. Calculate the permissible unit tractive force on the sides:
s = K L [or: s = K Ls]
9. Set permissible and acting unit tractive forces equal: s = Ts
s = CsyS
10. Solve for flow depth y:
y = s/(CsS)
11. With y and b/y, calculate b = y (b/y)
12. With Q, b, z, S, and n known, design channel to find yn.
13. Test to confirm that: yn y
If not satisfied, assumed b/y is too small. Assume a greater value and return to step
11.
If satisfied: y = yn
14. Once b/y is determined by trial and error, enter Fig. 7-7 to determine Cb in the acting
unit tractive force on the bottom TL:
TL = CbyS
15. Calculate TL = CbynS
16. Compare acting unit tractive force TL with permissible unit tractive force on level
ground L calculated in step 7. [OR: with Lb if different materials]
17. If TL L(b), the sides control the design. The design is OK.
18. If TL > L(b), the bottom controls the design.
In this case, make TL = L(b).
Then recalculate yn = L(b) / (CbS)
19. With new yn and b/y, recalculate b and confirm yn with ONLINECHANNEL01.
Otherwise, assume new b/y until yn calculated with ONLINECHANNEL01 agrees with
yn in previous step.
PERMISSIBLE TRACTIVE FORCE METHOD: EXAMPLE A (sides and bottom are the same)
Given:
Q = 600 cfs;
b = ?;
z = 2;
S= 0.001;
n = 0.022;
sides and bottom: noncohesive material, slightly angular, d25 = 0.7 in.
1. Assume b/y = 6.
ground).
3. With b/y and z, enter Fig. 7-7 left to determine Cs = 0.78.
4. With d25 and grain shape, find angle of repose from Fig. 7-9:
= 34o.
5. Calculate from:
tan = 1/z
= tan-1 (1/z) = 26.656o.
K = [1 - (sin2/sin2)]1/2 = 0.6
L = 0.4 d25 (in) = 0.4 0.7 = 0.28 psf.
s = K L = 0.6 0.28 = 0.168 psf.
s = 0.168 = CsyS = 0.78 62.4 y 0.001
y = s/(CsS) = 0.168 / (0.78 62.4 0.001) = 3.45 ft.
11. With y and b/y, calculate b = y (b/y) = 3.45 6 = 20.7 ft. Assume b = 21 ft.
12. With Q = 600, b = 21, z = 2, S = 0.001, and n = 0.022 known, use ONLINECHANNEL01
to find yn = 4.356 ft.
13. Test to confirm that: yn = 4.356 > y = 3.45. Normal depth too high!
11.
Assume b/y = 8. Then b = 27.6 28 ft.
With Q = 600, b = 28, z = 2, S = 0.001, and n = 0.022 known, use

ONLINECHANNEL01 to find
yn = 3.793 > y = 3.45. Normal depth still too high!

yn = 3.376 ft.
Test to confirm that: yn = 3.376 < y = 3.45. Normal depth now OK!
14. With b/y = 10, enter Fig. 7-7 to determine Cb = 1.0

15. Calculate TL = CbynS = 1.0 62.4 3.376 0.001 = 0.211 psf.
ground L calculated in step 7.
17. TL = 0.211 < L = 0.28. Therefore, the sides control the design. The design is OK.
PERMISSIBLE TRACTIVE FORCE METHOD: EXAMPLE B (sides and bottom are different)
Given:
Q = 600 cfs;
b = ?;
z = 2;
S= 0.001;
n = 0.022;
sides: noncohesive material, slightly angular, d25 = 0.7 in;
bottom: noncohesive material, with d50 = 0.8 mm, with high content of fine sediment in
the water.
1. Assume b/y = 6.
ground).
3. With b/y and z, enter Fig. 7-7 left to determine Cs = 0.78.
4. With d25 and grain shape, find angle of repose from Fig. 7-9:
= 34o.
5. Calculate from:
tan = 1/z
= tan-1 (1/z) = 26.656o.
K = [1 - (sin2/sin2)]1/2 = 0.6
Ls = 0.4 d25 (in) = 0.4 0.7 = 0.28 psf.
Lb = 0.09 psf.
s = K Ls = 0.6 0.28 = 0.168 psf.
s = 0.168 = CsyS = 0.78 62.4 y 0.001
y = s/(CsS) = 0.168 / (0.78 62.4 0.001) = 3.45 ft.
11. With y and b/y, calculate b = y (b/y) = 3.45 6 = 20.7 ft. Assume b = 21 ft.
12. With Q = 600, b = 21, z = 2, S = 0.001, and n = 0.022 known, use ONLINECHANNEL01
to find yn = 4.356 ft.
13. Test to confirm that: yn = 4.356 > y = 3.45. Normal depth too high!
11.

yn = 3.376 ft.
Test to confirm that: yn = 3.376 < y = 3.45. Normal depth now OK!
14. With b/y = 10, enter Fig. 7-7 to determine Cb = 1.0
15. Calculate TL = CbynS = 1.0 62.4 3.376 0.001 = 0.211 psf.
ground L calculated in step 7.
17. TL = 0.211 > Lb = 0.09. Therefore, the bottom controls the design. The design is not
OK.
18. Force TL = 0.09. Then: 0.09 = CbynS = 1.0 62.4 yn 0.001
Solve for new yn:
yn = 0.09/(1.0 62.4 0.001) = 1.44 ft.
19. Solve for new b by trial and error:
Assume b/y = 60; b = 86.4; say 87 ft.

ONLINECHANNEL01 to find yn = 2.01 ft. Too high.
Assume b/y = 100; b = 144 ft.

ONLINECHANNEL01 to find yn = 1.49 ft. Still too high.
Assume b/y = 106; b = 152 ft.

ONLINECHANNEL01 to find yn = 1.44 ft. OK!

051019

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16/5/2016 onlinecalc.sdsu.edu/onlinetractiveforceexample.

CIVE 530 - OPEN-CHANNEL HYDRAULICS

LECTURE 7A: DESIGN OF CHANNELS FOR UNIFORM FLOW II

7.11THE TRACTIVE FORCE

Tractive Force Sketch

Assume a control volume of area A, wetted perimeter P, and distance (channel

Assume a channel slope So, equal to:

The tractive force is:

The resisting force is:

Equating tractive and resisting force leads to:

For hydraulically wide channels (R y):

Fig. 7-6 (Chow)

Fig. 7-7 (Chow)

7.12TRACTIVE FORCE RATIO

1. The tractive force: as (a= effective area of the particle).

2. The gravity force component: Wssin .

The resultant acting force is:

Fig. 7-8 (Chow)

At equilibrium, the resistance force is equal to the acting force.

The resisting force is:

Ws cos tan = (Ws2sin2 + a2s2)1/2

Squaring both sides:

Ws2 cos2 tan2 = Ws2sin2 + a2s2

a2s2 = Ws2 cos2 tan2 - Ws2sin2

s2 = (Ws2/a2) cos2 tan2 [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]

s = (Ws/a) cos tan [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]1/2

The force balance on a level surface, with = 0, is (cos = 1; sin= 0):

The tractive force ratio is defined as:

K = cos [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]1/2

This ratio K is only a function of and .

K = {cos2 [1 - (tan2/ tan2)]}1/2

K = [cos2 - (cos2 tan2/ tan2)]1/2

K = [cos2 - (sin2/ tan2)]1/2

K = [cos2 - (sin2 cos2 /sin2 )]1/2

K = {(1 - sin2) - [sin2 (1 - sin2) /sin2 ]}1/2

K = {(1 - sin2) - [(1 - sin2) (sin2 /sin2) ]}1/2

K = {(1 - sin2) - [ (sin2 /sin2) - sin2]}1/2

K = [1 - (sin2 /sin2) ]1/2

Fig. 7-9 (Chow)

7.13PERMISSIBLE TRACTIVE FORCE

Fig. 7-10 (Chow)

1. Canals with high content of sediment in the water.

2. Canals with low content of sediment in the water.

3. Canals with clear water ("hungry" water).

For cohesive materials, see Fig. 7-11.

Fig. 7-11 (Chow)

The permissible tractive forces mentioned above refer to straight channels.

For sinuous channels, the values of permissible tractive force should be

lowered to reduce scour.

A 10% reduction is recommended for slightly sinuous channels, 25% for

STEPS IN PERMISSIBLE TRACTIVE FORCE METHOD.

1. Assume b/y = 6 and z, with Q, S, and n known.

material on the bottom, or Ls based on the material on the sides).

8. Calculate the permissible unit tractive force on the sides:

9. Set permissible and acting unit tractive forces equal: s = Ts

10. Solve for flow depth y:

11. With y and b/y, calculate b = y (b/y)

12. With Q, b, z, S, and n known, design channel to find yn.

13. Test to confirm that: yn y

15. Calculate TL = CbynS

18. If TL > L(b), the bottom controls the design.

In this case, make TL = L(b).

Then recalculate yn = L(b) / (CbS)