Understanding Electricity

What is Electricity?
Current, Voltage and Resistance

How to measure Current, Voltage and Resistance

How Electricity works?

What is Electricity?

Any appliances that we use in our daily lives such as

household appliances, office equipments and
industrial equipments, almost all of those things take
electricity. Therefore, we should understand
electricity.

The first question that we will find out the answer is

"where does electricity come from?"
All matters are made up of atoms. Then ask the next question, "What are atoms?"
Atoms are the smallest part of an element. They are composed of nucleus and electrons, electrons surround nucleus.
Elements are identified by the number of electrons in orbit around nucleus of atoms and by the number of protons in
nucleus.

Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and the number of protons and neutrons are balanced. Neutrons have no
electric charge, protons have positive charges (+) and electrons have negative charges (-). A positive charge of proton
equals a negative charge of electron.

Electrons are bound in their orbit by attraction of protons, but electrons in the outer band can become free of their orbit by
some external forces. These are referred to as free electrons, which move from one atom to the next, electron flows are
produced. These are the basis of electricity. Materials that allow many electrons to move freely are called conductors and
materials that allow few free electrons to move are called insulators.

All matters are made up of atoms that have electric charges. Therefore, they have electric charges. For the matter that
has a balanced the number of protons and electrons, positive charge force and negative charge force are balanced. It is
called neutral state of an atom. (The number of protons and electrons remains equal.)

"Static electricity" represents a situation that all things are made up of electric charges. For example, the rubbing of
material against another can cause the static electricity. Free electrons of one material move forcefully till they are freed of
their orbits around nucleus and move to another. Electrons of one material decrease, it presents positive charges. At the
same time, electrons of another increase, it has negative charges.
In general, charge producing of the matter means the matter has electric charges. It has positive and negative charges,
which is expressed in coulomb.

Current, Voltage and Resistance

What is Current?
An electrical phenomenon is caused by flow of free
electrons from one atom to another. The
characteristics of current electricity are opposite to
those of static electricity.

Wires are made up of conductors such as copper or

aluminum. Atoms of metal are made up of free
electrons, which freely move from one atom to the
next. If an electron is added in wire, a free electron is
attracted to a proton to be neutral. Forcing electrons
out of their orbits can cause a lack of electrons.
Electrons, which continuously move in wire, are
called Electric Current.

For solid conductors, electric current refers to directional

negative-to-positive electrons from one atom to the next. Liquid
conductors and gas conductors, electric current refers to electrons
and protons flow in the opposite direction.

Current is flow of electrons, but current and electron flow in the

opposite direction. Current flows from positive to negative and
electron flows from negative to positive.

Current is determined by the number of electrons passing through a cross-section of a conductor in one second. Current
is measured in amperes, which is abbreviated "amps". The symbol for amps is a letter "A".

A current of one amp means that current pass through a cross-section of two conductors, which are placed in parallel 1
meter apart with 2x10-7 Newton per meter force occur in each conductor. It can also mean charges of one coulomb (or
6.24x1018 electrons) passing through a cross-section of a conductor in one second.

What is voltage?
Electric current is flow of electrons in a conductor. The
force required to make current flow through a
conductor is calledvoltage and potential is the other
term of voltage. For example, the first element has
more positive charges, so it has higher potential. On
the other hand, the second element has charges that
are more negative so it has lower potential. The
difference between two points is called potential
difference.

Electromotive force means the force which makes

current continuously flows through a conductor. This
force can be generated from power generator, battery,
flashlight battery and fuel cell, etc.

Volt, abbreviated "V", is the unit of measurement used

interchangeably for voltage, potential, and
electromotive force. One volt means a force which
makes current of one amp move through a resistance
of one ohm.
What is resistance?
Electrons move through a conductor when electric current flows. All materials impede flow of electric current to some
extent. This characteristic is called resistance. Resistance increases with an increase of length or decrease of cross-
section of a material.

The unit of measurement for resistance is ohms and its symbol is the Greek letter omega (). The resistance of one ohm
means a conductor allows a current of one amp to flow with a voltage of one volt.

All materials are difference in allowing electrons flow. Materials that allow many electrons to flow freely are
called conductors such as copper, silver, aluminium, hydrochloric solution, sulphuric acid and saltwater. In contrast,
materials which allow few electrons to flow are called insulators such as plastic, rubber, glass and dry paper. Another
type of materials, semiconductors have characteristics of both conductors and insulators. They allow electrons to move
while being able to control flow of electrons and examples are carbon, silicon and germanium, etc.

The resistance of conductor depends on two main factors as the followings:

1. Types of material
2. Temperature of material

How to measure current

The instrument used to measure current is called ampere meter or ammeter.

Steps for current measurement Connect a small light bulb to a dry cell. Measure
current that passes through light bulb by connecting positive terminal (+) of ammeter
to negative terminal (-) of a dry cell (see figure)
Safety instructions for current measurement;
1. Estimate current that required measuring then choose a suitable ammeter, since
each ammeter has different limit of current measurement.
2. Be sure that the connection to positive terminal (+) and negative terminal (-) of
ammeter are correct.

3. Do not directly connect ammeter terminals to dry cell terminals. Since it can
damage the meter.

How to measure voltage

The instrument used to measure voltage, difference potential or electromotive force is called voltmeter.

Steps for voltage measurement

Connect a small light bulb to a dry cell. A voltmeter is wired in parallel with the light
bulb to measure voltage across the light bulb. Connect positive terminal (+) of
voltmeter to positive terminal (+) of a dry cell and connect negative terminal (-) of
voltmeter to negative terminal (-) of a dry cell (see figure).
Safety instructions for measuring voltage;
1. Estimate voltage that required measuring then choose
a suitable voltmeter, since each voltmeter is designed with
the limit of voltage measurement.
2. Be sure that the connecting of positive terminal (+) and negative terminal (-) of
voltmeter are correct.

How to measure resistance

The instrument used to measure resistance is called test meter or multimeter. The multimeter or test meter is used to
make various electrical measurements such as current, voltage and resistance. It combines the functions of ammeter,
voltmeter and ohmmeter.

Steps for resistance measurement

Turn the face dial to a position for required measuring, resistance, then
touch both of terminals of multimeter (see figure 1) and adjust the meter
range to 0 . Touch both of terminals of meter to a resistance and take the
reading (see figure 2).
How Electricity works?

Electric current is the ability to do work. Electric current can be converted to heat, power and magnetism, to name a few.

Electric current is classified by its functions and three primary types are:

1. Heat and power

2. Electrochemistry
3. Magnetism

1. Heat and power is used to make heat and power.

For example, current-carrying nichrom wire that nichrom wire has a high resistance and creates heat. This is applied
to be component of electric ovens, toasters, electric irons and light bulbs, etc.

Experiment is made by measuring heat quantity of water by calorimeter. Increase voltage across wire by the variac
and connect ammeter and voltmeter to measure current and voltage.
Set the variac scale to adjust voltage and current value of nichrom wire and current is passed through periodically
and measure heat quantity from nichrom wire. There are any indications of voltage and current. If voltage, current and
time increase, heat quantity will also increase. They are expressed by the relation as below.

This is called Joule's law. Heat quantity depends on voltage time current and interval of time. From Ohm's law, V
(Voltage) = I (Current) x R (Resistance) therefore

Heat quantity depends on current squared times resistance and interval of time.

When current is passed through nichrom wire in water, current is converted to heat and temperature rises. Work is
done by heat generated in an electrical circuit, which is called Electric power.

Electric power is measured in Watts-hour (Wh) and heat quantity is measured in calories (Cal).
 Work is done by heat generated in an electrical circuit is written in power, which it means that the rate work is done in
a circuit when 1 Amp flows with 1 Volt applied and its unit of measurement is Watt.

Conclusion

2. Electrochemistry

For example, when current is passed through sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, a chemical reaction called electrolysis
occurs. This is applied to produce electrolysis, galvanizing and battery, etc.

Experiment is made by soaking two platinum (Pt) plates in

molten salt. Connect batteries to two platinum plates,
current is passed through molten salt and produces
chlorine bubbles around positive plate (+) and hydrogen
bubbles around negative plate (-) since sodium chloride
composes of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). When sodium
chloride melts in water, the elements are separated.
Sodium has positive charges (+), while chlorine has
negative charges (-) and these charges are called ions.
The molten salt has both positive charges, called anodes,
and negative charges called cathodes. The state of
separated elements is called ionization. If salt is melted
by water, solution is available ions, called electrolyte
solution. And if current is passed through electrolyte
solution, a chemical reaction known as electrolysis occurs.

3. Magnetism

The example of this electric work is a current-carrying wire, magnetic lines of flux occur. This is applied to produce
electric motors, electric transformers and tape recorders, etc.

Understanding meaning of magnetism:

What is magnetism?

The compound formula of magnet is Fe3O4. All magnets have two characteristics.
First, they attract and hold iron. Secondary, if free to move like the compass needle,
they will assume a north-south position. Any materials have these characteristics, they
are called magnet.

The characteristics of magnet are

Every magnet has two poles, one north pole and one south pole.
Opposite poles attract each other, while like poles repel each other.
Electricity and magnetic field
When magnetic needle is placed near electric wire, which current
is passed through, magnetic needle turns on the direction of
current flow (see figure 1 and 2). Therefore, electric current flow
also produces an associated magnetic force or it is said that
electricity is able to produce magnetic field.

When magnetic needle is placed in wire coil with one loop (see
figure) and current is passed through wire coil, magnetic needle
turns on the direction as shown in above figure. And the directions
of magnetic lines of flux are shown by the arrows.

When magnetic needle is placed in wire coil with many loops as

shown in right figure, then current is passed through coil. The
direction of magnetic lines of flux parallels wire coil. The
characteristics of magnetic lines of flux like the characteristics of
magnet, but no magnetic pole.

When a current-carrying wire coil is placed near iron bar, the iron
bar move slightly (see figure 1). If core is placed in a wire coil, the
iron bar is attracted strongly (see figure 2). Because core is a soft
iron, which conducts magnetic lines of force, when current is
passed through wire coil around core, the core becomes
magnetized with high power that is called electromagnets. This
function is widely applied for using in industries.