TYPES OF

LITERATURE1.POETRY2.HISTORY3.BIOGRAPHY4.LETTERS5.PHILOSOPHY6.ORA
TORY7.APOCALYPSE1. POETRYGreek poetry - writing that created emotional responses
through meaning and metric patterns, with various regular rhythms of short and long
sounds.Epic poetry started the written Greek literary tradition by the transcriptions of
Homer'sand Hesiod's poems during the Archaic Age (7th and 6th centuries BC).Homer 8th
century BCHesiod7th century BCLyric poetry, originally meant to be sung, occurred in varied
rhythms and often expressed personal emotions and experience.Sappho7th century BCPoetic
drama -- tragedy and comedy in rhythmic meters -- developed from sung chorusesin the
Classical Age (5th - 4th centuries) in Athens.Aeschylus5th century BCSophocles5th century
BCEuripides5th century BCAristophanes5th - 4th centuries BCMenander 4th century
BCPoetry of the Hellenistic Age (3rd - 1st centuries BC) often reflected on earlier poetry
byimitation or allusion.

Apollonius of Rhodes3rd century BCCallimachus3rd century BCTheocritus3rd century BC 2.

HISTORYGreek history was a chronological record of significant events (often of a political
group,institution, or military campaign), sometimes explaining their causes.Luke's Acts of the
Apostles belongs to Greek historical tradition as it presents the originsand growth of the
early Christian community.Herodotus5th century BCThucydides5th century BCXenophon5th
- 4th centuries BCPolybius3rd - 2nd centuries BCDiodorus of Sicily1st century BCDionysius
of Halicarnassus1st century BCJosephus (Jewish)1st century AD(Luke) (Christian)1st century
ADArrian1st - 2nd centuries AD 3. BIOGRAPHYGreek biography contained narrative of the
events of a person's life and illustration of hisor her character.Greek biography had varying
forms, styles, length, and degrees of relative truth.Christian gospels form a part of the Greek
tradition, with their hero, anecdotes of happenings, and famous sayings.(Xenophon)5th - 4th
centuries BCMatthew (Christian)1st century ADMark (Christian)1st century ADLuke
(Christian)1st century ADJohn (Christian

) 1st century ADPlutarch1st - 2nd centuries AD

LETTERSGreek letters were direct or personal written messages addressed to a person or

group, for private or public communication.Greek letters included

correspondence of famous people

"open" letters of advocacy (Isocrates, Plato, Demosthenes)

letters of moral advice (Plutarch and Paul)



technical and scholarly treatises in letter form (Dionysius of Halicarnassus)

letters attributed to famous people (for instance, Socrates, and heroes of earlyChristianity,
such as James, John, and Peter).Christian authors followed the lead of pagan philosophers,
who shaped into letter formtheir ideas about ultimate reality and principles of
human behavior.(Isocrates)5th - 4th centuries BC(Plato)5th - 4th centuries
BC(Demosthenes)4th century BC(Epicurus)4th -3rd centuries BC(Dionysius
of Halicarnassus)1st century BCPaul (Christian)1st century ADJames (Christian)1st century
ADPeter (Christian)1st century AD(John) (Christian)1st century AD(Epictetus)1st - 2nd
centuries AD(Plutarch)1st - 2nd centuries AD(Arrian)1st - 2nd centuries AD 5.
PHILOSOPHYGreek philosophy involved a search for a general understanding of values and
reality.Philosophical writings in the Greek tradition are preserved in various forms:

dialogues

letters

treatises

accounts of philosophers (biographies and lists of teacher/student relationships)

speeches

collections of doctrines or sayings

Greek philosophy from the 3rd century BC (through the 2nd century AD and beyond)was
particularly concerned with ethics -- moral thinking about human life. Such concernsare
shared among pagan and Christian writings, such as the letters of Paul and James.Plato5th -
4th centuries BC(Xenophon)5th - 4th centuries BCAristotle4th century BCEpicurus4th - 3rd
centuries BCPhilo of Alexandria(Jewish)1st century BC - 1stcentury AD(Paul) (Christian)1st
century AD(James) (Christian)1st century ADDio Chrysostom1st - 2nd centuries
ADEpictetus1st - 2nd centuries AD(Plutarch)1st - 2nd centuries AD(Arrian)1st - 2nd centuries
ADLucian2nd century ADMarcus Aurelius2nd century AD6. ORATORYSpoken communication
was vastly important in ancient Greek culture and flourished for long centuries after writing
became common. Speeches were recorded by lawyers and politicians from the 5th century
BC onward. Also, teachers of the public speaking(rhetoric) provided written models as they
trained ambitious young men.Speech as a medium of teaching was preserved as:

lectures

exhortations

Sermons Philosophical speeches in question-and-answer format, known as diatribes,

becamecommon among philosophers in the 3rd to 1st centuries BC, and many similar
elementsoccur in the New Testament writings of Paul in the 1st century AD. Some
NewTestament letters, such as the letter of James, reflect their probable beginnings
asexhortations or sermons.Isocrates5th - 4th centuries BCDemosthenes4th century
BC(Dionysius of Halicarnassus) 1st century BC(Paul) (Christian)1st century AD(James)
(Christian)1st century AD

(Dio Chrysostom)1st -2nd centuries AD 7. APOCALYPSEApocalypse was a genre of literature

developed in Judaism, represented in the HebrewScriptures by the book of Daniel,
and outside the Bible by documents composed by bothJews and Christians.These were often
concerned with great historical crises or visionary trips to heaven.John (Christian)1st century
AD

Poetry

A poem is acompositionwritten inverse(although verse has been equally used for epicand
dramatic fiction). Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word choice, andmetaphor ; they
may take the form of measures consisting of patterns of stresses (metricfeet) or of patterns
of different-length syllables (as in classical prosody); and they may or may not utilizerhyme.
One cannot readily characterize poetryprecisely. Typicallythough, poetry as a form
of literature makes some significant use of the

formal
propertiesof the words it uses the properties of the writtenor spokenform of the
words,independent of their meaning. Meter depends onsyllablesand onrhythmsof
speech;rhyme andalliterationdepend on the sounds of words.Poetry perhaps pre-dates
other forms of literature: early known examples include theSumerian

Epic of Gilgamesh

(dated from around2700 B.C.), parts of theBible, thesurviving works of Homer (the

Iliad

and the

Odyssey

), and theIndian epics

Ramayana

and

Mahabharata

. In cultures based primarily on oral traditions the formal characteristicsof poetry often have
amnemonicfunction, and important texts: legal,genealogicalor moral, for example, may
appear first in verse form.Some poetry uses specific forms: thehaiku, thelimerick ,or
thesonnet,for example. Atraditional haiku written in Japanese must have something to do
with nature, containseventeen onji (syllables), distributed over three lines in groups of five,
seven, and five,and should also have a kigo, a specific word indicating a season. A limerick
has fivelines, with arhyme schemeof AABBA, and line lengths of 3,3,2,2,3 stressed syllables.
Ittraditionally has a less reverent attitude towards nature. Poetry not adhering to a
formal poetic structure is called "free verse"Language and tradition dictate some poetic
norms: Persian poetry always rhymes, Greek poetry rarely rhymes, Italian or French poetry
often does, English and German poetry cango either way. Perhaps the
most paradigmaticstyle of English poetry, blank verse, asexemplified in works
byShakespeareandMilton, consists of unrhymed iambic pentameters. Some languages prefer
longer lines; some shorter ones. Some of these

conventions result from the ease of fitting a specific language's vocabulary and grammar into
certain structures, rather than into others; for example, some languages contain
morerhyming words than others, or typically have longer words. Other structural
conventionscome about as the result of historical accidents, where many speakers of a
languageassociate good poetry with a verse form preferred by a particular skilled or popular
poet.Works for theatre (see below) traditionally took verse form. This has now become
rareoutsideopera andmusicals, although many would argue that the language of
dramaremains intrinsically poetic.In recent years,digital poetryhas arisen that takes
advantage of the artistic, publishing,and synthetic qualities of digital media.

Prose

Prose

consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other than
simplegrammar

); "non-poetic" writing, perhaps. The term sometimes appears pejoratively, but prosaic
writing simply says something without necessarily trying to sayit in a beautifulway, or using
beautiful words. Prose writing can of course take beautifulform; but less by virtue of the
formal features of words (rhymes, alliteration, metre) butrather by style, placement, or
inclusion of graphics. But one need not mark the distinction precisely, and perhaps cannot
do so. One area of overlap is " prose poetry", whichattempts to convey using only prose, the
aesthetic richness typical of poetry.

Essays

Anessayconsists of a discussion of a topic from an author's personal point of

view,exemplified by works byMichel de Montaigneor byCharles Lamb.'Essay' in English
derives from the French 'essai', meaning 'attempt'. Thus one can findopen-ended,
provocative and/or inconclusive essays. The term "essays" first applied tothe self-reflective
musings of Michel de Montaigne, and even today he has a reputation asthe father of this
literary form.Genres related to the essay may include:

thememoir , telling the story of an author's life from the author's personal point of view

theepistle: usually a formal, didactic, or elegantletter .

Fiction

Narrativefiction(narrative prose

) generally favours prose for the writing of novels, shortstories, graphic novels, and the
like. Singular examples of these exist throughout history, but they did not develop into
systematic and discrete literary forms until relatively recent
centuries. Length often serves to categorize works of prose fiction. Although limitsremain
somewhat arbitrary, modern publishingconventions dictate the following:

Amini sagais a short story of exactly 50 words.

Flash fictionis generally defined as a piece of prose under a thousand words.

Ashort storyis prose of between 1000 and 20,000 words (but typically more than5000
words), which may or may not have a narrative arc.

A story containing between 20,000 and 50,000 words falls into thenovellacategory.

A work of fiction containing more than 50,000 words falls squarely into the realmof
thenovel.Anovel consists simply of a long story written in prose, yet the form
developedcomparatively recently.Icelandic prosesagas dating from about the 11th century
bridgethe gap between traditional nationalverse epicsand the modern psychological novel.
Inmainland Europe, theSpaniard Cervanteswrote perhaps the first influential novel:

DonQuixote

, the first part of which was published in 1605 and the second in 1615. Earlier collections
of tales, such as the

One Thousand and One Nights

, Giovanni Bocaccio's

Decameron

and Chaucer 's

The Canterbury Tales

, have comparable forms and wouldclassify as novels if written today. Other works written in
classical AsianandArabicliterature resemble even more strongly the novel as we now think of
itfor example,works such as the Japanese

Tale of Genji
byLady Murasaki, the Arabic

Hayy ibnYaqdhan

byIbn Tufail, the Arabic

Theologus Autodidactus

byIbn al-Nafis, and theChinese

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

byLuo Guanzhong.Early novels in Europe did not, at the time, count as significant literature,
perhaps because "mere" prose writing seemed easy and unimportant. It has become
clear,however, that prose writing can provide aesthetic pleasure without adhering to
poeticforms. Additionally, the freedom authors gain in not having to concern themselves
withverse structure translates often into a more complex plotor into one richer in
precisedetail than one typically finds even in narrative poetry. This freedom also allows
anauthor to experiment with many different literary and presentation styles
including poetryin the scope of a single novel.

Other prose literature

Philosophy,history, journalism, and legal and scientific writings traditionally ranked

asliterature. They offer some of the oldest prose writings in existence; novels and
prosestories earned the names "fiction" to distinguish them from factual writing
or nonfiction,which writers historically have crafted in prose.The "literary" nature of science
writing has become less pronounced over the last twocenturies, as advances and
specialization have made new scientific research inaccessibleto most audiences; science now
appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Euclid, Aristotle,Copernicus, and Newtonstill
possess great value; but since the science in themhas largely become outdated, they no
longer serve for scientific instruction, yet they

remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of "historyof
science" programmes students rarely read such works. Many books "popularizing"science
might still deserve the title "literature"; history will tell.Philosophy, too, has become an
increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs
with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears inacademic
journals.Major philosophers through history
Plato,Aristotle,Augustine,Descartes, Nietzsche have become as canonical as anywriters.
Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", such assome of the
works bySimon Blackburn; but much of it does not, and some areas, such aslogic, have
become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.A great deal of
historical writing can still rank as literature, particularly the genre knownascreative
nonfiction.So can a great deal of journalism, such asliterary journalism. However these areas
have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data
or convey immediate information. As a result the writing in thesefields often lacks a literary
quality, although it often and in its better moments has thatquality. Major "literary"
historians includeHerodotus,Thucydidesand Procopius, all of whom count as
canonical literary figures.Lawoffers a less clear case. Some writings of PlatoandAristotle,or
even the early partsof theBible, might count as legal literature. The law tables
of Hammurabi of Babylon might count.Roman civil lawas codified in theCorpus Juris
Civilisduring the reign of Justinian Iof theByzantine Empire has a reputation as significant
literature. Thefounding documents of many countries, including theUnited States
Constitution, cancount as literature; however legal writing now rarely exhibits literary
merit.Game designscripts are never seen by the player of a game and only by the
developersand/or publishers to help them understand, visualize and maintain consistency
whilecollaborating in creating a game, the audience for these pieces is usually very small.
Still,many game scripts contain immersive stories and detailed worlds making them a
hiddenliterary genre.Most of these fields, then, through specialization or proliferation, no
longer generallyconstitute "literature" in the sense under discussion. They may sometimes
count as"literary literature"; more often they produce what one might call "technical
literature" or "professional literature".

Drama

A play or drama offers another classical literary form that has continued to evolve over the
years. It generally comprises chieflydialogue betweencharacters, and usually aims
atdramatic / theatrical performance(seetheatre) rather than at reading. During
theeighteenth and nineteenth centuries, opera developed as a combination of poetry,
drama,and music. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.
Shakespeare

could be considered drama.Romeo and Juliet, for example, is a classic romantic

dramagenerally accepted as literature.Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama
of which we have substantialknowledge.Tragedy, as a dramaticgenre, developed as a
performance associated withreligiousand civicfestivals, typically enacting or developing upon
well-knownhistorical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very
serious themes. With theadvent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media
have been added to thisform.War of the Worlds (radio)in 1938 saw the advent of literature
written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or
television.Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed
or electronic media.

Oral literature

The termoral literaturerefers not to written, but to oral traditions, which includesdifferent
types of epic, poetry anddrama,folktales, ballads,legends, jokes, and other genres
of folklore.It exists in every society, whether literate or not. It is generally
studied byfolklorists, or by scholars committed to cultural studiesandethnopoetics,
includinglinguists,anthropologists, and evensociologists.

Other narrative forms

Electronic literatureis a literary genre consisting of works which originate indigital

environments.

Films, videos and broadcastsoap operas have carved out a niche which often parallels the
functionality of prose fiction.

Graphic novelsand comic bookspresent stories told in a combination of sequential artwork,

dialogue and text.

Genres of literature

A literary genre refers to the traditional divisions of literature of various kinds accordingto a
particular criterion of writing. Seethe list of literary genres.List of literary genres

Autobiography, Memoir, Spiritual autobiography

Biography

Diaries and Journals

Electronic literature

Erotic literature

Slave narrative

Thoughts, Proverbs

Fiction

Adventure novel

Children's literature

Comic novel

Crime fiction

Detective fiction

Fable, Fairy tale, Folklore

Fantasy (for more details see Fantasy subgenres; fantasy literature)

Gothic fiction (initially synonymous with horror)

o

Historical fiction

Horror

Medical novel

Mystery fiction

Philosophical novel

Political fiction

Romance novel

Historical romance

Saga, Family Saga

Satire

Science fiction (for more details seeScience fictiongenre)

Thriller

Conspiracy fiction
Legal thriller

Psychological thriller

Spy fiction/Political thriller

Tragedy

Literary techniques

Main article:Literary techniqueA

literary technique

or

literary device

can be used by works of literature in order to produce a specific effect on the reader.
Literary technique is distinguished fromliterarygenreasmilitary tactics are frommilitary
strategy.Thus, though

David Copperfield

employs satire at certain moments, it belongs to the genre of comic novel, not that of satire.
By contrast,

Bleak House

employs satire so consistently as to belong to the genreof satirical novel. In this way, use of a
technique can lead to the development of a newgenre, as was the case with one of the first
modern novels,

Pamela

bySamuelRichardson, which by using the epistolary technique strengthened the tradition of

theepistolary novel, a genre which had been practiced for some time already but without
the same acclaim.
Literary criticism

Also see: Literary criticism , Literary history , Literary theory

Literary criticism implies a critique and evaluation of a piece of literature and in somecases is
used to improve a work in progress or classical piece. There are many types of literary
criticism and each can be used to critique a piece in a different way or critique adifferent
aspect of a piece.Drama The Dying DetectiveA Christmas CarolPoetry Annabel LeeThe
HighwaymanThe PastureFogShort Story Rip Van WinkleAfter Twenty Years A
Secret for TwoNovel Literature Circle (Student-directed book discussion groups.)Myths
Demeter and PersephoneLegend Popocatepeti and IxtiaccihuatiFolk Tale The People
Could Fly

Literature's Three main divisions

When most people speak of literature they may be talking about short stories,
novels, poems, verse, odes, plays, tragedies, even limericks. This wide variety
of termsdescribing types of literature, at first, appears overwhelming. However figuring all
of this out is simplified when you take into account that the menagerie of types
begins withthree major paradigms: prose, poetry, and drama.

Prose

Prose

is derived from a Latin root word,

prosa

, that means "straightforward" (other scholars argue that the root for "prose" is

proversa oratio,

which means " straightforwarddiscourse." Prose is generally defined as direct, common

language presented in astraightforward manner. A victim of

identity by negation,

prose is frequently defined as"that which is not poetry." Prose demonstrates purposeful
grammatic design in that it isconstructed strategically by the author to create specific
meaning. Prose also contains

plot

and the attendant narrative structures of plot.In most cultures, prose narrative tends to
appear after a culture has developed
verse

.Prose

genres

are many and varied, ranging from science fiction to romance. The major generic divisions
of prose are:

novel

- A lengthy fictional prose narrative.

novella

- A fictional prose narrative ranging from 50 to 100 pages, most commonin science fiction
and detective fiction.

short story

- a brief fictional prose narrative.

anecdote

- A very brief account of some interesting, usually humorous, event.

Poetry

Poetry

, from the Greek

poetes

which means "doer" or "creator," is a catch-all term that

isapplied to any form of rhythmical or metrical composition. While poetry is consideredto
be a subset of

verse

(and also considered to be superior to verse) both arerhythmical/metrical. What

distinguishes poetry from verse is its "imaginative quality,intricate structure, serious
or lofty subject matter, or noble purpose." Most culture's firstserious literary works are
poetry (In Western tradition, we need look only as far as Homer and Hesiod). The
purposes of poetry are said to include:1.A

didactic

purpose, meaning that it aims to instruct the reader.2.Unique insight that is not available
in other genres.3.To provide pleasure to the reader.4.To uplift the reader to some
higher insight or meaning.

Drama

Drama

, is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. From theGreek

dran

, meaning "to do," drama is thought to have developed from ancient

religiousceremonies. For instance, Greek

comedy

is traced to ancient fertility rites.

Tragedy

(which comes from the Greek word for "goat song") can be traced back to
sacrificialrituals.The term

play

has come to mean drama written exclusively for performance, while the"loftier" term

drama

, is commonly reserved for works that are considered to be moreserious works.

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks

(February 4, 1913 October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activistwhom
theU.S. Congress later called the "Mother of the Modern-DayCivilRights Movement."On
December 1, 1955 inMontgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to obey bus
driver JamesBlake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger.
Her action was not thefirst of its kind:Irene Morgan, in 1946, andSarah Louise Keys,in
1955, had won rulings beforetheU.S. Supreme Court and theInterstate Commerce
Commission respectively in the area of interstate bus travel. Nine months before Parks
refused to give up her seat, 15-year-oldClaudetteColvinrefused to move from her seat on
the same bus system. But unlike these previousindividual actions of civil disobedience,
Parks' action sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.Parks' act of defiance became an
important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement andParks became an international
icon of resistance toracial segregation. She organized andcollaborated with civil rights
leaders, including boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr., helping tolaunch him to national
prominence in the civil rights movement.At the time of her action, Parks was secretary of
the Montgomery chapter of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP) and had recently attended theHighlander Folk School, aTennesseecenter
for workers' rights and racial equality. Nonetheless,she took her action as a private citizen
"tired of giving in". Although widely honored in later years for her action, she also suffered
for it, losing her job as a seamstress in a local departmentstore. Eventually, she moved
to Detroit, Michigan,where she found similar work. From 1965 to1988 she served as
secretary and receptionist to African-American U.S. Representative JohnConyers. After
retirement from this position, she wrote an autobiography and lived a largely private life
in Detroit. In her final years she suffered fromdementiaand became embroiled in alawsuit
filed on her behalf against American hip-hopduo OutKast.Parks eventually received many
honors ranging from the 1979Spingarn Medalto theCongressional Gold Medal, a
posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National StatuaryHall. Her death in 2005
was a major story in the United States' leading newspapers. She wasgranted the
posthumous honor of lying in honor at theCapitol Rotunda.

Rosa Parks in 1955, with Martin Luther King, Jr.in the background Born February
4,1913Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.Died October 24, 2005 (aged 92)Detroit,
Michigan,U.S.Occupation Civil Rights Activist
Elements of Literature

We generally refer to the things that make up a work of literature, its componentparts, as
elements. This list contains such things as

Plot

A plot is a causal sequence of events, the "why" for the things thathappen in the story. The
plot draws the reader into the character's livesand helps the reader understand the choices
that the characters make.

Character

-Memorable characters come alive for us while we read. Theylive on the page and in our
hearts and minds. We cannot forget them. Yet,they are fictional; they don't really exist. Be
alert to characters in the sameway you are when you meet someone. Observe their actions.
Listenclosely to what they say and how they say it. Notice how they relate toother
characters and how other characters respond to them. Look for clues as to their purpose and
significance in the story.

Setting

Includes thetime,location, and everything in which astorytakesplace, and initiates the

mainbackdropandmoodfor a story. Setting hasbeen referred to as story world or milieuto
include acontext(especiallysociety) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story.
Elements of setting may includeculture,historical period,geography,andhour .
Alongwithplot,character ,theme, andstyle, setting is considered one of thefundamental
components of fiction.

A setting is the time place and socialenvironment a story takes place.

Theme-

work of art is meant to correct and to teach in certain aspect of life, therefore the story
surrounding the work of art will have in it theme(s)that will touch individual that reads it. for
instance the theme of betrayal,love, hatred, and jealousy can be found in a particular work
of art to teachmorals and uprightness. For any work of art to worth publishing and to
getreaders attention, there must be something fascinating about it, the reader must be able
to analyse the work and found it worth reading, this can onlybe achive if the work of art
touches certain aspect of life.

Point of view -

is the way the author allows you to "see" and "hear" what'sgoing on. Skillful authors can fix
their readers' attention on exactly the

detail, opinion, or emotion the author wants to emphasize by manipulatingthe point of view
of the story

Literary Genre

A literary genre is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determinedbyliterary

technique,tone,content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length.Genre should not be
confused with age category, by which literature may beclassified as either adult,young-adult,
or children's. They also must not beconfused with format, such asgraphic novelor picture
book. The distinctionsbetween genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often
withsubgroups. A genre is a types of literature are fiction, non fiction, poetry anddrama. But
within those there are sub-types:

Fiction:

It differs fromfantasyin that, within the context of thestory, its imaginaryelements are largely
possible withinscientifically-established or scientifically-postulatedlaws of nature(though

some

elements in a story might still be pureimaginative speculation).

Non fiction:

also known as literary or narrative nonfiction is agenreof writing that uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually accurate narratives.Nonfiction contrasts is also rooted in
accurate fact, but is not primarily written inservice to its craft. As a genre, nonfiction is still
relatively young, and is onlybeginning to be scrutinized with the same critical analysis given
tofictionandpoetry.

Poetry:

is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning,sound, and rhythmic

language choices so as to evoke an emotional response.Poetry has been known to employ
meter and rhyme, but this is by no meansnecessary. Poetry is an ancient form that has gone
through numerous anddrastic reinvention over time. The very nature of poetry as an
authentic andindividual mode of expression makes it nearly impossible to define.

sonnet

is one of thepoetic formsthat can be found inlyric poetryfromEurope. The term "

sonnet

" derives from theOccitanword

sonet

and theItalianword

sonetto

, both meaning "little song". By the thirteenth century, ithad come to signify apoemof
fourteen lines that follows a strictrhymeschemeand specific structure. The conventions
associated with thesonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets
aresometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term can be usedderisively. One of
the best-known sonnet writers isWilliam Shakespeare,who wrote154 of them (not including
those that appear in his plays). A

Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of 14 lines, each linecontaining ten syllables and
written iniambic pentameter , in which apattern of an unemphasized syllable followed by an
emphasized syllable isrepeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet
isababcdcdefef gg; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.

Drama:

a composition in prose or verse presenting, in pantomime and dialogue, anarrative involving

conflict and usually designed for presentation on a stage.Aristotle called it imitated human
action. This type of composition needs atheater, actors, and an audience in order to be fully
experienced; reading it is notenough. Sometimes, the word is used to mean a serious
play.The word is taken directly from the Greek

drama

, meaning a deed or action of the stage. The Greek word evolved from the Greek term

dran

, meaning to door to act.Drama arose from religious ceremonies, as opposed to comedy

and tragedysevolvement from themes in ceremonies such as fertility, life, death.