International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

A Review on Design and development of frame structure for CNG tank in

two wheeler SI Engine
Mr. Shivam M. pandya #1, Mr. D. C. Gosai#2
#1
PG Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, SVMIT-Bharuch, Gujarat Technological University.
#2
Asso.Prof, Mechanical Engineering Department, SVMIT-Bharuch, Gujarat Technological University.
1
cvamaish@gmail.com, 2dip_gosai@yahoo.co.in

Abstract-
Government of Indias philosophy of going green to reduce emission levels, in cities there is a thrust to increase the gas distribution
network. With an increase in naturel gas (CNG) vehicles. However in last few year there are so many gas operated vehicle in automobile
industry, manly it consist four wheeler, auto, bus, etc. but very few in two wheeler. It is one type of research gap in two wheeler. Looking to
Indian scenario population is increasing and economy the number of two wheeler user also increasing very broadly, compare to any other
wheeler. Which are major issue to increasing emission, which harm the environment. There for it is required to reduce exhaust emission and
economic vehicle operation. This type of problems are solve by using of CNG as a fuel in two wheeler. To adopt CNG vehicle for current used,
it is required new innovative design of gas storage tank, especially for two wheeler. It also required to investigate enough space and proper
location of storage tank for conventional vehicle. In this research, work doing on two wheeler fuel tank design, which adequate space and safety
with batter performance.

Keywordstwo wheeler, CNG, IC Engine, emission.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA

Air pollution refers to the contamination of the earth's environment with constituents that have considerable effects on human health.
The quality of life or the natural environment gets affected when pollutants accumulate in the air at higher concentrations [1]. Vehicles
emissions have become the fore most source of air pollutants including carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone and
particulate matters [2]. Vehicles emission mainly from automobiles is responsible for about two third of air pollution in the urban area. Vehicles
emission mainly from automobiles is responsible for about two third of air pollution in the urban area. Petrol engines exhaust contains high
concentration of HC whereas the diesel vehicular exhaust has higher concentration of particulate matter, NOx and CO2. The concentration of CO
and unburnt HC in the diesel exhaust are slightly lower as compared to petrol engine [3].
The increase in the number of vehicles can be taken as a measure of the economic development of the Indian automotive industry.
About 7-8 million vehicles are produced annually in the country today [4].In 2004 country had reported 72.72 million registered vehicles
whereas in 2013 it increased to 182.45 million, so the registered motor vehicles has almost more than doubled in last 10 years as is also shown in
detail in Table 1 [5]. Motors vehicles are the primary source of air pollution in Indias major cities. Two-third (66%) pollutants are reported to
be released from vehicles in Delhi alone, 52% in Bombay and close to one-third (33%) in Calcutta. The transportation sector in India consumes
about 17% of total energy and responsible for 60% production of the greenhouse gases emission from various activities [4]. These emissions are
stated to be a common cause of illness and mortality of living organisms, and also cause decrease in the airs visibility. These exhaust gases may
not have a short term harmful effect on humans health and natural environment but they certainly have long-term harmful effects as they
accumulate in the environment [2].And also Kidney, liver, brain damage, cardiac sensitization reactions and also damage to the nervous,
reproductive and immune systems are caused by long-term exposure [6]. Ground level ozone is a crucial ingredient of urban smog, is created by
a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight [6]. Ozone initiate lung
inflammation and reduces the growth rate of trees and agricultural production [7].

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1.2 Government policys for CNG vehicle

Indian government developing various program, to use CNG fuel in automobile industry for reducing emission. They also launch,
different policy to convenient to use CNG. It has lowest excise duty of only 5%.The cost of CNG vehicles are slightly higher than petrol vehicle,
which can affordable and also refuelling price is low, compare to other fuel. The aim of government is, developing maximum number of CNG
vehicles in India, the reason behind that to reduce air pollution. [8] With a large number of Indian cities embarking on natural gas vehicle
programs, it is essential that the elements of these programs are well defined for maximum environmental gains and public safety. Natural gas is
a widely available, inexpensive, efficient and clean burning fuel. When used in automobile propulsion, natural gas is cheaper than the per gallon
equivalent 3 of gasoline. Including compression costs, natural gas can be 25 percent to 50 percent cheaper than gasoline and costs as much as 50
percent less than such alternative fuels as methanol. According to the estimates of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board, currently,
there are 25 lakh (000,000) natural gas vehicles in the country. This is expected to increase to 70 lakh (000,000) by 2020. [9]

1.3 Importances of two wheeler in India

Now days in India population is increasing day by day, and number of auto vehicle user are also increasing. The two wheeler is most popular
vehicle to get to work in India. According to ice 2016 survey the chart table shows the different automobile vehicle user in various locations. It
also shows, two wheeler user is very huge compare to other vehicle in various locations. [10]. as per the Society of Indian Automobile
Manufacturers (SIAM) is the apex Industry body representing leading vehicle and vehicular engine manufacturers in India.Bellow chart shows
two wheeler operators are more and sailing of two wheeler is increasing 12.26% in previous year 2016 as per SIAM source. This demand change
year on year. Passenger cars sales reduced 5.18% as shows in table 1.2. [11]

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1]
Rizwan, S. A., Baridalyne Nongkynrih, and Sanjeev Kumar Gupta. : In this paper shows the air pollution status in Delhi has undergone
many changes in terms of the levels of pollutants and the control measures taken to reduce them. This paper provides an evidence-based insight
into the status of air pollution in Delhi and its effects on health and control measures instituted. The urban air database released by the World
Health Organization in September 2011 reported that Delhi has exceeded the maximum PM10 limit by almost 10-times at 198 g/m3. Delhi has
taken several steps to reduce the level of air pollution in the city during the last 10 years. However, more still needs to be done to further reduce
the levels of air pollution. According to data Vehicular pollution is an important contributor to air pollution in Delhi. According to the
Department of Transport, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, vehicular population is estimated at more than 3.4 million,
reaching here at a growth rate of 7% per annum. The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi has taken several steps to reduce the
level of air pollution in the city during the last 10 years. The benefits of air pollution control measures are showing in the readings. However,
more still needs to be done to further reduce the levels of air pollution. The already existing measures need to be strengthened and magnified to a
larger scale. The governmental efforts alone are not enough. This paper shows the important towards air pollution.

[2]
Shivaji Bhandarkar : In this paper give information about Emission from vehicles especially automobiles is responsible for about two third
of air pollution in the urban area. The major pollutants emitted by motor vehicles including CO, NOx, sulphur oxides, (SO), HC, lead (Pb) and
suspended particulate matter (SPM), have damaging effects on both human health and ecology. In petrol engines, the gases comprise a mixture
of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). If these gases are in excess quantities, vehicular
pollution is caused. And also this paper initially presents various types of pollution emitted by vehicles, their effect on human health and
mitigation measures by the use of various new technologies of Automobile Engineering and Alternative fuels.to reduce this emission used
CNG ,LPG fuel ,and battery operated vehicle. And also pollution level can be minimized by the use of innovative and technical methods as well
asthe alternative fuels. If so, the health ailments caused by these pollutants can be reduced significantly.

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[7]:
Marilena Kampa and Elias Castanas Hazardous chemicals escape to the environment by a number of natural and/or anthropogenic
activities and may cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. Increased combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is
responsible for the progressive change in the atmospheric composition. Air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O3), heavy metals, and respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10),
differ in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, time of disintegration and ability to diffuse in long or short distances. Air
pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs. This brief review presents the
adverse effects of a number of (air) pollutants in human health. In givaen figure As far as cancer is concerned from the data presented above it
becomes clear that most pollutants play an important role in the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer cells As shown, major
impairments of different organs can be observed. The main conclusion drawn is that, in view of increased exposure of humans in a diversity of
pollutants, dietary interventions, rich in plant-derived foods, may protect or decrease their effects on different organs. This conclusion is
supported by a number of epidemiological studies on the beneficial effect of a Mediterranean- type diet on human health.

[3]
P Bielaczyc1, a Szczotka1 and J Woodburn1. : This paper presents an analysis of THC, NMHC, CO, NOx and CO2 emissions during
testing of two bi-fuel vehicles, fuelled with petrol and gaseous fuels, on a chassis dynamometer in the context of the Euro 6 emissions
requirements. The analyses were performed on one Euro 5 bi-fuel vehicle (petrol/LPG) and one Euro 5 bi-fuel vehicle (petrol/CNG), both with
SI engines equipped with MPI feeding systems operating in closed-loop control, typical three-way-catalysts and heated oxygen sensors. The
tests subject to the analyses presented here were performed in the Engine Research Department of BOSMAL Automotive Research and
Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biala, Poland, within a research programme investigating the influence of alternative fuels on exhaust
emissions from light duty vehicle vehicles with spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. On the basis of the analyses of results obtained
during the NEDC emissions test, it has been found that both vehicle tested with a CNG or LPG multipoint gas injection and an integrated
petrol/CNG or petrol/LPG ECU (Electronic Control Unit) already meets the Euro 6 emissions limits, without any further modifications.
Additionally, the CO2 emissions from vehicles operation on gaseous fuels (LPG or CNG) are low. These fuels are very attractive as they are
cheaper than petrol or diesel. This paper has shown that even certain pre-Euro 6 technologies can meet Euro 6 emissions standards when LPG or
CNG is used as a fuel. For both these reasons, interest in producing and marketing bi-fuel passenger cars for the European market (among others)
is sure to remain high, notwithstanding the current inequalities in NG distribution infrastructure and local availability.

Umang Bedi and Sanchita Chauhan [4]: In all the major cities of the world, air pollution from vehicles is one of the fast growing problems
which has adverse effects not only on the health of living organisms degrades the environment. Major pollutants released by motor vehicles
comprise of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbon (HC), lead (Pb) and
suspended particulate matter (SPM). Air pollution in developing countries is a major cause of thousands of deaths and a loss of billions of
dollars in medical cost for treating air pollution related diseases. This paper highlights the effects of air pollutants on human health, natural
environment and the measures taken to control air pollution. Measures for vehicle pollution control are analysed to reduce emissions with focus
on reduced usage of vehicles. Some commonly taken measures to control the air pollution include change in fuel, use of bio filters, use of
catalytic converter in vehicles, battery operated vehicles, solar operated vehicles and hydrogen fueled vehicles. According to data given using of
non-conventional fuel, which reducing emission. By this analysis In addition use of alternative fuel such as LPG, CNG, the use of latest
technologies like battery, solar and hydrogen operated vehicles when put into use can ensure a significant improvement in environmental
conditions over the period of time.

Cinzia Pastorello, Panagiota Dilara, and Giorgio Martini. [5]:This paper discusses the contribution of waste collection vehicles to atmospheric
emissions in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy. The emissions of the Milan Environmental Services Agency vehicle fleet are estimated for
20052010. The effects of the renewal of the fleet, as well as increasing compressed natural gas usage are analysed. We find that that between
2005 and 2010, that was a reduction of 32%, 22% and 15% in PM, NOx and VOC emissions due to the refurbishment of the vehicles using
conventional fuels, such as gasoline and diesel and the change to compressed natural gas. VOCs decreased less because the change to natural gas
vehicles has less impact on these emissions. The analysis of this three fuel vehicle is done by The COPERT (version 4.0) was used to calculate
the emissions.by this software we find emission produced by petrol, diesel and CNG vehicle .The result of 5 year 2005-2010 shows the emission
reduced due to user of CNG vehicle increasing .and also Comparing the estimated fuel consumed by the AMSA fleet and with actual AMSA
fuel consumption allows assessment of the accuracy of the calculations.

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A difference of less than 1% supports the accuracy of the approach. Even if the fleet mileage is expected to increase in 2010, the plot shows a
decrease of emissions for all the pollutants due to the significant renewal rate of the fleet. In particular, the emissions of PM, NOx and VOC are
projected to decrease 32%, 22% and 15%. It seems that the rapid introduction of CNG vehicles into the fleet reduces the primary PM emissions
because the EF of these vehicles is less than normal vehicles. NOx from CNG vehicles are comparable with those of a newer diesel vehicle,
while CNG vehicles emit more VOC.

Hella Engerer a,n, ManfredHornb1. [8]

:In Europe natural gas vehicles play a minor role. A decisive reason for this is the dependence of most
European countries from gas imports. Except for Italy, there is no tradition to use natural gas as fuel. In addition, there is a lack of infrastructure
(e.g. fuelling stations). In contrast to Europe, in Latin American and Asian countries natural gas vehicles are widespread. Some countries foster
natural gas vehicles because they have own gas resources. Many countries must reduce the high air pollution in big cities. Environmental reasons
are the main motive for the use of natural gas vehicles in Europe. In last years, high oil prices stimulated the use of natural gas as fuel. European
governments have developed incentives (e.g. tax reductions) to foster natural gas vehicles. However, the focus is on hybrid technology and the
electric car, which, however, need further technical improvement. In contrast, the use of natural gas in conventional engines is technically
mature. Additional gas imports can be avoided by further improvements of energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy. In sum, the
market penetration of natural gas as fuel should be promoted in Europe. Outcome -According to GVR Gas Vehicles Report (2009), importance
of natural gas vehicles is increasing through- out the world, particularly in Latin American and Asian countries. The use of natural gas as vehicle
fuel in Latin American countries had originally been supported to reduce current account pro- blems. In these countries, the number of natural
gas vehicles has increased. In Asian countries, natural gas as a vehicle fuel was used in order to reduce emissions in big cities. Today, natural gas
as a vehicle fuel is debated first and foremost concerning environmental considerations. This holds also true for Europe. Here the increasing use
of natural gas is associated with the increase in natural gas imports. This is one reason why natural gas as vehicle fuels is looked upon so
sceptically. However, efficiency increases and a growing role of renewables can lower the import needs for natural gas. Therefore, natural gas as
a vehicle fuel can be useful even in Europe.

[6]
Rahul Goal, Sarath K. Guttikunda. :In this investigation 40-year horizon (1990e2030), on-road vehicle exhaust emissions were evaluated,
retrospectively and prospectively, for the largest urban agglomeration in India e the Greater Delhi region with a combined population of 22
million in 2011 (Delhi along with Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Gurgaon). Emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reached their peak during late 1990s through early 2000s after which they reduced
significantly through year 2012. On the other hand, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide show an increasing trend. The most reduction in
emissions between 1998 and 2012 occurred as a result of implementation of four sets of vehicular emission standards, removal of lead, reduction
of sulfur content, mandatory retirement of older commercial vehicles, and conversion of diesel and petrol run public transport vehicles to
compressed natural gas. In addition, changes in the vehicular technology have also contributed to controlling emissions especially in case of
auto-rickshaws and motorized two-wheelers, which changed from two-stroke to four-stroke. The rising trend of NOx along with the presence of
VOCs indicates increasing tendency to form ground-level ozone and as a result, smog in the region. We predict that the current regime of vehicle
technology, fuel standards, and high growth rate of private vehicles, is likely to nullify all the past emission reductions by the end of 2020s. The
estimated total on-road vehicle emissions in the Greater Delhi region are presented in figuarfor the period of 1990e2030. The temporal trends
reflect a series of interventions introduced between 1990 and 2013 given data. These interventions ranged from improvement of 3uel and
emission standards to judiciary mandates such as conversion of bus and 3Ws fleet to operate on CNG. The given table 8 summarizes
contribution of different vehicle types to total vehicular fleet and emissions of different pollutants, for year 2012. A summary of year-by-year
emissions inventory from 1990 to 2030 is presented in the Supplementary Material, which includes (for each year), share of the vehicles and
total emissions by vehicle type and fuel type.

Pranav Raghav Sood. [9]: This paper shows the high influx of population to urban areas which has led to growing cities, sharp increase in traffic,
trajectory growth, rapid economic development and industrialization, and higher levels of energy consumption. This unplanned urban and
industrial development has led to the problem of air pollution. The major contributors to this widespread air pollution in urban areas is vehicular
emission which is of great concern, as these are ground level sources and have maximum impact on the general population. According to the
author,Vehicular Emissions is increasing day by day in India, due to population increasing.

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This paper gives the, numb of two wheeler, in various city, is more compare to other vehicle. And also Pollution Rate and Congestion Effect of
Private and Public Transport Vehicles, This clearly points to a tremendous increase in the share personal transport vehicles and shows a rapid
increase in the load on air pollution of which two-thirds is contributed by two wheelers alone Author conclude that to minimize the vehicle
pollution by various method, like Alternate Fuel, Cleaner Fuel Quality etc..

Vikram Pandit. [10]: Vikram Pandit, General Manager Tube Core & Standard Products, Sandvik Materials Technology India has a background
of Material Science and has been working for Sandvik for more than 11 years. He has a wide range of experience with various Industries
including Oil and Gas, City Gas Distribution, Compressed Natural Gas, Refineries and Fertilizer. In his research work follow the Safety aspect,
CNG is an excellent alternate fuel which can be used to minimize risks and increase life of the vehicles. Since this gas is used at very high
pressures (in the range of 230-250 bar) and under severe conditions, special tubing must be used for the transportation to gas stations and in the
vehicles. Therefore, the tubing should be able to not only withstand high pressure of the gas within but also the corrosion issues arising due to
the extreme conditions the tubes within. Hence to increasing corrosion resistance property, He done corrosion testing for 24 hours in boiling
Strauss solution (12% sulphuric acid, 6% copper sulphate).By this test, outcome is, the reduction of carbon percentage in material, which
increasing the corrosion resistant property. PressurfectTM CNG with a very low Carbon content of less than 0.025% has excellent IGC
resistance property. And Resistance to these types of corrosion improves with increasing molybdenum content. According to his research
PressurfectTM CNG is the new advance seamless tube material specifically developed for this application is an innovative breakthrough which
ensures system safety in all CNG applications compare to ASTM 316/316L and ASTM 304/304L.

[11]
Majid Mirzaei, Mohammad Malekan, and Ehsan Sheibani. :This paper reports the analysis and simulation of the catastrophic failure of a
compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel tank. The initial analyses of the deformation and cracking patterns, along with the observed fractographic
features, were indicative of an internal gaseous combustion. Accordingly, a set of transient-dynamic elasto-plastic finite element (FE) analyses
was carried out to simulate the structural response of the tank to a special type of combustion- induced dynamic pressure. The FE model was
composed of 3D brick elements equipped with interface cohesive elements for crack growth analysis. Excellent agreements were found between
the final simulation results and the observed deformation and fracture patterns. The simulation results clearly revealed that the observed failure
characteristics, like the overall asymmetric deformation and fracture patterns, initiation and partial growth of parallel cracks at the same section,
multiple cracking at the neck, and the self-similar growth of the main axial crack were all caused by traveling of a deflagration-induced sonic
pressure wave from the neck towards the bottom of the tank. Finally, a comparison was made between the characteristics of deflagration-induced
and detonation-induced deformation and fracture behaviours of closed-end cylinders. The figure results of the elasto-plastic transient-dynamic
FE analysis of deformation and fracture of the tank, caused by traveling of a sonic pressure wave from the neck towards the bottom. The
development of a ring stress which causes longitudinal parallel cracks at the beginning of the cylindrical portion of the tank is shown in
paper .This is the same location that the initiations of axial cracks were recognized on the exploded tank. Although the reason for the existence
of air or other types of oxidant is not known yet, as a result of this investigation, a recommendation was issued for evaluation of the standard and
safety measures in pertinent gas filling facilities.

[12]
L. Varga, A. Nagy and A. Kova. : A compressed natural gas storage tank suitable for gas operated vehicles can be made of thin-walled
aluminium liners with a glass/epoxy reinforcement overwind. The hybrid construction allows the higher tensile strength of the glass
reinforcement to be utilized, whilst giving a structure which weeps before burst and self-health. The advantages of the chosen construction can
only be maximized for the optimal wall thickness and optimal stiffness of the composite shell after optimal pressurising of the tank. The purpose
of the design task is to optimize the construction. This paper gives the methodology involved in achieving this using analytical techniques. The
reliability of the design method together with the advantages of the chosen structural solution are proved by the manufacture and testing of
prototype tanks. The experiences gained during the design, manufacture and test of the new hybrid CNG tank lead to the following conclusions.
Computer aided design (CAD) based on a previously developed analytical and optimization process can be easily and reliably carried out.
Taking into consideration the basic design data and values calculated, prototype tanks were manufactured. Figure given shows tank. There were
2 pieces of liners and 8 pcs of CNG tanks tested during this programme.

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The aims of the tests were: to prove the reliability of the suggested method of design; to verify the advantages of the chosen construction, and of
course, to complete the construction of a prototype. The tanks tested can be seen in given Figure. The tests indicate that it will be possible to
reduce the aluminium liner wall thickness and allow improvements in the quality of the welded seam, as well as making it easier to border the
tube edges, which helps to reduce the length of seam needed. This also gives a reduction in the specific mass and manufacturing costs of the tank.

[13]
Amima Shoeb*, Adeel Maqbool : Automotive sector is regarded as an important driver and indicator of economic growth. In recent years
automobile sector has rapidly increasing its market share. The business strategies adopted by automobile manufacturer has focused on small cars
and fuel efficient cars with low market price to target maximum market. This article will identify growth factor and significant factors that have
led to the growth of automobile industry. It will help to identify the contribution of other states that have led to the growth of automobile
industry globally. The automobile industry has an enormous growth and has created huge interest among the analyst, ploicy makers and
researchers. The factors that has led to the growth of automobile industry is its favourable government policy and the role played by supporting
industries .Thus , it can be positioned as one of the worlds most attractive automotive markets for both manufacturers and consumers and its
benefits which provides support to economy, employement , stability for families employed by the automotive industry.

Danial Thomas, Jins Kuriakose, Naveen Thomas K, Nissam K Hussain, E K Mathai. [14]: Abstract Man has always been in pursuit of
energy to meet his ever increasing demand. In recent times due to effects of pollution and global warming this is a need for eco-friendly fuel for
two wheeler. The reason for using this device due to global warming. The basic concept of CNG bike is that reduces the pressure of CNG from
200 bar to 7-10 bar by the vaporizer. An increasing number of vehicles a worldwide are being designed to run on CNG. Even existing vehicles
can be converted to run on CNG just with the switch of a button. CNG's can also be very easily refuelled from any of the existing gas stations.
CNG bike are said to be safer than LPG bike also because LPG is very highly combustible whereas CNG is very light in property and dissipates
easily into the air. The life of the engine of the bike is also enhanced by CNG due to the fact that this gas is dry and does not leave behind any
residue when engaged in the combustion process to propel the bike. Furthermore it restricts tuning of the engine drastically as compared to other
fuel engines. Technologies for improving the efficiency and reducing emissions from stationary natural gas engines have been presented.
Notable omissions from this review are use of advanced combustion cycles, such as, Miller cycle, use of high velocity compression, use of
stratified charge, and use of enhanced turbulence levels. As natural gas becomes widely available in abundance, development of technologies for
further improvement of these engines is likely to continue well into the future. Advancements in materials and manufacturing processes for
engine components, newer technologies for pre-processing natural gas as a fuel, and robust after treatment technologies are likely to yield
efficiencies > 50%, while achieving easy compliance with emission regulations. Though not discussed in this chapter, technologies that harness
energy from waste heat will further improve thermal efficiencies of these engines.

[15]
Parth D. Shah* and Salim A. Channiwala : In the face of today's increasing use of vehicles, the research on alternative fuels for internal
combustion engine has become essential due to depletion of petroleum products and its major contribution for pollutants. In the automobile
industry, Two-wheeler vehicles contribute maximum towards pollution and particularly in two-wheeler vehicle segment more than 7275 % of
share is of 75125cc engine vehicles. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is the most favourite alternative fuel for fossil fuel substitution.
Independent of vehicle category, natural gas will help to bring down harmful emissions. It is revealed that the performance characteristics are
lower while the emission characteristics of CO, CO2 and HC are better for Natural gas compared to petrol or diesel. The present work focuses
towards the use of CNG in 118cc engine. In the present study simulation based on actual thermodynamic cycle analysis is performed to assess
the performance of 118 cc S.I. engine. The simulation result is validated with the technical specifications provided in the technical manual of the
engine. Based on the validation, parametric study has been carried out on performance parameters viz. effect of ignition advance, stroke to bore
ratio and compression ratio to optimize design and performance parameters of CNG fuelled S.I. Engines.

[16]
Abhijeet R. Raut and, Dr. A.D.Shirbhate. : The chassis frame forms the backbone of a vehicle. Automotive chassis is the main carriage
system of a vehicle. The two-wheeler chassis consists of a frame, suspension, wheels and brakes. Commonly used material for two-wheeler
chassis is steel. Steel material makes the chassis frame heavy and thereby increasing overall weight of vehicle. Weight reduction is the crucial
issue in todays automotive industries since it greatly affects the fuel efficiency of vehicle. Composite materials providing outstanding solution
to this problem.

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In this paper an effort is made to review the investigations that have been made in design and analysis of various automotive parts with
application of composites material. The motorcycle chassis consists of the frame, suspension, wheels and brakes. Frame Motorcycles have a
frame made of steel, aluminium or an alloy. The frame consists mostly of hollow tubes and serves as a skeleton on which components like the
gearbox and engine are mounted. Presently some work has been done in design and optimization for weight reduction of chassis frame by
bringing about change in the design and varying with different metallic material. Thus by using aluminium alloy a prototype is prepared for
experimentation After having comprehensive discussion over composite materials and their applications, with reference to my project work, let
us take the review mainly confined to heavy duty vehicles, light duty vehicles and two wheelers. After the It is concluded from this work that
the new material has less density compared to other materials used and is also cheap in cost, and is the best suited alternate material for the
chassis and is expected to perform better with satisfying amount of weight reduction.

[17]
Prakash Katdare, and S.C.Shilwant. : The chassis frame forms the backbone of a vehicle; its principle function is to safely carry the
maximum load for all designed operating conditions. Automotive chassis is the main carriage system of a vehicle. The chassis serves as a
skeleton upon which parts like gearbox and engine are mounted. The two-wheeler chassis consists of a frame, suspension, wheels and brakes.
The chassis is what truly sets the overall style of the two-wheeler. Commonly used material for two-wheeler chassis is steel which is heavy in
weight or more accurately in density. There are various alternate materials like aluminium alloys, titanium, carbon fibre, magnesium, etc. which
are lesser in weight and provide high strength and thus can be used for chassis. This paper deals with design of two wheeler chassis frame and its
weight optimization this optimization process involves preparation of a CAD model of existing component with help of 3D modelling software
like CATIA V5, Pro-E. Analysis is done on this model with the help of analysis software like ANSYS which helps in determining the maximum
stress, and displacement values of existing model. Various loading conditions like static and dynamic loadings were carried out on the chassis
and the design is optimized by reducing the weight of the chassis by using alternate material while maintaining the strength. From results of
finite element analysis of chassis it is observed that stresses are maximum at joint locations. It is also observed that all the materials have stress
values less than their respective permissible yield stress values. So the design is safe. By using aluminium alloy 6063, a prototype is prepared for
experimentation. As the material has less density compared to other materials used and is also cheap in cost, this is the best suited alternate
material for the chassis and is expected to perform better with satisfying amount of weight reduction.

Gaurav Bansal1, Shubham Chadha2, Dr. Sheifali Gupta3, and Dr. Rupesh Gupta4. [18]
: This paper introduces the novice concept of Eco-
hybrid Two wheeler which is a combination of two systems i.e. petrol and electric system. This hybrid vehicle will make use of both
technologies. Petrol system will be used for rear wheel drive and the electric system for front wheel drive. The batteries will be automatically
charged when the vehicle runs on petrol system and that stored power will further be used for running the vehicle on electric system and so
running of vehicle on electric system will be free of cost and pollution free also. The most attractive thing is that the batteries can also be
recharged from electric supply. Outcome a petrol-electric hybrid vehicle system is designed successfully which is both economical and
environment friendly terms because half of the distance can be travelled with the help of electric system .The amount of fuel consumed by this
vehicle is half than other vehicles as it will run by consuming the energy of electric system. This vehicle will be very useful in remote areas as in
remote areas the fuel is not easily available and even with little amount of fuel it can run efficiently. We can also use solar energy to charge
batteries in these areas. This technology can also be integrated in four wheeler vehicles by using two motors. However the initial cost of battery
is more and life is also limited.

[19]
J.C. Choi Chul Kim S.Y. Jung. : Fibre reinforced composite material is widely used in multi-industrial elds where weight reduction of
the infrastructure is required because of its high specic modulus and specic strength. Using this material has two main merits. One is to cut
down energy use by reducing weight and the other is to prevent explosive damage preceding the sudden burst generated by the pressure leakage
condition. Therefore, pressure vessels using this composite material in comparison with conventional metal vessels can be applied in elds such
as the defence industry, aerospace industry and rocket motor casings where light weight but resistance to high pressure are demanded. In this
paper, a standard interpretation model for nonlinear nite element analysis of E-glass/epoxy lament wound around composite pressure vessels
receiving an internal pressure is developed by using ANSYS, general commercial software that has been veried as accurate, and useful
characteristics of the solution are based on AutoLISP and ANSYSAPDL .Boththepre-processor for exclusive analyses of lament wound
composite pressure vessels and the post-processor that simplies the results of this analysis have been developed to help the design engineers.

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

This study developed an automated design system for the manufacturing of a CNG composite pressure vessel using a steel liner manufactured by
the DDI process. Also, the designer is able to reduce not only the time consumed and efforts involved in becoming accustomed to the
commercial software but also modelling errors caused by unskilled engineers and nonlinear complicated contact treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
It is to be concluded that, according to Todays scenario, the air pollution is big issue in all over the world. The Vehicles emissions
have become the fore most source of air pollutants including carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone and particulate
matters .Vehicles emission mainly from automobiles is responsible for about two third of air pollution in the urban area. The increase in the
number of vehicles can be taken as a measure of the economic development of the Indian automotive industry. About 7-8 million vehicles are
produced annually in the country today. Petrol engines exhaust contains high concentration of HC whereas the diesel vehicular exhaust has
higher concentration of particulate matter, NOx and CO2. The concentration of CO and unburnt HC in the diesel exhaust are slightly lower as
compared to petrol engine. There is a big need of alternative fuelled vehicle to overcome many problems related to pollution, less quantity of
conventional petroleum. In India two wheeler is most popular vehicle to get to work in India. The large fleet share and rapid growth of two
vehicles in India means that careful attention must be paid to reducing emissions and fuel consumption from these vehicles. As per the Society
of Indian Automobile selling of two wheeler is increased in previous year hence to minimize this emission by using of non-conventional fuel.

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