RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

RELATED STUDIES

In 2004 ASTM International C150 allowed incorporation of up to a 5 % mass fraction of limestone

in ordinary portland cement. Hawkins et al (2003) reported that use of up to 5 % limestone does not affect
performance of Portland cement. Furthermore, Bentz et al (2009) reported that higher limestone
percentage can also be used in concrete at lower w/c ratios. Limestone powder substitution for cement
makes sense in concretes saving money and energy and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, as
limestone is a natural mineral resource, quarrying and consequent prolonged use of limestone may again
leads to problems associated with environment and sustainable development. Furthermore, lime production
involves energy intensive process and consumes water. Therefore, identifying analogous material from
waste and using the same in concrete production could be a wise idea. Calcium rich egg shell is a poultry
waste with chemical composition nearly same as that of limestone. Use of eggshell waste instead of natural
lime to replace cement in concrete can have benefits like minimizing use of cement, conserving natural lime
and utilizing waste material.

According to a study eggshell waste generation in India, the United States and the United Kingdom
is 190000, 150000 and 11000 tonnes per annum respectively. Eggshell waste can be used as fertilizer,
animal feed ingredients and other such uses. However, majority of the eggshell waste is deposited as
landfills. Eggshell waste in landfills attracts vermin due to attached membrane and causes problems
associated with human health and environment. Few investigations were conducted to use eggshell waste
in civil engineering applications. Amu et al., 2005 studied eggshell powder as a stabilizing material for
improving soil properties. A. J. Olarewaju et al, 2011 studied suitability of eggshell stabilized soil as
subgrade material for road construction.

Apart from these studies, no other investigations were found in literature to use eggshells in civil
engineering applications. This study was aimed to use ESP in concrete. Although eggshell is calcium rich
and analogous to limestone in chemical composition, it is a waste material. Therefore, to initiate use of
eggshell waste for partial replacement of cement in concrete, there is a need to understand concrete
properties made with eggshell powder. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to understand the
possibilities of use of ESP in concrete. Investigations were systematically conducted on performance of
ESP concretes in terms of strength properties like compressive strength and splitting tensile strength and
transport properties like water absorption and sorption. The control and ESP replaced concretes were
tested for 1, 7 and 28 days. Based on the test results, the influence of ESP replacement and the curing age
on the concrete properties were discussed.

RELATED LITERATURE

Egg is a significant food for Asian country such as Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Thailand.
Egg contains lots of nutritious, however, the main content is protein and protein's content in egg is
higher compare with other foods. High consumption of egg also follows increasing the eggshell
waste development rate. Based (Okonjcwo et al., 2012) eggshell established to be a good
accelerator for cement-bound materials There are a lot of experimental works carried out by
introducing recycled materials like egg shell powder as a substitute for cement with different
percentages to enhance the properties of concrete. Eggshell also considerable reduction in alkali-
silica and sulfate expansions (Santhanatham, 2014). Research show that eggshell has a cellulosic
structure and contain amino acids, thus is expected to be a good bio-sorbent or in other word bio
sorption. It is a metabolically passive process which it does not require energy that bind
contaminants onto its cellular structure and concentrate adsorbents from aqueous solutions
resulting in a reduction of sorbet concentration in the solution. So it has excellent durability as well
as save money as less material required. The eggshell is an important structure for two reasons
which it forms an embryonic chamber for the developing chick and providing protection of the
contents and a unique approximately 2.2g of calcium in the form of calcium carbonate. Calcium
rich eggshell is a poultry waste with chemical composition nearly same with the limestone (Amu et
al.,2005).

Good qualities of eggshell contain approximately 2.2 g of calcium in the form of calcium carbonate
from commercial layers. Dry Eggshell contain about 95% of calcium carbonate weighing 5.5 g and
the other are contains about 0.3% phosphorous, 0.3% magnesium, and traces of sodium,
potassium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper ( Amu & Salami, 2010). The organic material has
calcium binding properties, and its organization during shell formation influences the strength of the
 shell. The organic material must be deposited so that the size and organization of the crystalline
components mostly calcium carbonate are ideal, thus leading to a strong shell. Most parts of the
world did not use the eggshell as stabilizing material but it can be the other type of stabilization if it
is use as a replacement. The mixture consists of lateritic soil and eggshell can produce the low
binding properties and significant to improve the strength of the soil which had been used as a sub
grade where it has good performance. The requirements of the capacities of the stabilization of, the
base or sub base for road construction have not met the minimum needed. The increase of the
eggshell content can increased the optimum moisture content but it can reduced the maximum dry
density of the soil-cement eggshell ash stabilized lateritic soil and the strength properties of the
cement stabilized matrix increase up to about 35% averagely (Okonkwo et al., 2012).

Eggshells are seldom used to stabilizing materials in most part of world. However it could be a
stabilization of the construction industry. Olarewaju et al.,(2011) revealed that eggshells mixed with
lateritic soil can produced the low binding properties and significant to improve strength of the soil
which can use as sub grade where have a good performance. The capacities of the stabilization
haven't met with the requirement of the base or sub base for road construction. Stabilizing material
was the added to each of the soil sample in certain percentages of 2%, 4 %,6% and 8% of the soil
by weight of eggshell after the Atterberg's limit test was carried out as well as the determination of
engineering properties of each samples (Olaweraju et al.,201 1) . Addition of the eggshell in
percentages to the soil sample caused to changes in plastic limit and liquid limit, which can
purposely, affected the plasticity of the soil. Liquid limit for eggshell increased from 30.20% to
37.10% and the plastic limit also increased from 13.48% to 24.14%.Thus the plasticity index of the
eggshell in lateritic soil reduced from 17.29% to 12.96%. It is concluded that eggshell powders can
increase the strength of the soil and it can be suitable stabilizing materials. From the investigation,
resulted eggshell powders significantly increase the optimum moisture content and maximum dry
density of the soil. As 8% eggshell stabilization lateritic soil processes close optimum moisture
content and maximum dry density properties. Eggshell can be also used in road construction and
not only application in building structure.

Admixtures are materials and chemicals added to the concrete to augment its fresh state and
modify the characteristics of concrete. Most of the admixtures are available in market in the form of
 chemical composition. These chemical admixtures are very expensive and severely pollute the
surrounding environment. However the adding admixtures to concrete are not a new concept and it
has been practiced and derived over several centuries in several countries. The natural admixtures
materials such as milk, lard, Tung oil have been used as natural admixtures in ancient
construction. In this project we are investigating the possibilities of using natural materials like
Terminaliachebula (Kadukkai) and Chicken Eggshell as an admixture in cement mortar and plain
cement concrete (PCC). Terminaliachebula extract is added in different concentrations of 2.5%,
5%, 7.5% to the cement concrete and its effects on workability and strength of concrete are
studied. Terminaliachebula when added to cement mortar has no effect on workability but
increases the compressive strength by 1.832 times of reference concrete. But the initial setting
time of concrete is increased by 30 minutes of nominal OPC concrete. Diminish the drawback of
adding kadukkai concrete is done by Eggshell which is used as retarders in PCC. Eggshell is
mostly having calcium carbonate about 90-95%.Therefore the compressive strength of concrete
with combination of kadukkai and eggshell powder is increased by 1.562 times of reference
concrete. Similarly it influences to increase the tensile and flexural properties of concrete.

Earlier works on the combination concrete conducted by scholars have led us

to the point that the egg shell powder can be used as a supplement for industrial lime. In their
article Effect of Eggshell powder on the Stabilizing Potential of Lime on an
Expansive Clay Soil by O. O. Amu, A. B. Fajobi and B.O. Oke Department of Civil Engineering,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria have come to the conclusion that the 4%
ESP + 3% lime as the optimal percentage of lime-Egg shell Powder Combination. There
were also studies on using Egg Shell Powder in wall tile materials. Egg Shell Powder is
rich in CaCo3. Based on the researches conducted by M. N. Freire, J. N. F. Holanda in
their article Characterization of avian eggshell waste aiming its use in a ceramic wall tile
paste. Opine that the eggshell rich in CaCo3 can be used as an alternative raw material
in the production of wall tile material. World over 500 million tons of rice is harvested.
Of which 20% is rice husk which is a threat to the environment. To reduce the pollution, various
tests are conducted to find out whether these matters can be converted into some useful material.
Feng Qing-fe et al in their article Concrete with Highly
Active Rice Husk Ash have studied the strength, pore volume and pore distribution of
the concrete using Rice Husk Ash. These Studies prompts to think and investigate the possibility of
using Egg Shell Powder, Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash as partial replacement in the conventional
Concrete.