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Nadaf et al.

, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

Review Article
A REVIEW ON WASTE HEAT RECOVERY AND
UTILIZATION FROM DIESEL ENGINES
S.L Nadaf*1, P.B Gangavati2

Address for Correspondence


*1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College Haveri, Karnataka, India.
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Basaveswar Engineering College Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
Still, the diesel engine is far from perfection. Due to rising energy demands, consistently increasing of fuel prices since 1998
and environmental concerns. Researchers have continual push to find more energy efficient technologies have the great
reasons for the investigation of waste heat recovery techniques, and are still working hard. In the context diesel engine
exhaust heat utilization has the potential to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and reduce the release of greenhouse
gases, significant waste heat recovery technologies have been developed to recover exhaust heat and turn it into useful
energy such as electricity. The current worldwide trends of increasing energy demand in transportation sector, extensive
work and research have been focused on energy recovery in the automotive sector; therefore the main objective of this paper
is to assess different waste heat recovery technologies based on current developments, research trends and its future in an
automotive application. As a result, the article drew the conclusion that waste heat recovery and its utilization will remain a
good prospect in future automotive engine application.
KEYWORDS: Waste heat, heat recovery, heat potential, recovery technologies, engines.
1. INTRODUCTION: could get as high as 3040% which is lost to the
The current worldwide trends of increasing energy environment through an exhaust pipe. Great attention
demand in transportation sector are one of the many has been put recently on the recovery of waste
segments that are responsible for the growing share thermal energy in the vehicle. In fact, the energy
of fossil fuel usage and indirectly contribute to the released through the exhaust of a vehicle, for
release of harmful greenhouse gas emissions. It is instance, is of the same order of magnitude of the
hoped that with the latest findings on exhaust heat mechanical power supplied by the engine.
recovery to increase the efficiency of ICEs, world In this paper, a brief review of the latest
energy demand on the depleting fossil fuel reserves developments and technologies on waste heat
would be reduced and hence the impact of global recovery of exhaust gas from internal combustion
warming(Saidur et al., 2012). engines has been made. These technologies are
Large quantity of heat discharged to the environment thermodynamic organic Rankine cycle (ORC),
from engines, if some of this waste heat is could be thermoelectric generators (TEG), air conditioning
recovered; a considerable amount of primary fuel and refrigeration by using exhaust gas heat energy,
could be saved. In addition to contributing to the goal strengthening the environmental restrictions and
of saving energy, utilization of waste heat is also an biodiesel preheating.
important source of cost savings. 1.1 Waste Heat Potential from Engines
Its the fact that almost 70 % of the energy released Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by
from the fuel by an engine is lost, mostly in the form way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction, and
of heat. There is approximate 2530% of the energy then dumped into the environment even though it
engines generate dissipating in the form of exhaust could still be reused for some useful and economic
loss energy (Z.S. Shang, P.L. Li, 1988). Even high purpose. During engine run time, there are four
efficiency modern engines have only 25 ~ 50% sources of usable waste heat from a reciprocating
thermal efficiency and the remaining 50 ~ 85% of engine: exhaust gas, engine jacket cooling water, lube
low heating values of the fuel are dissipating into the oil cooling water, and turbocharger cooling are
environment as a form of heat transfer and exhaust dissipated to the atmosphere.
gas enthalpy. If the exhaust gas enters into Some of the areas of I.C engines from which
surroundings directly, it will not only waste energy significant amount of heat flows to the environment
but also damage the environment. are shown in the Figure 1.
Table 1: Various Engine and There Output
(K.T.Wojciechowski)
Engine Type Power Waste Heat Power 38%
Output (kW) Air after cooler 7%
Small air cooled 35 Friction and radiation 7%
diesel engine Liquid jacket water 18
Water air cooled 35-150 30-40 % of
engine energy
Earth moving 520-720 waste loss
machineries from IC
Marine applications 150-220 engines
Trucks and road 220
Figure1: Amounts of heat dissipated from engines.
engines
The Table 1 illustrates the temperatures of waste
Several innovative cooling and exhaust heat recovery
gases from process equipment in the medium
systems have been introduced to reduce cooling loss
temperature range. Most of the waste heat of
and regenerate the power by recovering the waste
reciprocating internal combustion engines lies in this
heat. Hatazawa et al., Stabler, Taylor, Yu and Chau
temperature range (D.A.Reay, E & F.N.Span, 1979).
and Yang stated that the waste heat produced from
thermal combustion process generated by engine
Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue IV/Oct.-Dec.,2014/31-39
Nadaf et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

Table 2: Typical waste heat at medium temperature The engine exhausts gas can be applied directly for
range from various sources process drying. Generally, the hot water and low
Type of Device Temperature, C pressure steam produced by reciprocating engine
Steam boiler exhausts 230480 system is appropriate for low temperature process
Gas turbine exhausts 370540 needs, space heating, potable water heating, air
Reciprocating engine exhausts 315600
conditioning or refrigeration and to drive absorption
Reciprocating engine exhausts 230370
chillers providing cold water.
(turbo charged)
Heat treating furnaces 425650
2. WASTE HEAT RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES
Drying and baking ovens 230600
FROM ENGINE
Catalytic crackers 425650 WHR system requires waste recovery equipment to
Annealing furnace cooling 425650 recover heat from the streams and transform it into a
systems useful form for utilization. This is done using energy
The single largest amount of unused heat from the conversion devices. Over the past two decades, much
engine is the exhaust heat, which contains about 30% research has been directed towards this.
of the fuel energy. It is evident that exhaust gases S N Srinivasa et. al.,(2012) have attempted to explore
comes out from the exhaust port at a very high the various possibilities of waste heat energy
temperature, it has been seen that in diesel engines recovery methods in conventional commercial two
exhaust emission are at the high temperature of wheeler and four wheelers. In this context, a new
250C to 600C (approx.) with high quality and concept of hybrid engine has also been discussed.
quantity. As shown in the Table 3 which might be The heat energy contained in the exhaust gases are
used in an efficient way. If the waste heat were put to recovered in three different methodologies.
appropriate use, there would be great energy or fuel Firstly, the waste heat energy is utilized to burn
savings. an additional amount of fuel.
Table 3: Typical Waste Heat quality and quantity from The second stage, a thermoelectric generator
engine producing electrical energy by utilizing the heat
Waste Heat Quality Quantity of exhaust gases.
Sources The third stage energy recovery is done by
Exhaust High High coupling a compressor and an alternator.
EGR High Low Kruiswyk (2008) developed components,
Coolant Low High technologies, and methods to recover energy lost in
Intercooler Low Low the exhaust processes of an internal combustion
1.2 Benefits of waste heat recovery from engines. engine and utilize that energy to improve engine
Benefits of waste heat recovery from engines can be thermal efficiency by 10%. Saidu et al. (2012) have
broadly classified in two categories studied the different technologies to recover the heat
Direct Benefits: Recovery of waste heat has a direct wasted from the exhaust gas of IC engines and
effect on the combustion process efficiency. This is concluded that there is a huge potential for extracting
reflected by reduction in the utility consumption and the waste heat from the exhaust gas of IC engines.
process cost. Shekh Nisar Hossain Rubaiyat(2010) conducted
Indirect Benefits: experiments to measure the exhaust waste heat
a) Reduction in pollution: A number of toxic available from a 60 kW automobile engine and a
combustible wastes such as carbon monoxide (CO), computer simulation was carried out to improve the
hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and design of the heat exchanger. Two heat exchangers
particulate matter (PM) etc, releasing to atmosphere. were used: one to generate saturated and the other to
Recovering of heat reduces the environmental generate super heated vapor. It is found that with the
pollution levels. exhaust heat available from the diesel engine at least
b) Reduction in equipment sizes: Waste heat recovery 18% additional power can be achieved. Janak
reduces the fuel consumption, which leads to Rathavi et. al. (2012) have carried out the
reduction in the flue gas produced. This results in experimental study of waste heat recovery technique
reduction in equipment sizes. and observed that such systems increase the
c) Reduction in auxiliary energy consumption: efficiency and reduce the emissions. Kiran K. Katta
Reduction in equipment sizes gives additional (2007) composed a two phase cooling system for
benefits in the form of reduction in auxiliary energy waste heat recovery using exhaust heat exchanger,
consumption (H. Teng, G. Regner, C. Cowland, and mini-turbine (expander) to generate auxiliary
2007). power via harvesting engine cooling and exhaust heat
There are various ways of utilizing waste heat loss from heavy duty vehicles. Aly(1988) have
depending on the quality and the quantity of exhaust studied the comprehensive applications of exhaust
waste heat. A few uses have been shown in Table 4. gas recycling and circulating cooling water WH
Table 4: Possible uses of waste heat and temperature recovery of internal combustion engine. Joshua A
range.
Jiricek (2007) designed and modeled a new steam
Possible Uses Temperature
Range sterilization system for proper sterilization and
(C) cleaning of medical equipment for field hospitals
Absorption Refrigeration 120-140 C steam using waste engine heat from exhaust system of a
Adsorption Refrigeration 120-140 C steam diesel generator and decreases the reliance on
DeHumidification 80-85 C hot water electricity of traditional sterilization methods. J. S.
Building Heating 80 - 130 C Jadhao et al. (2013) have reviewed the technology of
Organic Rankine cycle Around 65 C exhaust gas heat recovery for I.C. engine and
Steam Rankine Cycle Around 530 C concluded that such system would provide the
Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue IV/Oct.-Dec.,2014/31-39
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opportunity to enhance the thermal efficiency of I.C.


engines.
Stephanie LACOUR introduced Waste heat recovery
(WHR) systems that have an interesting way to
improve the efficiency of internal combustion
engines and reduce their fuel consumption for a given
mechanical output. Measurements are carried on a
diesel tractor engine in order to assess this potential.
Pandiyarajan et al., (2011) have studied
experimentally how to recover exhaust gas WH of
automobile and designed a finned tube heat
exchanger and a heat storage system Mostafavi and
Agnew (1997) have calculated the rate of WH
recovery for supercharged engine exhaust gas. Yang Figure 2: A typical waste heat energy recovery system
et al. investigated experimentally and theoretically with ORC
the closed heat pipe heat exchanger (CHPHE) for Vaja I, Gambarotta (2010) examined the
warm-up air in a large bus by heating applying performance of a stationary internal combustion
automotive exhaust gas. They tested with the engine with an ORC system and achieved 12%
temperature of exhaust gas across the evaporator increase in efficiency using Rankine cycles from
section was varied range between 100 and 300 C and exhaust gas and engine coolant. Srinivasan K K et al.
reported a maximum effectiveness of 28%. Alias (2010) used ORC technique on dual fuel low
Mohd Noor (2013) developed technologies to recover temperature combustion engine to study the potential
waste exhaust heat and turn it into useful energy such exhaust WHR. Achieved 7% of improvement of fuel
as electricity. Their extensive work focused on the economy and emissions of NOx and CO2 were also
waste heat recovery technology based on current reduced by 18%. Stobart et al. (2008) Examined
developments in the automotive sector; the study system concepts and control methods for exhaust
looked into potential energy recoveries, performances WHR in hybrid vehicles through computer
of each technology and other factors affecting the simulation. Potential fuel economy efficiencies
implementation. Aly S.E (1988) reported energy between 631% can be achieved. Endo T et al.
recovery from various waste heat sources such as (2007) studied Potential exergy from WHR of
diesel engines exhaust and cooling energies has exhaust and coolant for 2.0l Honda Stream SI engine
become a worldwide interest since the energy crises. that utilize ORC technique. Changes were made on
3. WASTEHEATRECOVERY EQUIPMENTS/ the engine to produce maximum waste heat energy.
METHODS Successfully showed an increase in thermal
There are many different heat recovery methods efficiency from 28.9% to 32.7% at a constant speed.
available for capturing engine waste heat, including Miller EW, et al. (2009) studied on WHR from dual-
thermal electric conversion; heat-to-power cycle system for power generation. The system uses
conversion (e.g., Sterling engines, Rankine cycle TEG and ORC technique to maximize WHR. Shows
engines, gas turbines); direct heat application (e.g., an overall improvement mainly due to ORC that
space heating, waste water loop heating); heat for produces most of the energy improvement. Only
refrigeration and air conditioning; and heat for small fraction of energy generated through TEG but
desalination. may be useful for parasitic heat loss i.e., fans and
3.1 Organic Rankine Cycle power steering pumps. MingShan Wei (2011)
The low-grade temperature heat from the exhaust designed a waste-heat recovery system based organic
cannot be efficiently converted to electrical power by Rankine cycle (ORC) to recover the exhaust energy
using conventional methods as seen in industrial from a heavy-duty diesel engine and concludes that
waste heat recovery systems. In this section, a study the supercritical Rankine cycle is a better approach
on converting these low-grade temperature heat towards waste heat recovery. The ORC system
sources using Rankine cycle is discussed. There are achieves the highest waste-heat recovery efficiency
many other thermodynamic cycles proposed to of up to 10-15% for the optimized heat exchanger
generate electricity from exhaust heat. These are design. Mojtaba Tahani (2013) studied two different
Kalina, supercritical Rankine, organic Rankine, configurations of Organic Rankine cycle with the
trilateral flash and Goswami cycles. Interestingly, capability of simultaneous waste heat recovery from
organic Rankine cycles have been compared in many exhaust gas and coolant of a 12L diesel engine: main
studies in the past few years (Saidur et al., 2012). objective in optimization process was maximization
In recent years, interests in a Rankine bottoming of the power generation and cycle thermal efficiency.
cycle have prompted various automotive Jasdeep S. Condle(2012)describes waste heat
manufacturers to investigate its potentials. Many recovery (WHR) system that operates on a Rankine
researchers reported that they achieved a decrease in cycle to recover energy from the coolant and exhaust
fuel consumption upto or more than 10% for their systems to generate and supply a high temperature
passenger cars. For commercial trucks, Nelson (2008) and high pressure working fluid to the stationary gas
reported that Cummins improves 10% of fuel compression ignition engine.
consumption for their trucks by utilizing ORC. One 3.2 Thermoelectric Modules
notably exciting new research is the one proposed by Thermoelectric materials have been hailed as one
Miller et al. (2009) in which they explored the use of solution to this energy problem-they can take heat
organic Rankine bottoming cycle integrated with and convert it into usable electricity. All the engines
TEG. produce a lot of heat, most of lost along the exhaust

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pipe, but over the last ten years huge leaps have been losses from the flue gases are reduced. Mohd.Izam
made in the development of thermoelectric (2013) have carried out the experimental
assemblies to recycle some of this wasted energy. investigation of the thermoelectric generator modules
Specifically, TEGs can be attached to the outside with different techniques of cooling system and
surfaces of the exhaust pipe to remove heat. Although proposed that the water based cooling system would
TEG systems can only capture a small percentage of provide better performance
the worlds waste energy, on a global scale this Mori et al.(2009) studied the potentials of
amounts to a huge potential savings. thermoelectric technology in regards to fuel economy
The utilization of waste heat energy from exhaust gas of vehicles by implementing thermoelectric materials
in IC engines is another novel application of Hussain et al (2009) studied the effects of
electricity generation using thermoelectric power thermoelectric waste heat recovery for hybrid
generators. In an automobile engine, the radiator and vehicles. Jorge Martins(2011) reported the combined
exhaust gas systems are the main heat output of an IC use of Heat Pipes and commercially available TEG
engine, Zhang and Chau(2011)reported that presently system for energy recovery of waste heat from the
TEG systems are installed in the most of exhaust gas exhaust gases of automotive IC engines. The heat
system as shown in the Figure 3 (exhaust manifold) pipes were used as a means of efficiently transferring
due to its simplicity and low influence on the the heat from the hot exhaust gases to the TEGs.
operation of the engine. Furthermore, TEG system Stobart and Milner explored the possibility of
including the heat exchanger is commonly installed thermoelectric regeneration in vehicles in which they
in the exhaust manifold suitable for its high found out that the1.3kW output of the TE device
temperature region. These systems have a lot of could potentially replace the alternator of a small
potential and the BMW/Ford, General Motors, passenger vehicle. Stobart et al. reported the
General Electric, Chevrolet, Volkswagen and potentials in fuel saving of thermoelectric devices for
Cummins companies have worked on TEG vehicles and they concluded that Upto 4.7% of fuel
architectures and are all developing TEG systems. economy efficiency could be achieved. Zhang and
Most cars electronic systems are supplied with Chau(2011) proposed the TEG system coupled to
power from thermoelectric-generated electricity achieve maximum power output. They reported that
using DEWH, so we may see them on all the cars the power improvement is recorded from7.5%
very soon. P. Yodovard (2001), N.ESPINOSA to9.4%when the hot-side temperature of the TEG is
(2010),and Gunerhan(2005). heated from100 C to 250 C. From these articles, the
understanding of TEG technology has been
comprehensively discussed as a promising new
technology to recover waste heat from internal
combustion engines. Studies on thermoelectric
devices are still an ongoing matter.
3.3 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
The A/C system adds nearly 35 % extra cost in fuel
expenses. Alternately, it is a matter of investigation
that waste recovery of an engine for application in
A/C can reduce the fuel economy of vehicles. From
Figure 3: Typical TEG waste heat energy recovery the reviews of various literatures there is an
system (Yu C, Chau KT. 2009) indication that an automobile engine utilizes only
D. Crane et al(2001) have been proposed several about 35% of available energy and rests are lost to
different thermoelectric systems and also tested for cooling and exhaust system. Therefore automobile
generating power via waste heat recovery Basel I. becomes costlier, uneconomical and less efficient
Ismail reported that the thermoelectric power with addition of air conditioner in car also decreases
generation offers a potential application in the direct the life of engine and increases the fuel consumption.
conversion of waste-heat energy into electrical power Keeping these problems in mind, a car air
where it is unnecessary to consider the cost of the conditioning system studied from recovery of engine
thermal energy input. The application of this waste heat using radiator water as source / exhaust
alternative green technology in converting waste-heat heat.
energy directly into electrical power can also improve
the overall efficiencies of energy conversion systems.
John LaGrandeur designed primary heat exchanger
(PHx) to recover waste heat from the exhaust gas
(downstream from the catalytic converter) and
provide high quality thermal energy to the TGM PHx
optimized to manage wide variations in exhaust gas
mass flow and temperatures. S. R. Jumade, V. W.
Khond (2012) have carried out a survey on waste heat
recovery from internal combustion engine using
thermoelectric technology and concluded that the use
of copper for the support structure would provide
better results. Marian, et. al. (2013) have investigated
the possibility of using thermo-electric power to
convert flue gas waste heat from a small-scale Figure 4: Schematic of a triple fluid vapours
domestic pellet boiler and concluded that the heat absorption refrigeration system (Abhilash Pathania)

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Abhilash Pathania reported the application of exhaust gas driven automotive air conditioning
radiator hot water to run the refrigeration system as in working on a new hydride pair. The results showed
figure 5 above. R. J. Yadav reported that the exhaust that cooling power and system coefficient of
gases of these gensets have a very large amount of performance increase while the minimum
heat at about 700 C at full load and waste heat of refrigeration temperature decreases with growth of
coolant at about 120 C can be exploited to run a the heat source temperature. System heat transfer
central air conditioning plant based on vapour properties still needed to be improved for better
absorption chiller. And concluded that the vapour performance.
absorption chiller based central air conditioning plant 3.4 Strengthened Environmental Restrictions
can be run by tapping waste heat of the exhaust (14.5 During the last several decades internal combustion
TR ) and coolant heat (15.5 TR ) of 125 HP genset. engine technology has achieved significant progress
The energy cost may reduce approximately by 35 %. in reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.
Koehler et al. designed, built and tested a prototype In particular, strict emission regulation made it
of an absorption refrigeration system for truck possible to reduce exhaust emissions of modern
refrigeration using heat from the exhaust gas heat engines.
which can replace the conventional compression Yoshihiro Ichiki(2011), of Mitsubishi Heavy
refrigeration system. The refrigeration cycle was Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has developed a super waste-
simulated by a computer model and validated by test heat recovery system for a main marine propulsion
data. Yousef and Najjar,(1996) experimental research engine as a solution for strengthened environmental
shows that it is feasible to drive refrigeration system restrictions and increasing demand for improved fuel
with automobile engine exhaust waste heat. Horuz, oil consumption. The newly developed super waste-
(1999),Manzela et al.,(2010) studied ammonia- water heat recovery system consists of a conventional
absorption refrigeration system with automobile combined system and a power turbine (gas turbine)
engine exhaust waste heat drive, and analyzed its that utilizes a portion of the exhaust gas. This system
economic feasibility. Hilalil and Soylemez (2008) increases the marine engine plant efficiency by 8%
studied the structure of the vehicle exhaust-driven 10%. While reducing Co2 emissions. Hou
refrigeration system, and conducted optimized Xuejun(2012) analyzed the diesel engine exhaust gas
calculation of its waste heat recovery rate and components, emission rates and waste heat rates.
operation economical efficiency. Wu and Schulden Then, the mainly harmful components are analyzed
(1995) studied improved Carnot-Cycle heat engine and the corresponding methods of purification and
driven by high-temperature waste heat and found the processing about Z12V190 diesel engine exhaust gas
relation of a temperature range of high-temperature pollution discussed. In order to achieve full recovery
waste heat and the maximum specific power. Yoon et of waste heat, save energy, purify treatment
al. (2003) studied the exhaust waste heat driven pollution, the comprehensive process flows of
refrigeration system. The highly energy-saving Z12V190 diesel engine exhaust gas pollution
technology with exhaust waste heat has the processing and waste heat recovery are designed.
remarkable effect in food. Kaudinya J.V et al.(1988) Khan et al.(2002) reported that with features of being
studied the feasibility of vehicle air-conditioning by energy-saving and environment-friendly, the waste
exhaust gas operated open cycle absorption cooling heat (WH) recovery and waste gas pollution
system and it has been shown that the cooling processing have received significant attention.
potential in the exhaust gas is much greater than the Approximately, 30 to 40% of the heat generated in
required for cooling of the vehicles interior space. the fuel combustion process is converted into useful
Vincent Mei et al. (1982) reported that truck exhaust mechanical work in contemporary internal
gas operated refrigeration system can suitable combustion engines. Yang, Yuan, & Lin,(2003) set up
installed and successfully operated for low practical heat pipe heat exchanger for heating HS663,
temperature application. a large bus. Giving comfort to passengers in cold, by
Zhao et al. (2003) studied two combined conveying the heat of automotive exhausts gas into
absorption/compression refrigeration cycles using the bus carriage utilizing gravity assisted heat pipe in
ammonia and water as the working fluid. The the heating using exhaust gas.
combined cycle with one solution circuit was a 3.5 Preheating of Biodiesels
conventional absorption chiller with a mechanical It is found from the review Table 4 that, bio-diesel is
compressor, using both the work and heat output the fuel rapidly growing in use, and if we use it in
from an engine. R.Q.Zhu, M.Suzuki (2011) studied diesel engines then it should have good fluidity, low
the feasibility of adsorption cooling for viscosity and good atomization which can only
automobile/engine waste heat recovery. Wu and possible if its preheated. This preheating might be by
Schulden(1995) presented a modified Carnot cycle high temperature exhaust gases coming out of the
for the application of air conditioning on a heat exhaust port, these exhaust gases if let free in to
engine using high-temperature waste heat. Jiangzhou atmosphere can cause great trouble related to health.
et al.(2002) presented an adsorption air conditioning It is also a fact that use of some electrical mean to
system used in internal combustion engine heat the fuel externally can cause extra cost of
locomotive driver cabin. The system consists of an operating. So an idea extract from above is to design
absorber and a cold storage evaporator driven by the such a device which can eliminate the use of this
engine exhaust gas waste heat, and employs zeolite external power and can also reduce the temperature
water as working pair. Qin et al.(2007) developed an of the exhaust gases to a greater extent.
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Table 5: Preheating of different biodiesels


Authors Vegetable. oil /Biofuel Remarks
Acharya, Mishra, Rath,
Viscosity very close to that of diesel by preheating to
& Nayak, Kusum and Karanja oils
100130.
( 2011)
Viscosity very close to that of diesel at 80C of neat
M. C. Navindgi,et.al Neem, Mahua, Linseed and
Neem, Mahua and linseed oil, and that at @120C for
(2011) Castor oil.
Castor.
R. Raghu,et.al (2011) Rice bran oil(RBME) Raised to 158C to bring its viscosity closer to diesel
Preheating at 30C - 100 C leads to lean mixture that
Lutfia,et.al(R, 2009) Petrol
ignite without difficulty.
A.K.Agarwal,et.al Karanja oil
(Yang et al., 2003) WHR Air heating using engine exhaust gas
H Masjuki, et al (2008). Palm Oil Methyl Esters
Dinesh P(2012) POME The B40 blend is preheated at 60,75,90 and 110C
At the temperature above 100 the viscosity reaches to
P. P. Sonune(2012) Mahua oil
ASTM limits.
Preheating upto 130C to attain the same density as that
ER Ram Rattan (2012) Mustard oil
of diesel
R. Ragu,G Ramdas Rice bran oil requires a heating temperature of 158C to
Rice bran oil
(2011) bring its viscosity closer to diesel
The alternative fuel passing through heat exchanger and
Sunflower, rapeseed and
Ahanasios(2011) extended its temperature in the range of 65-75 C by
cottonseed oil
engine coolant of 85-92 C.
Kamal Kishore Khatri At temperature range of 55-60C the viscosity of blends
Karanj
(2010) becomes equal to that of pure diesel
V Pandiyarajan (2010) Diesel Amount of heat recovered
Bhupender singh The optimal fuel inlet temperature was found to be 80C
Pre-heated jatropha oil
chauhan (2010) considering the BTE, BSEC and gaseous emissions.
Canacik et al. LPG,CNG,LNG and CCNG Fuel consumption reduced by 5-40%
Somu Chokraborthy Blends preheated to 100 C become very close to that of
Watse vegitable oil
(2009) diesel.
Mhia Md(2007) Neem oil Inlet air temperature was raised up to 600C
Increased fuel saving , reduced exhaust gas toxicity and
Pugachev (2001) Petrol
enable the use of cheaper low octane fuel.
At full load engine jacket water temperature is @ 100 C.
Neat jatropha and Kharanja
A K Hussain(2012) Viscosity of the plant oil reduced by 80-90 % through by
oils
preheating to 90 C.
Mehta et al. Jatropha oil
Chauhan etal. (2010) Jatropha Optimal fuel inlet temperature was found to be 80C
Preheating to 100C lowered viscosity and provided
Hazar and Aydin (2010) Raw rapeseed oil (RRO)
smooth fuel flow
B5- B20 blends can be used without any heating, The
T. Venkateswara Rao
(PME), (JME) (NME) high density of methyl esters (B25, B30, B60 etc.) Can
et.al.(2008)
be reduced by heating.
Biodiesel of B5- B20 blends can be used without any
M.Prabhakar et.al. Pungamia methyl ester
heating
The preheating of the neat Jatropha oil is done from 30C
M. Nematullah Nasim Neat jatropha oil
to 100C
Preheating the fuel to overcome higher viscosity and
Oza Nityam P. Karanj, Jatropha and Neem
lower volatility associated with bio-diesel.
Md A. Hossain, et B100 requires preheating at 65 C to attain flash point as
Coconut Oil
al(2012) that of diesel fuel.
Hevandro Colonhese Pre-heated (65 C) 50% (v v-1) of soybean oil in petro
Soybean oil
Delalibera1 diesel
All emissions are reduced significantly with preheating of
Ch. Styanarayana Pongamia methyl ester PBD. Improvement in the diffused combustion is
responsible
The boiling point of fossil fuels reduced by 50% by
Mr. Janak Rathavi, et al.
preheating.

CONCLUSIONS technical, economic, and environmental aspect. From


The recovery and utilization of waste heat not only the review, it has been identified that there are large
conserves fuel (fossil fuel) but also reduces the potentials of energy savings through the use of waste
amount of waste heat and greenhouse gases damped heat recovery technologies.
to environment. The study shows the availability and Recovering engine waste heat can be achieved
possibility of waste heat from internal combustion via numerous methods. The heat can either be
engine. Though there are different technologies reused within the same process or transferred
possible, the five have addressed and have their own to another thermal, electrical, or mechanical
benefits by utilizing these new engine waste heat process.
recovery technologies from the perspective of

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Nadaf et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

Waste heat recovery entails capturing and CH. Satyanarayana, and P. V. Rao Influence of Key
Properties of Pongamia Biodiesel on Performance
reusing the waste heat from internal Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a DI
combustion engine and using it for heating or Diesel Engine Wseas Transactions On Heat And Mass
generating mechanical or electrical work. Transfer ISSN: 1790-5044 Issue 2, Volume 4, April
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