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Exercise 11 - Faradays law.

EMT 238 - Electromagnetic Theory

Lecture Review
Faradays law states that the line integral of an electric field around a closed loop C is
equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the surface S enclosed by the the
loop C. Expressed mathematically
I
~ d~l = B
E (Faradays Law) (1)
C t
| {z }
Vemf

where B is the magnetic flux through surface S (important quantity in Faradays law)
Z Z
B = ~ ~
B dS = ~ ~S| cos
|B||d (Magnetic flux) (2)
S S

The left hand side of Equation (1) is the electric field present in the loop, which can be
regarded as the electromotive force inside the loop, Vemf , capable of driving an electric
current in the loop.

Hence, according to Faradays law, to get a current flowing a closed loop, put the loop in
a magnetic field and let the magnetic flux through the surface enclosed by the loop change
with time. As can be seen from Equation (2), a change of magnetic flux can be achieved in
several different ways:
~ change).
Let the magnetic field change (increasing or decreasing) with time. (Let |B|

Let the surface enclosed by the loop change with time. (Let |d~S| change).

Let the orientation of the loop change with time. (Let change).
.

Faradays law is one on Maxwells equations. In a differential form, Faradayss law takes the
form
~
E ~ = B (3)
t
Whereas the integral form (Eq. (1)) provides a practical sense of Faradays law (a current
can be induced in a closed conducting loop), the differential form (Eq. (3)) carries a more
theoretically profound meaning. The latter says that

A changing magnetic field produces an electric field.

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Exercises
1. A coil consists of 100 turns of wire wrapped around a square frame of sides 0.25 m. The
coil is centered at the origin with each of its sides parallel to the x- or y-axis. Find the
induced emf across the open-circuited ends of the coil if the magnetic field is given by
(a) B~ = 10e3t az (T)
~ = 20 cos(x) cos(103 t) az (T)
(b) B
~ = 20 cos(x) sin(2y) cos(103 t) ax (T)
(c) B

2. The loop of 100 windings with radius a = 2 cm is in the x y plane with its center at
the origin, and connected to a resistor R = 2 , as shown in Fig. 1. In the presence of a
magnetic field
~ = 3(2 ax + 3 az ) sin(8t)
B (T),
calculate the current induced in the circuit at t = 3 s.

Figure 1: Figure 2:

3. The rectangular conducting loop shown in Fig. 2 is placed in a decreasing magnetic field
by
~ = 9
B (T)
t4
Determine the current induced in the loop at t = 4 s if its internal resistance is 0.5 .
What is the direction of the current?

4. By invoking Stokes theorem,


(a) convert Faradays law in the integral form (Eq. (1)) into the differential form
(Eq. (3)).
(b) convert Faradays law in the differential form (Eq. (3)) into the integral form
(Eq. (1)).

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Figure 3:

5. The working principle of out electric generators is based on Faradays law. A closed
conducting loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field. To induced a Vemf in the loop,
the flux through the surface enclosed by the loop is changed by means of rotating the
loop with the help of an external force.
~ = B0 az ) and the axis of rotation of
(a) If the magnetic field is along the z-axis (B
the conducting loop is along the x-axis, as depicted in Fig. 3, show that the Vemf
induced in the loop is given by

Vemf = AB0 sin(t)

where A is the area of the loop and is the angular velocity of the rotating loop.
(b) Find the Vemf if the loop has a length l = 5 m, has a width w = 4 m and rotates
with angular velocity = 5 rad/s. Assume B~ = 7 az T.

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