AN EVALUATION OF

PERRY'S NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT:

A CASE STUDY I N THE RENFREW HEIGHTS AREA

OF VANCOUVER, B.C.

by

CHI-CHANG WANG

A THESIS SUBMITTED I N PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN THE DEPARTMENT
OF

COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING

We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as conforming t o t h e

r e q u i r e d standard

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

April, 1965
 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s in partial f u l f i l m e n t of the

requirements f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y of

British Columbia, I agree that the L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t

freely available f o r r e f e r e n c e and study. I further agree that

permission f o r extensive copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r scholarly

purposes may be g r a n t e d by t h e Head o f my Department o r by his

representatives. I t i s understood that copying or publication

of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be allowed without

my written permission.

Department o f Community and Regional Planning

The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia,
V a n c o u v e r 8, Canada

Date: A p r i l , 1965.
 i

ABSTRACT

The purpose o f t h i s t h e s i s i s t o attempt t o v a l i d a t e

the pre-supposed h y p o t h e s i s , t h a t The a p p l i c a t i o n o f P e r r y ' s

T

neighbourhood u n i t t h e o r y and i t s scheme i n Vancouver i s

s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s p h y s i c a l a s p e c t and i s n o t s u c c e s s f u l i n

its social aspect'.

The study program i n c l u d e s t h e f o l l o w i n g e i g h t s t e p s :

1. Reviewing the h i s t o r i c a l aspect of Perry's theory.

2. D e s c r i b i n g P e r r y ' s t h e o r y and i t s scheme and d e f i n i n g

i t s goal.

3. Summarizing t h e r a m i f i c a t i o n s o f i t s a p p l i c a t i o n .

4 E x a m i n i n g t h e main c r i t i c i s m s o f P e r r y ' s t h e o r y .

5. A n a l y z i n g and e v a l u a t i n g P e r r y ' s t h e o r y i n d e t a i l .

6. S u r v e y i n g t h e Renfrew H e i g h t s a r e a i n Vancouver, B.C.

7. I n d u c t i n g and i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e survey f i n d i n g s .
S. From t h e f i n d i n g s , e v a l u a t i n g t h e h y p o t h e s i s .

Through t h i s program, t h e f i r s t f i v e s t e p s have

h e l p e d t h e w r i t e r t o have a deeper u n d e r s t a n d i n g of Perry's
theory. From t h e f i n a l t h r e e s t e p s i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e
hypothesis i s v a l i d .

From t h e whole study i t i s concluded t h a t P e r r y ' s

neighbourhood u n i t t h e o r y and i t s scheme a r e s t i l l useful.

The b a s i s f o r t h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s n o t because o f t h e g o a l o f

P e r r y ' s t h e o r y , b u t because t h e t h e o r y p r o v i d e s maximum p o s s i b l e

 ii

facilities i n a r e s i d e n t i a l area with i t sself-contained

character. F i n a l l y i t i s concluded t h a t the s u c c e s s f u l

application of a theory is critical, and the f a i l u r e of i t s

application does not reduce the value of the theory.

 iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

F o r encouragement, guidance and f o r h e l p i n p r e p a r i n g

t h i s t h e s i s , I would l i k e t o acknowledge g r a t e f u l indebtedness

to the f o l l o w i n g :

To Mr. W.E. Graham, P l a n n i n g D i r e c t o r , o f Vancouver

C i t y , f o r h i s i n t e l l i g e n t a n a l y s i s and v a l u a b l e experience

t h r o u g h which I o b t a i n e d some i n s i g h t i n t o P e r r y ' s Neighbourhood

theory;

To Mr. B. Wiesman, A s s i s t a n t P l a n n i n g D i r e c t o r ,

A s s i s t a n t P l a n n i n g D i r e c t o r o f Vancouver C i t y , f o r h i s guidance

i n the c o l l e c t i o n of m a t e r i a l ;

To Mr. J.B. C h a s t e r , P l a n n i n g D i r e c t o r o f New

W e s t m i n s t e r , because o f h i s a n a l y s i s o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f

P e r r y ' s neighbourhood t h e o r y i n Vancouver, I f o u n d t h e most

s u i t a b l e survey a r e a - Renfrew H e i g h t s ;

To D r . L.C. Marsh, P r o f e s s o r o f S o c i a l Work, f o r h i s

s u g g e s t i o n s on r e a d i n g ;

To D r . H.P. O b e r l a n d e r , Head o f t h e Community and

R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g Program, f o r h i s encouragement;

To D r . K . J . C r o s s , A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r o f t h e Community

and R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g Program, f o r h i s s y m p a t h e t i c , detailed,

and c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m o f every p a r t o f t h i s work;

 iv

To D r . A. Fong, a good f r i e n d o f mine, f o r her

financial help o f my last year of study i n the U n i v e r s i t y of

British Columbia;

To M r s . E.S. H a r r i e s f o r s m o o t h i n g my English, and

typing i t ;

And lastly, to Mrs. T.H. C h i a n g Wang, my wife, for

her patience with my long absence.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

Abstract i

Acknowledgments i i i

CHAPTER

I. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT 1

Introduction 1

A. P e r r y ' s Neighbourhood U n i t Concept 4

B. V a r i a t i o n s on t h e Theme o f t h e U n i t 7

C. A Review o f C r i t i c i s m o f P e r r y ' s Theory 1$

D. The Program o f t h e T h e s i s 23

II. AN ANALYSIS OF PERRY'S NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT AND

ITS THEME 25

Introduction 25

A. S t r e e t System 29

B. Residence 30

C. Church 32

D. Shopping C e n t e r 33
E. Recreational F a c i l i t i e s 34

F. School 39

G. P e o p l e and Environment 45

Conclusion 4<3

III. NEIGHBOURHOOD SURVEY OF THE RENFREW HEIGHTS

AREA OF VANCOUVER, B.C 50

Introduction 50

A. The Reasons f o r t h i s Survey 51

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. The Neighbourhood U n i t as seen by C l a r e n c e A.

Ferry 6

2. L i n k a g e Diagram o f CBD and S u r r o u n d i n g

Neighbourhoods 26

3. L i n k a g e Diagram o f a Neighbourhood*s F u n c t i o n s .... 2$

4 The Mode o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and T r a v e l Time t o Work

f o r t h e P e o p l e o f t h e Renfrew Neighbourhood 60

5. The Mode o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and T r a v e l Time t o

Shopping F a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e People o f t h e

Renfrew Neighbourhood 6l

6. The Mode o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and T r a v e l Time t o

R e c r e a t i o n a l A r e a s f o r t h e People o f Renfrew

Neighbourhood 62

7. T r a v e l Times t o S c h o o l f o r t h e Student o f t h e

Renfrew Neighbourhood 65

S. The T r a v e l Time t o Church f o r t h e P e o p l e o f

Renfrew Neighbourhood 66

9- The T r a v e l l i n g Time f o r P e o p l e V i s i t i n g Renfrew

Neighbourhood 68

10. The T r a v e l Time t o L o c a l S t o r e s f o r t h e P e o p l e

o f Renfrew Neighbourhood 69a

11. The Frequency w i t h which t h e P e o p l e o f Renfrew

Neighbourhood Use t h e i r L o c a l P a r k 71
CHAPTER PAGE

B. The P l a n n i n g o f t h i s Survey 52

C. The Renfrew H e i g h t s Community 54

D. The F i n d i n g s and t h e i r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n 57

E. The I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e Survey F i n d i n g s

i n R e l a t i o n t o the Hypothesis 75

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 77

A. Summary 77

B. Conclusion Si

APPENDICES

1. MAP 1 37

'.".2'. MAP 2 S3

: 3. MAP 3 39
-4. The Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s 90
BIBLIOGRAPHY 93

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 114

FIGURE PAGE

12. The R e l a t i o n s h i p between T r a v e l Time a n d t h e

Number o f S o c i a l V i s i t s p e r Month f o r t h e

People o f Renfrew Neighbourhood 72

13 The R e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e Number o f S o c i a l

Visits p e r Month and t h e I n t e n s i t y o f

Friendship or Kinship 73

L I S T OF MAPS

MAP

1. Location o f Renfrew Neighbourhood, V a n c o u v e r , B.C. &7

2. The L a n d Use o f Renfrew Neighbourhood o f Vancouver 88

3 S u r v e y Map o f Renfrew Neighbourhood o f Vancouver 89

L I S T OF TABLES

TABLE

1. Recreational A c r e a g e and P o p u l a t i o n of a

Neighbourhood 57
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

At first the concept of the neighbourhood unit was

restricted t o mean a s e t t l e m e n t w i t h no special social, economic,

and p o l i t i c a l m e a n i n g . As t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e neighbourhood

emerged, certain defining c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s became a p p a r e n t .

Webster's S e v e n t h New Collegiate Dictionary d e f i n e s i t as

"people l i v i n g n e a r one another."^ When p e o p l e l i v e t o g e t h e r

long enough t o become w e l l acquainted, certain community

characteristics appear. T h e r e was at f i r s t no political

structure, but certain unifying characteristics on t h e social,

economic and p h y s i c a l l e v e l s were e v i d e n t . For example,

n e i g h b o u r s were f r i e n d s , relatives, or business associates.

P e o p l e who lived i n a neighbourhood b e n e f i t e d each

o t h e r i n many ways. They borrowed or l e n t tools and labour,

and h e l p e d e a c h o t h e r i n t i m e s o f c r i s i s ; people gathered

t o g e t h e r a f t e r work t o d r i n k , e a t , dance, o r p l a y games w i t h

each other.

The origins of the neighbourhood unit c o n c e p t were

numerous and complex, b u t t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f some o f t h e t h r e a d s

W e b s t e r s S e v e n t h New C o l l e g i a t e D i c t i o n a r y . G. and
T
C.
M e r r i a m Company, S p r i n g f i e l d , Mass., U.S.A., 1 9 6 3 , p . 5 6 6 .
 2

which were woven i n t o the f i n a l concept have been recorded, and

evidences of others can be detected. Clarence Perry, the
o r i g i n a t o r of the concept i n i t s c l a s s i c a l form, gives c r e d i t
to three sources which have i n f l u e n c e d him.^ F i r s t , there was
the community centre movement: second, he had f i r s t hand exper-
ience of l i v i n g i n a s u c c e s s f u l neighbourhood--Forest Hills
Gardens i n the Borough of Queens, New York C i t y ; and l a s t , he
was i n f l u e n c e d by urban s o c i o l o g i s t s such as Charles Horton
Cooley. The general idea of neighbourhoods was and i s i n f l u e n c e d
by s o c i o l o g i s t s * impressions of the ethnic settlements i n c e r t a i n
American c i t i e s , and by t h e i r knowledge of community l i f e i n
many of the older c i t i e s i n other p a r t s of the world.3

The Community Centre Movement o r i g i n a t e d w i t h Toynbee

H a l l , which was organized i n 13&5 by Canon Barnett and h i s
a s s o c i a t e s i n the East End of London. I t s purpose was to provide
a place where the i n h a b i t a n t s could meet f o r r e c r e a t i o n ,
education and f o r general s o c i a l o u t l e t s . In 1909, Perry set

^ Clarence Arthur Perry, Housing f o r the Machine Age,

New York, R u s s e l l Sage Foundation, 1939, ch. 9
3 Charles Horton Cooley, S o c i a l Organization, New York,
S c r i b n e r ' s , 1920. p. 20.
^ J.A.R. P i m l o t t , Toynbee H a l l - 50 Years of S o c i a l
Progress, London, Dent, 1935*
 3

out to investigate activities s i m i l a r t o those o f Toynbee Hall

being carried on i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h s c h o o l b u i l d i n g s i n New

York. The movement f i n a l l y r e c e i v e d i t s name i n R o c h e s t e r . ^

I n 1922 Perry, w o r k i n g f o r t h e R u s s e l l Sage F o u n d a t i o n , began

preparations f o rh i s part of the Regional Plan o f New Y o r k and

its environs. H i s s o l u t i o n was i n s p i r e d by h i s e x p e r i e n c e s a t

Forest Hills Gardens.

For the s o c i o l o g i c a l aspects of the neighbourhood

concept, P e r r y was v e r y much i n f l u e n c e d by C o o l e y ' s theory of

the i n t i m a t e , f a c e - t o - f a c e community. Cooley has s t a t e d :

By p r i m a r y g r o u p s I mean t h o s e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y
i n t i m a t e f a c e - t o - f a c e a s s o c i a t i o n and c o - o p e r a t i o n .
They a r e p r i m a r y i n s e v e r a l senses, b u t c h i e f l y i n
that they are fundamental i n forming the s o c i a l
n a t u r e and i d e a s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l . The r e s u l t o f
intimate association, psychologically, i s a certain
f u s i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l i t i e s i n a common w h o l e , so t h a t
one's v e r y s e l f , f o r many p u r p o s e s a t l e a s t , i s t h e
common l i f e and p u r p o s e o f t h e g r o u p . Perhaps the
s i m p l e s t way o f d e s c r i b i n g t h i s w h o l e n e s s i s by s a y i n g
t h a t i t i s a 'we', i t i n v o l v e s t h e s o r t o f sympathy
and m u t u a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n f o r w h i c h 'we' i s t h e n a t u r a l
expression. One l i v e s i n t h e f e e l i n g o f t h e whole and
f i n d s t h e c h i e f aim o f h i s w i l l i n t h a t f e e l i n g . 0

5 Perry, ojo. c i t . , Ch. 9

D
Charles Horton Cooley, Social Organization, New York,
S c r i b n e r ' s , 1920, p . 2 3 .
 4

Cooley and the s o c i o l o g i s t s o f the pre-war days had found t h a t

urban l i v i n g seemed t o l a c k the n e i g h b o u r l i n e s s o f r u r a l life.

T h i s l a c k o f n e i g h b o u r l i n e s s , they concluded, was one o f the

major u n d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f urban l i v i n g .

A. PERRY S NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT

T

Based upon C o o l e y s f
theory, Perry evolved h i s neighbour-

hood u n i t t h e o r y w h i c h i s d e s c r i b e d i n h i s book Housing f o r the

Machine Age J The neighbourhood u n i t , a scheme t o f o s t e r the

f a m i l y l i f e o f the.community, was a c t u a l l y f i r s t described i n

one o f t h r e e monographs t h a t made up volume 7! "Neighbourhood

and Community P l a n n i n g " i n the R e g i o n a l Survey o f New York and

i t s E n v i r o n s , w h i c h was w r i t t e n by C A . P e r r y and p u b l i s h e d i n

1929*' I n Housing f o r the Machine Age, P e r r y developed his

t h e o r y and l i s t e d s i x p r i n c i p l e s which are as f o l l o w s :

1. S i z e : A r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t development should p r o v i d e
h o u s i n g f o r t h a t p o p u l a t i o n f o r which one elementary
s c h o o l i s o r d i n a r i l y r e q u i r e d , i t s a c t u a l a r e a depending
upon i t s p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y .

2. Boundaries: The u n i t s h o u l d be bounded on a l l s i d e s

by a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s , s u f f i c i e n t l y wide t o f a c i l i t a t e
i t s b y p a s s i n g , i n s t e a d of p e n e t r a t i o n , by through
traffic.

3. Open Spaces: A system o f s m a l l p a r k s and r e c r e a t i o n

spaces, planned t o meet the needs of the p a r t i c u l a r
neighbourhood, s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d .

P e r r y , OJD. c i t . , pp. 51-52.

 5

4. I n s t i t u t i o n S i t e s : S i t e s f o r t h e s c h o o l and o t h e r
i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v i n g s e r v i c e spheres c o i n c i d i n g w i t h t h e
l i m i t s o f t h e u n i t s h o u l d be s u i t a b l y grouped about a
c e n t e r point., o r common.

5. L o c a l Shops: One o r more shopping d i s t r i c t s adequate

f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o be s e r v e d , s h o u l d be l a i d out i n
the c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f t h e u n i t , p r e f e r a b l y a t t r a f f i c
j u n c t i o n s and a d j a c e n t t o s i m i l a r d i s t r i c t s o f a d j o i n i n g
neighbourhoods.

6. I n t e r n a l S t r e e t System: The u n i t s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d
w i t h a s p e c i a l s t r e e t system, each highway b e i n g
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o i t s p r o b a b l e t r a f f i c l o a d , and t h e
s t r e e t as a whole b e i n g d e s i g n e d t o f a c i l i t a t e c i r c u l -
a t i o n w i t h i n t h e u n i t and t o d i s c o u r a g e i t s use by
t h r o u g h traffic.

(For i l l u s t r a t i o n see Diagram I , p. 6)

W i t h t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s P e r r y b e l i e v e d t h a t a neighbourhood
community i>n which t h e fundamental needs o f f a m i l y l i f e would be
met more c o m p l e t e l y t h a n t h e y were by t h e u s u a l r e s i d e n t i a l
s e c t i o n s i n c i t i e s and v i l l a g e s would d e v e l o p . I n t h e s e schemes,
the neighbourhood was r e g a r d e d b o t h as a u n i t o f a l a r g e r whole
and as an e n t i t y . ^

The neighbourhood u n i t p r i n c i p l e proposed a c i t y whose

r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s were p l e a s a n t ; healthy, w i t h adequate open
space and r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s ; s a f e , i n a m o t o r - c a r age,
w i t h t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f dangerous t h r o u g h t r a f f i c ; locally
self-contained, with shops, and s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s ;

Perry, CJD. c i t . , pp. 51-52.

9 Ibid.
 6

VELA IN OPEN DEVELOPMENT.

PREFERABLY 160 ACRES" A SHOPPING- DfSTPJCT
m AMY C A S E IT 5H0ULD MIGHT BE SUBSTITUTED
MOUSE ENOUGH PEOPLE TO FOR.CHURCH SITE
REQUIRE ONE ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL EXACT SHAPE
NOT ESSENTIAL BUT BEST
WHEN ALL SIDES ARE FAIRLY
EQUIDISTANT FROM CENTER:

SHOPPING- DISTRICTS IN
PERIPHERY AT TRAFFIC
JUNCTIONS AND
PREFERABLY BUNCHEP
JN FORM

kTEN PERCE
OF A RE. A TO
RECREATION
AND PARIC5PACE.
INTERIOR STREETS NOT WIDER.
THAN REQUIRED FOR SPECIFIC
USE AND GIVING EASY
ACCESS TO SHOPS
AND COMMUNITY
CENTER, ^ y

TRAFFIC
STREET JUNCTION

Reproduced from New York Regional Plan Volume 7.

Fi'gxira- 1. The Neighbourhood Unit as seen by Clarence A.
Perry.
 7

and identifiable, both through i n n e r c o h e s i o n , and the

definition o f precise boundaries. . The basic function o f the

neighbourhood unit was t o p r o v i d e a p h y s i c a l environment

which would r e g e n e r a t e and m a i n t a i n primary, f a c e - t o - f a c e

social c o n t a c t s and a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h i n the city.

I n 1947> James D a h i r d e f i n e d , t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d unit,

based on P e r r y ' s c o n c e p t , as follows:,

One o f t h e most p l e a s a n t m e m o r i e s o l d t i m e r s have

i s o f t h e f r i e n d l y community s p i r i t t h a t u s e d t o be
so s t r o n g y e a r s ago. T h i s p l a n aims t o c o n f i r m a n d
r e c r e a t e t h a t c o n g e n i a l f e e l i n g i n modern g a r b , t h r o u g h
t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e town i n t o n e i g h b o u r h o o d units
o f 1500 f a m i l i e s (5000 p e o p l e ) e a c h . By l i v i n g i n a
compact community e n v i r o n m e n t , c h i l d r e n w i l l d e v e l o p
a sense o f s e c u r i t y and b e l o n g i n g , w h i l e a d u l t s w i l l
f e e l themselves c l o s e l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a p e r s o n a l
social unit. W i t h Framingham g r o w i n g i n t o a l a r g e r
more i n d u s t r i a l i z e d community, t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d unit
w i l l become i n c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t t o p r e s e r v e t h e
i n d i v i d u a l s e c u r i t y and p e r s o n a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a l l
c i t i z e n s i n community l i f e . - - 1 0

P e r r y ' s neighbourhood unit concept might be r e g a r d e d

as a m a i n theme upon w h i c h city p l a n n e r s have e l a b o r a t e d many

variations. The c o n c e p t h a s been t h e b a s i c substance o f

innumerable permutations.

B. VARIATIONS ON THE THEME OF THE UNIT

Classically d e f i n e d , the neighbourhood unit consists

of a r e s i d e n t i a l area's size, boundaries, open spaces,

1 James D a h i r , The N e i g h b o u r h o o d U n i t P l a n , New Y o r k ,

The R u s s e l l Sage F o u n d a t i o n , 1947, p . 5*
 8

institution sites, local shops and an i n t e r n a l street system.

As a u n i t , i t i s complete and p r e c i s e . Unfortunately, similar

p r e c i s i o n was n o t t o be f o u n d i n P e r r y ' s i d e a s a b o u t t h e

neighbourhood u n i t ' s r e l a t i o n s h i p s with other u n i t s and t h e

town's c e n t r e . I n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s e p r o b l e m s , he was c o n t e n t

to state the principle that e a c h n e i g h b o u r h o o d u n i t was t o be

considered an e n t i t y , w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e p a r t of the great

whole o f t h e c i t y . The h i e r a r c h i c a l s y s t e m he p u t f o r w a r d was

thus: r e s i d e n c e : neighbourhood: c i t y . Since Perry's original

formulation of the idea, t h e r e have b e e n a large number o f

s u g g e s t e d v a r i a t i o n s d e v e l o p i n g t h e theme o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d

unit. Some o f t h e s e were c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e u n i t itself,

particularly i t s size, t h e n a t u r e o f i t s b o u n d a r i e s , and t h e

location o f shops. O t h e r s have been concerned w i t h t h e system

of r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n n e i g h b o u r h o o d a n d town, a n d have

suggested m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f the h i e r a r c h y of units. For a full

understanding o f the neighbourhood u n i t i t i s necessary to

review t h e d i f f e r e n t developments.

Clarence Stein, a pioneer i n the application o f Perry's

theories, made c e r t a i n important extensions t o the idea. He

i n c r e a s e d t h e number o f s t e p s i n t h e h i e r a r c h y , advocating small

neighbourhoods, groups o f neighbourhoods o r d i s t r i c t s (supporting

such l a r g e - s c a l e facilities a s h o s p i t a l s and c u l t u r a l centres

which might l i e beyond t h e scope o f i n d i v i d u a l neighbourhoods)

 9

u n i t i n g t o form the c i t y . He a l s o extended the hierarchy

beyond t h e c i t y i n t o the r e g i o n . A more r a d i c a l d e p a r t u r e

from P e r r y was found i n S t e i n ' s uncompleted p l a n o f Radburn,

i n which t h e r e are t h r e e o v e r l a p p i n g n e i g h b o u r h o o d s . The

p r a c t i c a l S t e i n saw i n t h i s s u g g e s t i o n a g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y in

planning, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n regard to future development schemes.

The t h e o r e t i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s were i m p o r t a n t , however, because

the emphasis changed from the boundary (no l o n g e r r e g a r d e d as

the i n v i o l a b l e b a r r i e r ) t o t h e core o f the neighbourhood.

Walter Gropius, i n h i s investigations into standardized

houses, as at T o e r t o n - D e s s a u , developed t h e o r g a n i c series:
house, s t r e e t , n e i g h b o u r h o o d , town; and i n r e l a t i o n t o h i s tall
apartment b l o c k , the p a r a l l e l s e r i e s : d w e l l i n g , apartment b l o c k
(or ' s u p e r h o u s e h o l d ' ) , neighbourhood and t o w n . .The s t e p inter-
mediate between d w e l l i n g u n i t and neighbourhood arose out o f
G r o p i u s ' concept o f the changing r o l e o f the f a m i l y i n German
s o c i e t y , w i t h i t s g r e a t e r s t r e s s on the i n d i v i d u a l on the one
hand, and on the l a r g e n o n - k i n s h i p community groups on the other.
W i t h the e x c e p t i o n o f t h i s i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e , G r o p i u s ' i d e a was

C l a r e n c e S t e i n , Towards New Towns f o r A m e r i c a , Liverpool

U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1957* p . 31
12
W a l t e r G r o p i u s , Die S o c i o l o g i s c h e n Grundlagen der M i n i m a l
Wohnung, D i e F u s t i g , 1930*
 10

very c l o s e to the neighbourhood u n i t concept as developed,

unknown t o him, in America.1/hen he himself migrated to

America, he identified himself with the neighbourhood unit

theory, s t r e s s e d the sequence of development f o r social

viability, and suggested the series: d w e l l i n g and neighbour-

hood u n i t , precinct, city.-^

Georgi Minervin s a i d that i n the U.S.S.R. a d e c i s i v e

change i n town p l a n n i n g had been t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of residential

areas called 'micro districts'. These m i c r o - d i s t r i c t s , which

had p o p u l a t i o n s o f f r o m 6000-S000 people, were e q u i p p e d with

schools, shops and social facilities, and were s e p a r a t e d from

main r o a d s by s t r e t c h e s of greenery, and were a p p a r e n t l y similar

to the n e i g h b o u r h o o d unit.-*-5 T h e r e was a larger unit inter-

polated i n the s c a l e between the m i c r o - d i s t r i c t s and the total

city. T h i s was termed the residential district, and was a group

* S e i g f r i e d G i e d i o n , i n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n t o S e r t ' s , Can
Our C i t i e s S u r v i v e ? , C a m b r i d g e , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1942,
r e p o r t s t h e d e l i b e r a t i o n s o f t h e t h i r d c o n g r e s s o f CIAM i n
B r u s s e l s (1930) on "How t o o r g a n i z e whole groups o f d w e l l i n g s
i n t o n e i g h b o u r h o o d u n i t s " and names G r o p i u s as one o f t h e
principal lecturers.

F o r a f u l l e x p o s i t i o n o f G r o p i u s ' v i e w p o i n t see h i s
R e b u i l d i n g Our C o m m u n i t i e s , C h i c a g o , P a u l T h e o b a l d and C o l ,
1945* See a l s o t h e d i s c u s s i o n on t h e o r g a n i c n a t u r e o f
G r o p i u s ' town p l a n n i n g .

15 Georgi M i n e r v i n , "Recent Developments i n S o v i e t

A r c h i t e c t u r e " , P r o g r e s s i v e A r c h i t e c t u r e , June 1961, pp. 1 7 2 - 7 3
 11

or cluster of three or f o u r m i c r o - d i s t r i c t s with a centre

comprising major c u l t u r a l and sports f a c i l i t i e s . Thus i n

Russian town p l a n n i n g , the series (was postulated) of.res-

idential buildings, micro-district, residential district and

city. Even s m a l l towns were a l r e a d y adopting a nucleated

plan. 1 6

In South A f r i c a , i n 1943, an advanced r e p l a n n i n g scheme

was put forward by the Witwatersrand University Architectural

School. This scheme p r o p o s e d t h e f o l l o w i n g systems The basic

u n i t was t o be a 'housing unit', b a s e d upon an elementary school.

I t was t o have a p o p u l a t i o n o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2600 p e r s o n s . Two

housing units, p l u s a community c e n t r e , formed a neighbourhood

unit. The combination o f two neighbourhood u n i t s , plus a high

school, provided the next step i n the s c a l e , a community unit.

F o u r s u c h community u n i t s p l u s a c i v i c centre, i n d u s t r i e s and

a g r i c u l t u r a l h o l d i n g s made up the town. Towns l i n k e d by major

transportation routes, with the added f a c i l i t i e s of a r e g i o n a l

centre, c o n s t i t u t e d the largest unit i n the hierarchy, the

metropolitan area. ''1 7

l D
T h e v i l l a g e " i l l u s t r a t e d i n A r c h i t e c t u r e USSR, 11, 1961,
p . 31 w h i c h i n d i c a t e s f i v e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s o f some 1500-2000
p o p u l a t i o n e a c h g r o u p e d a r o u n d a town c e n t r e w i t h f u l l s o c i a l
facilities.

^The r e p o r t on t h e e x h i b i t i o n ' R e b u i l d i n g S o u t h A f r i c a ' i n

the S o u t h A f r i c a n A r c h i t e c t u r a l R e c o r d , September and O c t o b e r ,
1943.
 12

I n t h e same y e a r , Forshaw and A b e r c r o m b i e brought out

the County o f London Plan. They suggested a neighbourhood

unit o f 6000-10,000 p e o p l e , b a s e d on t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l , as

the minimum u n i t f o r redevelopment. These neighbourhood units

were t o be r e g a r d e d as s u b - u n i t s o f l a r g e r units, called

communities. I n t h e G r e a t e r London Plan of the next year,^9

Abercrombie expanded upon t h i s i d e a . In planning at the

regional level, the basic planning unit became t h e community,

with a p o p u l a t i o n of perhaps 60,000. E a c h community would

contain one o r more n e i g h b o u r h o o d u n i t s , together with those

buildings and open s p a c e s w h i c h w o u l d make i t l a r g e l y self-

contained. E a c h community w o u l d have a life and a character

o f i t s own, y e t i t s i n d i v i d u a l i t y w o u l d be i n harmony w i t h t h e

complex form, l i f e and a c t i v i t i e s of the region as a whole.^0

Gibberd,^ a c c e p t i n g a neighbourhood u n i t of a

p o p u l a t i o n o f about 5000, r e l a t e d t o t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l , was

F o r s h a w and A b e r c r o m b i e , County o f London Plan, London,

M a c M i l l a n and Co., 1943.

! 9 p t r i c k Abercrombie,
a G r e a t e r London P l a n 1944, London,
H.M.S.O., 1945-

2 0
Ibid., p. 113.

^ F r e d e r i c k G i b b e r d , Town D e s i g n , L o n d o n , Architectural
Press, 1953.
concerned with v a r i a t i o n s i n s c a l e at both ends o f t h e series.

He achieved a small-scale unit i n h i s housing groups of various

designs, as i n H a r l o w . His answer t o t h e large-scale unit was

the neighbourhood cluster. He a r g u e d t h a t , i n a l a r g e town,

facilities such as libraries and h e a l t h c e n t r e s would be

required i n o u t l y i n g areas, as w e l l as i n the town c e n t r e . A

cluster of three neighbourhoods, with a p o p u l a t i o n o f 15,000,

oould reasonably support such extra f a c i l i t i e s , w h i c h would, i n

Gibberd's argument, u n b a l a n c e a single, small neighbourhood. 2 2

A similar cluster s y s t e m m i g h t be found i n the British

New Town o f G l e n r o t h e s . The .new towns, as a g r o u p , have been

t h e most c o n s i s t e n t examples o f t h e application o f the neighbour-

hood t h e o r y . I n most r e s p e c t s , P e r r y ' s f o r m u l a t i o n o f the

theory had been f o l l o w e d . Anthony G o s s T

a n a l y s i s o f New Town

neighbourhoods i n d i c a t e d t h a t d i v e r g e n c i e s between P e r r y ' s and

the official British neighbourhoods appeared i n t h r e e aspects. .

In the New Towns, s h o p s t e n d e d t o be w i t h i n the u n i t , and not

on t h e perimeter, as P e r r y suggested. P u b l i c open s p a c e s became

peripheral i n the British examples, a c t i n g as boundaries.

Perry's boundaries were a r t e r i a l roads, and open space was

concentrated i n the heart of the u n i t . The ideal size

Ibid., p. 213*
a l t h o u g h n o t a l w a y s t h e one adopted would appear, i n the

New Towns, t o be an a r b i t r a r y 10,000: t h i s d i d n o t r e l a t e to

a s i n g l e p r i m a r y s c h o o l as i n P e r r y ' s f o r m u l a . ^

Henry Churchill's sociologically-oriented theory^4

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n two units, the s o c i a l 'neighbourhood'

and t h e 'school u n i t ' . His theory established the series:

family, s o c i a l neighbourhood, school unit and city. The social

n e i g h b o u r h o o d was defined as a s m a l l a r e a o f a f a i r l y ultimate

nature which f o s t e r e d a neighbourhood f e e l i n g . The school unit,

Churchill's ideal planning unit, comprised s e v e r a l social neigh-

bourhoods. I t connected w i t h the smallest p o l i t i c a l subdivision

of the c i t y , and w o u l d be co-terminous with the school, voting,

police, city, census, h e a l t h and o t h e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e sub-

d i v i s i o n s o f t h e town.

The Chicago P l a n Commission's R e p o r t o f 1946^5 c o n t a i n e d

a full pattern of c i t y development b a s e d on n e i g h b o u r h o o d s and

grouped neighbourhoods. I t was suggested that the c i t y be

comprised o f 514 related and s e l f - c o n t a i n e d neighbourhoods, and

-'Anthony G o s s , " N e i g h b o u r h o o d Units i n B r i t i s h New Towns",

Town P l a n n i n g Review, A p r i l 1961.

2
^ H e n r y S. C h u r c h i l l , The C i t y i s t h e P e o p l e . New York,
R e y n a l and H i t c h c o c k , 1945, c i t e d i n D a h i r , op. c i t . , p . 35*

^ P r e l i m i n a r y Comprehensive C i t y P l a n o f C h i c a g o , Chicago
P l a n Commission, 1946. I n f o r m a t i o n i n D a h i r , op. c i t . , p .
59 communities. The typical ' n e i g h b o u r h o o d ' was a quarter

square mile i n area, but t h i s was v a r i e d w i t h the density.

The suggested p o p u l a t i o n was from 4*000-12,000, r e l a t e d t o t h e

n e e d s o f an elementary school. The community was a cluster of

neighbourhoods, of 45,000 t o 90,000 p e o p l e , and was the service

area f o r a high school. The community, complete w i t h a l l

social, cultural and industrial ancillaries, was regarded as

constituting a 'well-balanced' small c i t y . A linked network

26
of the 59 c o m m u n i t i e s made up Chicago as a whole.

The Detroit P l a n was similar i n some r e s p e c t s t o the

Chicago P l a n of the p r e v i o u s year, ? 2

but Detroit added one

further step to the series, w h i c h became a n e i g h b o u r h o o d unit,

b a s e d on the elementary s c h o o l , a minor group o f f o u r neigh-

bourhood u n i t s , b a s e d on an intermediate school area, with

branch library facilities and supermarket shopping, and a

major group o r community o f 7-10 neighbourhood u n i t s . These

units provided f o r a population of 75,000-100,000 p e r s o n s , and

were e q u i p p e d with a minor c i v i c centre. Eliel Saarinen, an

advocate of the cellular theory o f town p l a n n i n g , submitted

^ G i l b e r t H e r b e r t , The N e i g h b o u r h o o d U n i t P r i n c i p l e and
O r g a n i c T h e o r y , The S o c i o l o g i c a l Review, v o l . 11, no. 2, New
S e r i e s J u l y 1963, U n i v e r s i t y o f K e e l e , p. 176.

2
? T h e D e t r o i t C i t y P l a n Commission, 1945* Information in
D a h i r , ojo. c i t . , pp. 59-60.
 16

alternative plans f o r D e t r o i t b a s e d upon a s m a l l initial or

b a s i c u n i t o f 200 homes, o r g a n i z e d i n c l u s t e r s which i n t u r n

related to different school levels.^ Ludwig Hilberseimer,

another apostle of organic town p l a n n i n g , suggested that the

archaic city block of the gridiron s y s t e m be r e p l a c e d by a new

settlement u n i t on an entirely different scale. This settle-

ment u n i t w o u l d be limited i n area to a walking radius of

15-20 minutes, would c o n s i s t of balanced housing, commercial

and industrial areas, and be of v a r y i n g p o p u l a t i o n s (and hence

of d i f f e r e n t densities). I t s population w o u l d be large enough

t o meet t h e social and personal requirements of the individual,

large enough t o o f f e r v a r i e t y i n work and life, and large enough

to support the necessary communal, cultural, and hygienic

institutions. But i t should a l s o be small enough t o p r e s e r v e an

organic community l i f e , . s o t h a t democracy might p r e v a i l and each

individual p a r t i c i p a t e i n community a c t i v i t i e s . ^ i t was

Hilberseimer s T
i n t e n t i o n that these basic settlement units be

combined i n v a r i o u s ways. The unit i t s e l f was a simple community,

a combination o f u n i t s would c o n s t i t u t e a complex community, and

2
% ) a h i r ,op. c i t . , p. 60.

29
L u d w i g H i l b e r s e i m e r , The N a t u r e o f C i t i e s , Chicago,
Paul T h e o b a l d and Co., 1955, p. 193-
 17

an aggregation of these communities, complex or simple, would

create a d i v e r s i f i e d c i t y f u l l y equipped w i t h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e ,
educational and c u l t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s . 3 ^

The term 'unit of settlement* was also used by Herry and

P e r t z o f f . 31 This u n i t ( r e f e r r e d to a l t e r n a t i v e l y as a ' r e s i d e n t i a l
u n i t ' ) housed from 500-2,000 f a m i l i e s , or 8,000-20,000 people.
I t was made up of a combination of smaller u n i t s or 'neighbour-
hoods' of 30-60 f a m i l i e s each. These terms are confusing,
because the s i z e of the r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t (800 persons) i s
approximately that of a neighbourhood as g e n e r a l l y conceived.
However, the system i t s e l f i s c l e a r . "A f l e x i b l e system i s
postulated, with neighbourhood boundaries f l u i d and overlapping,
to r e f l e c t and accommodate a s o c i a l system which i n i t s e l f was
constantly changing."32

A l l these d i f f e r e n t v a r i a t i o n s only i n v o l v e d departures

i n d e t a i l s from Perry's f o r m u l a t i o n . Such departures concen-
t r a t e d on the planning of schools which arose from t e c h n i c a l
planning d i f f i c u l t i e s , and not from d o c t r i n a i r e o p p o s i t i o n to

3Hilberseimer, Nature of C i t i e s , p. 216.

3 1 rman Herry, Constantin P e r t z o f f , and Erna Herry, "An
H e

Organic Theory of C i t y Planning, " A r c h i t e c t u r a l Forum,

A p r i l 1944, pp. 1 3 3 - 5 .
32 H e rbert,op_. c i t . , p. 177.
Perry's theory. A fundamental divergence from Perry i s noted
when sub-units were introduced i n t o the neighbourhood concept.
This divergence happened when the metropolitan area grew t o a
certain size. The hierarchy of the r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t w i t h i n a
m u n i c i p a l i t y needed a bigger u n i t . S t e i n ' s d i s t r i c t , the
r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t i n the USSR, the community u n i t both i n South
A f r i c a and London, and Gibberd's c l u s t e r , a l l were organized
from three or four neighbourhoods. However, adding a l a r g e r
sub-unit t o the top neighbourhood s e r i e s d i d not a f f e c t or
change the basic concept of Perry's neighbourhood; and although
h i s neighbourhood concept has been adopted w i t h varying mod-
i f i c a t i o n s i n many parts of the world, the theory and i t s basic
formula have remained e s s e n t i a l l y unaltered since 1930*

C. THE CRITICISM OF PERRY'S THEORY

There were many books and a r t i c l e s -- some of them

developing Perry's concept, some of them evaluating or c r i t i c -
i z i n g i t -- which have been published i n the l a s t t h i r t y years.
Three of these a r t i c l e s , two by R. Isaacs33 a n d one by Herbe
rt34

33Reginald Isaacs, "Are Urban Neighbourhoods Possible?"

Journal of Housing, July-August, 1943S "The Neighbourhood Theory,
Journal of the American I n s t i t u t e of Planners, Spring, 1943;
"Frontiers of Housing Research - the Neighbourhood Concept i n
Theory and A p p l i c a t i o n " , Land Economics, v o l . 25, February, 1949
34 G

i l b e r t Herbert, "The Neighbourhood Unit's P r i n c i p l e and

Organic Theory", The S o c i o l o g i c a l Review, v o l . 11, no. 2,
J u l y , 1963, pp. 165-213.
 19

were t h e most challenging.

Reginald Isaacs, Chairman o f t h e Department o f City-

P l a n n i n g a t Harvard U n i v e r s i t y , wrote an a r t i c l e , " A r e Urb.an

Neighbourhoods Possible?", published i n the Journal of the

American Institute o f P l a n n e r s . 'July t o A u g u s t , 1948, indicating

t h a t t h e c o n c e p t was most f a u l t y and r e q u i r e d t h e f o l l o w i n g

examination:

1. I s i t s o c i o l o g i c a l l y possible to create neighbour-

h o o d s i n t h e complex u r b a n s t r u c t u r e ,
2. I s t h e neighbourhood u n i t adequate as a p h y s i c a l
concept f o r planning?
3. S h o u l d t h e c o n c e p t be c h a l l e n g e d on t h e b a s i s t h a t
i t l e n d s i t s e l f t o t h e purposes o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n since
i t s most w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a t i o n h a s been i t s m e t h o d i c a l
use f o r s e g r e g a t i o n ?
4 T h a t t h e s c h o o l c a n n o t be t h e f o c u s f o r t h e
neighbourhood;
5. T h a t t h e c h u r c h c a n n o t be p l a n n e d t o f i t i n t o a
n e i g h b o u r h o o d u n i t system.35

Isaac's f i r s t question Is i t sociologically possible

to create neighbourhoods i n t h e complex urban structure? was

very sensible, even i f i t was n o t q u i t e clear. Everyone knew

t h e r e were many n e i g h b o u r h o o d s i n C h i c a g o and New Y o r k . People

living t o g e t h e r n a t u r a l l y would have some s o c i a l activity.

Isaac's questioning of the s o c i o l o g i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y of the

neighbourhood seems i l l o g i c a l but I s a a c s might have meant that

it i s impossible to create a s o c i o l o g i c a l neighbourhood unit i n

I s a a c s , Land Economics, v o l . 25, F e b r u a r y 1949, p. 73'

 20

the complex urban structure. The author contends that a

s o c i o l o g i c a l neighbourhood i s a neighbourhood which should not

o n l y have p h y s i c a l proximity o f homes, s c h o o l s , shops and

i n s t i t u t i o n s but s h o u l d have a g r e a t many s o c i a l activities.

I f none o f t h e s e phenomena a r e e v i d e n t in a neighbourhood,

then t h a t neighbourhood unit i s not a s o c i o l o g i c a l neighbourhood.

I n t h i s way, the author tends t o agree w i t h I s a a c s . A survey

of a neighbourhood i n Vancouver will attempt t o prove this

(see C h a p t e r I I I ) .

The second question I s the neighbourhood unit adequate

as a p h y s i c a l concept f o r planning? i s related to the first

one. Perry expected that h i s scheme o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d unit

would bring face-to-face relationships among p e o p l e . I f the

scheme f a i l e d t o do so i n i t s p r a c t i c a l applications, then

I s a a c ' s q u e s t i o n w o u l d be a valid one. This question w i l l be

examined critically i n Chapter I I .

The third question S h o u l d t h e c o n c e p t be challenged

on t h e b a s i s t h a t i t lends i t s e l f t o the purpose of discrim-

ination since i t s most w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a t i o n h a s been i t s

m e t h o d i c a l use f o r s e g r e g a t i o n ? was self-contradictory to

his f i r s t question. S e g r e g a t i o n means " s e p a r a t e d f r o m o t h e r s

o f t h e group."3 I f a group of people l i v i n g i n a neighbourhood

3 Webster's D i c t i o n a r y ,
6
p. 782.
 21

were s t r o n g l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h each o t h e r , t h e n t h a t means t h e

neighbourhood unit c o u l d be a sociological unit and t h e first

q u e s t i o n was invalid. I f both the f i r s t and t h i r d q u e s t i o n s

were w e l l - f o u n d e d , t h e n t h e doubt s h o u l d n o t have been p u t on

the scheme i t s e l f . That i s a s o c i a l problem t o which R o l a n d L.

W a r r e n h a d g i v e n a r e a s o n a b l e a n a l y s i s i n h i s book, The

Community i n A m e r i c a , 3 7 w h i c h was published i n I963 This problem

will be examined f u r t h e r i n Chapter I I under the t o p i c of

"The P e o p l e and T h e i r Environment".

The fourth point t h a t t h e s c h o o l c a n n o t be t h e f o c u s

of the neighbourhood was a critical one. This w i l l be

reviewed i n Chapter I I under the t o p i c of 'School'.

The fifth p o i n t was n o t as c r i t i c a l . I s a a c s presupposed

that a neighbourhood might i n v o l v e many d i f f e r e n t religious

g r o u p s , none o f w h i c h w o u l d have a m a j o r i t y . This presupposition

might be t r u e i n c e r t a i n a r e a s but c e r t a i n l y not everywhere.

In fact, most p e o p l e i n N o r t h A m e r i c a are C h r i s t i a n . There

might be some d i f f i c u l t i e s i n the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between

Christian societies i n a neighbourhood. In that case, setting

two or three d i f f e r e n t c h u r c h e s i n hhe neighbourhood centre

would be a solution. A church located i n one neighbourhood i s

37Roland L . Warren,The Community i n America, Chicago,

Rand-McNally and Company, 1964.
 22

not r e s t r i c t e d by t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h a t neighbourhood in

o t h e r words, i t i s a v a i l a b l e t o a l l t h e s u r r o u n d i n g areas.

Thus I s a a c s 1
fifth c h a l l e n g e h a s no c r i t i c a l significance.

I n 1963, G. H e r b e r t criticized Perry's p r i n c i p l e ; he

s t a t e d t h a t t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d u n i t was n o t an o r g a n i c concept

because:

1. I t s t r e s s e s the part, but not the r e l a t i o n s h i p s of

p a r t and w h o l e ;
2. I t l e a d s t o g r o w t h by a g g r e g a t i o n and n o t by
synthesis;

3 It i s inflexible and p r o h i b i t s change.3

In e f f e c t , Herbert has s a i d t h a t t h e neighbourhood u n i t scheme

is inflexible and n o n - o r g a n i c . However, i t i s n o t t h e u n i t

w h i c h must be f l e x i b l e and o r g a n i c . Instead the actual design-

ing of the c i t y s h o u l d be o r g a n i c , t h a t i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f

the d i f f e r e n t functions i n the c i t y .

Perry's neighbourhood u n i t i s a guide i n the designing

of r e s i d e n t i a l areas in cities. H i s concept i s a theoretical

one so t h a t when i t i s a p p l i e d i n e v e r y d a y circumstances, some

m o d i f i c a t i o n s may be n e c e s s a r y . As a t h e o r y , i tstill remains

consistent within i t s e l f . How t o u s e i t o r g a n i c a l l y i n actual

design i s the planner's job. I t i s q u i t e t r u e t h a t bad p l a n n i n g

l e a d s t o growth b y a g g r e g a t i o n and n o t by s y n t h e s i s . However,

t h e blame s h o u l d be l a i d on t h e p l a n n e r ' s s h o u l d e r s and n o t on

the concept of the unit itself.

^Herbert, OJD. c i t . , pp. '165-213 .

 THE PROGRAM OF THE THESIS

A t h e s i s h a s one o r more h y p o t h e s e s w i t h t h e g o a l o f

the t h e s i s b e i n g t o attempt t o v e r i f y these hypotheses.

The program of the thesis i s a brief outline of the

order followed. T h i s t h e s i s has t h e f o l l o w i n g program.

A. THE GOALS

The objective of t h i s thesis i s t o attempt t o v e r i f y

the h y p o t h e s i s t h a t the a p p l i c a t i o n o f P e r r y ' s neighbourhood

unit concept i n Vancouver i s not successful i n i t s social

aspects, but i s s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s physical aspects.

B. THE PROGRAM

1. A n a l y z i n g t h e g o a l s and g o a l forms of Perry's

neighbourhood unit concepts

a. Street System

b. Church

c. Shopping Centre

d. Residence

e. Recreation

f. School

g. P e o p l e and Environment
 24

2. The s t u d y o f t h e Renfrew neighbourhood i n Vancouver,

B.C. a s a c a s e s t u d y .

a. The S u r v e y

b. The A n a l y s i s

c. The C o n c l u s i o n

C. THE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

1. The summary

2. The conclusion
 25

CHAPTER I I

THE ANALYSIS OF PERRY'S NEIGHBOURHOOD THEORY

AND ITS SCHEME

INTRODUCTION

P e r r y ' s neighbourhood u n i t i s , as mentioned i n t h e

f i r s t chapter, a g u i d i n g scheme f o r d e s i g n i n g urban r e s i d e n t i a l
a r e a s and should be o r g a n i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e
city. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between a neighbourhood and t h e o t h e r
a r e a s o f t h e c i t y can be shown by a l i n k a g e 1
diagram (see page
2). F i g u r e 1 (page 2) shows t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n s :

1. The l i n k a g e a]_ from neighbourhood N-]_ t o CBD shows

t h a t people l i v i n g i n t h e neighbourhood can go t o and from CBD
where t h e y can work, shop, p l a y , e t c .
2. The l i n k a g e from neighbourhood N-j_ v i a t h e r o u t e b]_
t o t h e suburbs shows t h a t p e o p l e have easy a c c e s s t o t h e
adjacent town o r c i t y .

L i n k a g e i s t h e manner o r s t y l e o f b e i n g u n i t e d (Webster's
Seventh New C o l l e g i a t e D i c t i o n a r y , o_p_. c i t . . p. 4 9 2 . ) The
roads, s t r e e t s , l a n e s , p a t h s and o t h e r t r a n s i t a r e a s a r e t h e
a c t u a l l i n k a g e s among a l l t h e f u n c t i o n s i n t h e c i t y . A l i n k a g e
diagram shows t h e a b s t r a c t r e l a t i o n s o f t h e f u n c t i o n s i n an a r e a .
 26

Legend:
\
CBD. The c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t o f a city.

N-j_, N^, N3, N^, N^, The neighbourhoods around CBD

a
l > 2>
a
3>
a a
V 5>
a a
6 ' Clie l i n k a
8 e s
between N^, N^, N^, N^,
N5, to CBD respectively.

b-j_, \>2> \>y *V ^5' 6 b T t i e l i n k a

i> e 3> 4> 5 '
e s : f > r o m N N H N

to the suburbs r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The l i n k a g e between and N ' 2 . . "

C 2 " " ^ " i N 2 " N3
C3 " " ' N3

C4 " " . W4 N 5

C5 n ti > N 5 N G

C 6 N 6 %

F i g u r e 2.. L i n k a g e Diagram o f CBD and Surrounding Neighbourhoods

 27

3. The l i n k a g e C]_ between neighbourhoods N-j_ and N 2 and

t h e l i n k a g e between (neighbourhoods and N]_ shows t h a t people

living i n d i f f e r e n t neighbourhoods can oommunicate w i t h each

o t h e r by u s i n g t h e s e l i n k a g e s .

4. A l l t h e p h y s i c a l l i n k a g e s c o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d as

s o c i a l and economic l i n k a g e s t o o , because p e o p l e c o u l d use t h e

road t o go t o work, shopping, v i s i t i n g or r e c r e a t i o n .

F i g u r e 2 i s a l i n k a g e diagram which shows t h e r e l a t i o n -

s h i p between d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n a l a r e a s i n a neighbourhood

(see page 28).

From F i g u r e s 1 and 2 one may see the i n t e r n a l and

e x t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f a neighbourhood. An a n a l y s i s o f t h e
f u n c t i o n s o f p h y s i c a l element o f a neighbourhood i s g i v e n below.
Two q u e s t i o n s must be answered when a n a l y z i n g t h e f u n c t i o n s o f
elements i n a neighbourhood

1. I s the element n e c e s s a r y t o the c e r t a i n a s p e c t o f

neighbourhood?

2. Does P e r r y ' s scheme l o c a t e the element i n the r i g h t

place?

The a n a l y s i s i n c l u d e s a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g

p h y s i c a l ' elements; A. S t r e e t System; B. R e s i d e n c e ; C. Church;

D. Shopping C e n t r e ; E. R e c r e a t i o n F a c i l i t i e s ; F. School;

G. P e o p l e and E n v i r o n m e n t .
 28

Legend:

1. School S

2. Church C

3. Community Hall M

4. Park or Playground^ P

5. Residence O

6. General Store G

7. Street

8. Path

Figure 3 . Linkage Diagram of a Neighbourhood.'s.Functions

 A. STREET SYSTEM

The u n i t i s bounded by a r t e r i a l routes on a l l sides

and i s provided w i t h a s p e c i a l i n t e r n a l s t r e e t system which
should be designed to f a c i l i t a t e c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n the u n i t
and t o discourage i t s use by through t r a f f i c . The a r t e r i a l
street should f i t i n t o the whole network of communication of
the c i t y . The neighbourhood i s l i n k e d by the a r t e r i a l street
to the c i t y - c o r e and t o the other component p a r t s of the urban
2
area.

S t r e e t s are very important i n planning. The v e h i c u l a r

t r a f f i c oh the street can be very heavy and f o r a pedestrian
to cross a busy s t r e e t without having t r a f f i c s i g n a l s i s very
dangerous. The s t r e e t system comprised of a g r i d i r o n p a t t e r n
i s easy f o r through t r a f f i c t o use. A c u r v i l i n e a r s t r e e t
system discourages through t r a f f i c ; i n a d d i t i o n , i t gives a
v a r i e t y t o the s i z e , shape, and o r i e n t a t i o n of the b u i l d i n g
l o t s which w i l l provide a good'setting f o r the a r c h i t e c t u r a l
design of the i n d i v i d u a l houses..

Perry's street system i s very good i n p r i n c i p l e ; i t i s

quite hard t o apply. I f i t i s overdone, then the whole neigh-
bourhood w i l l become a maze which gives d i f f i c u l t y to the
outside people i n v i s i t i n g t h e i r f r i e n d s i n t h i s area.

Perry, op_. e i t . , pp. 51-2.

 30

F i g u r e 2 ( p . 28) shows the l a y o u t o f the s t r e e t system

i n the neighbourhood.

B. RESIDENCE

A neighbourhood i s an area f o r people t o l i v e i n , and

the p o s s e s s i o n o f a house and a p l o t o f l a n d i s one o f man's
primary a s p i r a t i o n s . D i f f e r e n t people have d i f f e r e n t s i z e s of
families, incomes, and d i f f e r e n t t a s t e s . They need different
kinds of houses. I n o r d e r t o meet t h e s e needs, a neighbourhood
s h o u l d p r o v i d e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f houses, such as detached houses,
semi-detached houses, s i d e - b y - s i d e d u p l e x e s , up-and-down d u p l e x e s ,
row houses and a p a r t m e n t s . A neighbourhood w i t h the same s t y l e ,
s i z e and scheme o f house w i l l become monotonous. Too many
v a r i e t i e s o f houses w i l l make the environment complex and
chaotic. P l a n n e r s s h o u l d group the h o u s i n g a c c o r d i n g t o its
s i z e and h e i g h t and a r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d a p p l y t h e i r magic hand to
r e l a t e them i n a harmonious way, even i f t h e y d e s i g n them as
individual units. But ' s h o u l d ' does not mean t h e y would o r
a c t u a l l y c o u l d ; when p e o p l e l i k e t o have i n d i v i d u a l freedom,
they have t o s u f f e r from an inharmonious environment.

A residence i s a b a s i c l i v i n g u n i t i n a neighbourhood.

That a neighbourhood i s good o r not s h o u l d be measured by the

f u n c t i o n o f the r e s i d e n c e s q u a n t i t a t i v e l y and q u a l i t a t i v e l y .

A r e s i d e n c e as a b a s i c l i v i n g u n i t i s a complex i n

itself. F o r example, a c o u p l e have two c h i l d r e n ; one i s a boy

 31

six years o l d , the other i s a teenage g i r l . E a c h o f them h a s

different a c t i v i t i e s which g e n e r a l l y need d i f f e r e n t facilities.

T h i s f a m i l y needs a t l e a s t a three-bedroom house. Moreover,

the boy should have a p l a y a r e a ; t h e b o y s f a t h e r , b e i n g

T
a

scholar, needs a study room; t h e b o y ' s m o t h e r , b e i n g a profes-

s i o n a l p a i n t e r , o u g h t t o have a good s i z e d s t u d i o ; the boy's

sister, practicing piano every n i g h t , needs a sound-proof

chamber. Outside of these individual t h i n g s , t h e y need a

living room, d i n i n g room, b a t h r o o m , k i t c h e n and storage rooms,

etc. This l i v i n g unit n e e d s an e n v i r o n m e n t p r o v i d i n g a p l a y -

g r o u n d f o r t h e boy t o p l a y , a s c h o o l f o r the boy's education;

a shopping centre i n which t h e boy's mother c a n buy their

daily goods, a s e n i o r h i g h school f o r the education of the

teenage g i r l , good a c c e s s t o t h e h i g h w a y o r speedway by w h i c h

the f a t h e r c a n go t o h i s w o r k i n g p l a c e conveniently. A neigh-

b o u r h o o d may have 1,000 l i v i n g units, some o f w h i c h may be very

simple and some v e r y complex. The f u n c t i o n s o f t h e s e 1,000

units a r e woven t o g e t h e r . The p l a n n e r should e l i m i n a t e any

conflict, encourage t h e i r common i n t e r e s t s and f u l f i l l the

basic needs o f these units.

Perry's scheme d i d g i v e t h e above c o n v e n i e n c e i n the

neighbourhood. From t h e r e s i d e n t ' s v i e w p o i n t , Perry's neigh-

bourhood u n i t scheme i s q u i t e good.

The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n r e s i d e n c e and t h e o t h e r

f u n c t i o n s o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d i s shown i n F i g u r e 2, page 28.

 32

C. CHURCH

The desire to worship i s one o f man's b a s i c instincts

and i n fact the place of worship i s the f o c a l point o f most

s e t t l e m e n t s i n most a r e a s o f t h e w o r l d . In North America the

Christian Church i s the major place f o r people gathering t o

w o r s h i p God. A neighbourhood, as a l a r g e living unit, should

have a c h u r c h a n d t h e b e s t p l a c e f o r i t a c c o r d i n g t o P e r r y ' s

scheme, i s i n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o r at the perim-

e t e r o r boundary of the unit. How many c h u r c h e s a n e i g h b o u r -

hood s h o u l d have o r what d e n o m i n a t i o n t h e c h u r c h e s may be P e r r y

d i d not mention and t h e r e a r e no u s e f u l data that c a n be

suggested. T h i s depends upon t h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f v a r i o u s

denominations of believers among t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e s i z e a n d

density of the population.

The fifth aspect of Isaacs' c r i t i c i s m i n d i c a t e d that the

church c a n n o t be p l a n n e d t o f i t i n t o a neighbourhood unit system.

The r e a s o n was t h a t the service s p h e r e s o f t h e c h u r c h do n o t

c o i n c i d e with t h e neighbourhood's. His criticism i s justified

up t o a p o i n t b u t i t c a n n o t be p r o v e d everywhere. People either

can go t o o t h e r n e i g h b o u r h o o d c h u r c h e s once o r t w i c e a week t o

worship o r c a n s h a r e t h e u s e o f t h e same c h u r c h i n t h e n e i g h -

bourhood ( e v e n t h e community centre).^

3chicago Commons and o t h e r s e t t l e m e n t s have welcomed many

church groups t o share t h e use o f t h e i r b u i l d i n g s : T a y l o r ,
Graham, C h i c a g o Commons t h r o u g h F o r t y Y e a r s , C h i c a g o , 111.,
1936, p . 193.
 33

The C h u r c h has an i m p o r t a n t function in integrating

racial and economic c l a s s e s . I t i s unfortunate that the

Church has not accomplished this goal. I f the Church still

c a n n o t o f f e r v a l u a b l e i d e a s o r methods o f j o i n i n g people

together, then the d e c l i n i n g ^ " number o f b e l i e v e r s w i l l bring

about a change i n t h e s t r u c t u r e of the neighbourhood.

D. SHOPPING CENTRE

L o c a l neighbourhood s t o r e s are one o f t h e most important

focal points in a residential area. This focal point can be

considered a s o c i a l meeting p l a c e . For example, t h e y o u t h of

the area automatically flock to the nearest c a f e where t h e y can

dring their T
cokes' and listen to the 'top f i f t y ' records on

the juke boxes; the o l d e r a d o l e s c e n t s w i l l meet w i t h their

'dates', and the adults w i l l d r o p i n , o f f and on, for bachelor

meals, cigarettes, and the like. According to Perry's scheme,

the sphere of the shopping centre w i l l overlap several neigh-

bourhoods. Such a c e n t r e has been d e f i n e d as:

A group of commercial e s t a b l i s h m e n t s planned,

d e v e l o p e d and managed as a u n i t , w i t h o f f - s t r e e t
p a r k i n g p r o v i d e d on t h e p r o p e r t y , and r e l a t e d i n
l o c a t i o n , s i z e and t y p e o f shop t o t h e t r a d e a r e a
t h a t t h e u n i t s e r v e s - g e n e r a l l y i n an o u t l y i n g
suburban area.5

^ E r i c and M a r y J o s e p h s o n , Man A l o n e , New York, Dell

P u b l i s h i n g Co. I n c . , 1963, P 167.

5Urban L a n d I n s t i t u t e Technical Bulletin, no. 20,

J u l y 1953, p. 6.
 34

A study o f shopping h a b i t s , ^ r e v e a l e d t h a t 80-90 p e r

cent o f shopping i s done by -women -who do most o f t h e i r downtown

shopping around noon and v i s i t suburban centres approximately

between 4 and 6 P.M. O n e - t h i r d o f p u r c h a s i n g i s i m p u l s i v e , so

t h a t a wide s e l e c t i o n o f goods a t a c o n v e n i e n t l o c a l s t o r e w i l l

pay o f f . People g e n e r a l l y buy t h e i r 'convenience' goods l o c a l l y

and ' h i g h e r o r d e r goods' (such as c l o t h e s , f u r n i t u r e , television,

etc.) from downtown. R e c e n t l y t h e improvement o f t h e q u a l i t y

of goods, t h e s c a l e o f t h e o p e r a t i o n , t h e p r o v i s i o n o f p a r k i n g

f a c i l i t i e s and t h e ease o f a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t h e l o c a l shopping

c e n t r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t people l i k e t o shop l o c a l l y . ?

E. RECREATION FACILITIES
THE PLAY AREAS, PARKS AND COMMUNITY CENTRE

R e c r e a t i o n i s good f o r o u r minds and b o d i e s . People

need a p l a c e f o r c u l t u r e and new i d e a s ; t h e i r nervous systems
need r e l a x a t i o n from t h e p r e s s u r e o f modern l i f e and t h e i r
b o d i e s b e n e f i t from sun and good e x e r c i s e . The o b j e c t o f l i f e
nowadays i s t o have a h i g h e r c u l t u r e and a h e a l t h i e r civiliz-
ation s t r o n g i n mind and body, w e a l t h y and happy.

6
Ibid.

?Urban Land I n s t i t u t e T e c h n i c a l B u l l e t i n , no. 24

 35

A neighbourhood s h o u l d p r o v i d e a r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a which can

achieve these t h i n g s . Someone may argue t h a t people i n the

urban a r e a are m o b i l e ; p e o p l e w i t h c a r s can go any p l a c e t h e y

want; t h e r e i s no need t o have a community c e n t r e o r park i n

the n e i g h b o u r h o o d . This i s true only to a c e r t a i n degree.

I n f a c t t h e r e are many o t h e r f a c t o r s which i n d i c a t e the need

f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l space and f a c i l i t i e s i n the n e i g h b o u r h o o d .

These are:

a. C h i l d r e n need p l a y a r e a s near t h e i r homes.

b. O l d p e o p l e and mothers w i t h b a b i e s need a park t o

t a k e a walk i n every d a y .

c. P e o p l e who cannot o r do not want t o j o i n i n the

weekend exodus; who have weekend s h i f t - w o r k ; who have infirm

dependents; who do not have a c a r o r . d o not l i k e the f u s s and

b u s t l e o f the l o n g , hot d r i v e s away from t h e i r homes do need

recreational f a c i l i t i e s i n the n e i g h b o u r h o o d .
d. Cars g i v e convenience t o people but o f f e r problems

too. I n downtown a r e a s the i n c r e a s i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s of parking

d i s c o u r a g e people from spending t h e i r l e i s u r e t i m e i n the

downtown area and d r i v e people back on t o t h e i r own r e s o u r c e s .

The p a t t e r n o f r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s o f P e r r y ' s n e i g h b o u r -

hood scheme i s shown i n F i g u r e 2 ( p . 2 6 ) . A p a r k i s i n the

neighbourhood c e n t r e and p l a y a r e a s are e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d

 36

through t h e whole a r e a . A community c e n t r e n e a r t h e p a r k i s

accessible t o t h e whole neighbourhood.

Recreational f a c i l i t i e s g e n e r a l l y are d i v i d e d i n t o

active and p a s s i v e . Standards f o r recreation with a figure

of t e n a c r e s p e r 1,000 persons were a c c e p t e d as t h e i d e a l f o r

the overall city p i c t u r e f o r both active and p a s s i v e r e c r e a t i o n -

al facilities.

1. The P a r k o r P l a y Area

The p l a y area of a neighbourhood should provide the

following itemsI

a. Small space f o r p r e - s c h o o l children tot lots

b. Apparatus area f o r o l d e r children

c. Open s p a c e f o r i n f o r m a l p l a y

d. Surfaced a r e a f o r c o u r t games, such as t e n n i s ,

handball, volleyball, etc.

Playing field f o r games, such as s o f t b a l l , touch

football, mass games, e t c .

f. Paddling pool

g. S h e l t e r and d r e s s i n g rooms w i t h t o i l e t s , wash

facilities, d r i n k i n g f o u n t a i n s , and maybe an a r e a f o r q u i e t

games, i n s t r u c t i o n , crafts, etc. although these activities

 37

are better carried out i n p a r t o f t h e community centre,

which should a d j o i n the playground.

TABLE I

RECREATIONAL ACREAGE AND POPULATION OF A NEIGHBOURHOOD

1,000 3,000 5,000

Facility Persons Persons Persons
(acres) (acres) (acres)

Playground Area^ 2.75 4.00 6.00

Neighbourhood Park
(Area i n normal h o u s i n g
development) 1.50 2.50 3.50
Neighbourhood P a r k 1 1

(Area i n m u l t i - f a m i l y
d e v e l o p m e n t where no
private yards) 2.00 4.00 6.00

"Derived froml American P u b l i c H e a l t h A s s o c i a t i o n , P l a n n i n g

the Neighbourhood, P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n S e r v i c e , Chicago, 1948,
p. 4$.

9 Nat i o n a l R e c r e a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n S t a n d a r d , See P l a n n i n g t h e
N e i g h b o u r h o o d U n i t , o p . c i t . , p . 48.

-^Committee on t h e H y g i e n e o f H o u s i n g , A.P.H.A. - ojo. cit.,

p. 49.

1 1
Ibid.
 38

2. The Community Centre

The community centre serves many of the r e c r e a t i o n a l
requirements of the neighbourhood. The term 'community centre*
has a v a r i e t y of connotations i n Canada.
I t i s u s u a l l y i n t e r p r e t e d as being a s i n g l e
b u i l d i n g , which must serve a panoramic f u n c t i o n .
Under one roof p r o v i s i o n must be made t o meet the
educational, s o c i a l and r e c r e a t i o n a l needs of the
e n t i r e community.
Included under these broad headings are l i b r a r y
f a c i l i t i e s , clubrooms f o r men and women, teenagers
and c h i l d r e n ; equipped w i t h gymnasium, bowling a l l e y s ,
swimming pools, auditorium, separate accommodation f o r
nursery schools, h e a l t h s e r v i c e s and c h i l d r e n ' s
a c t i v i t i e s , a l l requirements of an e f f i c i e n t community
centre ... and every allowance should be made f o r
growth and change.12

The elements l i s t e d above may not be found i n the

e x i s t i n g neighbourhood because (1) the l i s t e d elements overlap
w i t h the element of the neighbourhood's school; ( 2 ) people i n
the area are not i n t e r e s t e d i n c e r t a i n a c t i v i t i e s ; (3) the
neighbourhood does not have enough population to provide such
equipment.

Co-operation between school and community centre i s

needed. The school gymnasium, stage, l i b r a r y and p l a y i n g
f i e l d should be a v a i l a b l e t o everyone i n the area a f t e r school
hours and the community centre should set aside s p e c i a l periods

-^Gwen F i f e , Community Centres i n Canada. Toronto, Ryerson

Press, 1 9 4 5 .
 39

f o r school use such as swimming pool, h a l l , t e n n i s courts and

other p l a y i n g equipment.

F. SCHOOL

Perry's neighbourhood consisted of an elementary

school, church, community h a l l , open space, residences and
l o c a l shops, a l l of which were o r g a n i c a l l y i n t e r - r e l a t e d by a
street system. The s i z e of the neighbourhood was determined
by the optimum s i z e of the elementary school and a l l the other
f u n c t i o n s were i n d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o the school as w e l l . The
school i s the key f a c t o r i n the neighbourhood design concept.
The s t a r t i n g point i n analyzing Perry's neighbourhood theory
should be the school. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between school and
other f u n c t i o n s of the neighbourhood was shown i n Figure 2,
p. 26. The s t r e e t w i l l b r i n g a l l the supplies from outside
the neighbourhood and a l l the students w i t h i n the neighbour-
hood t o the school.
1. The Goals of the Neighbourhood School
First: the neighbourhood school provides the cheap-
est, safest and f a s t e s t means of t r a n s p o r t i n g the c h i l d from
home to school. The f a r t h e r a school i s from the home, the
more time i s spent i n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n process, the more
s t r e e t s , e s p e c i a l l y major s t r e e t s , must be crossed by the
walking c h i l d , and the more the parents are obliged to
transport the c h i l d with expensive p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .
 40

S e c o n d : many e d u c a t o r s b e l i e v e schools should be

small.

Third: "Educators believed that children benefitted

from the security that came f r o m l e a r n i n g and living in the

same f a m i l i a r e n v i r o n m e n t " . - ^ They f e l t that children should

be able t o have t h e i r c l a s s m a t e s as p l a y m a t e s a f t e r school

and that they should be able to r e t u r n to school for after-

15

school c l a s s e s and programs. ^

Fourth: T h i s major purpose i s q u i t e complex b u t best

summarized by saying that e d u c a t o r s want a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p

between t h e school and the family. The neighbourhood school

should, and often does, serve as an i n v i t a t i o n to parents to

know, c o n f i d e i n , and work w i t h i t s s t a f f . This offers a

good c h a n c e f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e community p r e s s u r e s on the

central school administration and the political authorities

for local school improvements. Thus t h e neighbourhood school

-'N.L. E n g e l h a r d t , N.L. E n g e l h a r d t , J r . , and S t a n t o n

L e g g e t t , P l a n n i n g E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l B u i l d i n g s , 1953*

! ^ F r e d Hechinger, "Neighbourhood School Concept," New

Y o r k T i m e s , June 26, 1963

' P a t r i c i a C a y s S e x t o n , E d u c a t i o n and Income: I n e q u a l i t i e s

I n Our P u b l i c S c h o o l s , New Y o r k , The V i k i n g P r e s s , 1961, p . 115.
 41

can r e f l e c t the values and goals of the community i t serves,

and can gain the community(s l o y a l t y and support. Stated
from a d i f f e r e n t perspective, the neighbourhood school i s a
r e f l e c t i o n of the b e l i e f that education should be l o c a l l y
controlled.

2. An E v a l u a t i o n of the Goals of the Neighbourhood

School.
(a) The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem: t h i s i s governed by
three f a c t o r s ; time and walking distance, s a f e t y , and cost.
i. Time and walking d i s t a n c e . Most educators say
an elementary school c h i l d should not spend more than t h i r t y
minutes g e t t i n g to school and that a secondary school c h i l d .
should not spend more than an hour. Taking these as c r i t e r i a ,
a c h i l d can walk or bike considerably more than three quarters
of a m i l e . ^ 0
The size of the neighbourhood could be l a r g e r
than the one w i t h a quarter-mile radius suggested by Perry.-'-'' 7

ii. Safety. I t i s quite important to keep the c h i l d

from accidents but i t appears unreasonable to assume that the
danger of accidents increases d i r e c t l y with the number of
major i n t e r s e c t i o n s he crosses. Experience proves that the
c h i l d ' s safety i s more r e l a t e d to the types of t r a f f i c

- ^ N a t i o n a l Council on School House Construction, Guide

f o r Planning School P l a n t s , 1 9 5 8 .

-^Perry, OJD. c i t . p. 5 3 *
 42

s i t u a t i o n s he c o n f r o n t s r a t h e r than the distance he w a l k s .

For example, a c h i l d i s s a f e r c r o s s i n g a major i n t e r s e c t i o n

with traffic c o n t r o l s than a minor i n t e r s e c t i o n without

controls. How t o c o n t r o l t h e t r a f f i c f o r the pedestrian

should be c o n s i d e r e d by t h e t r a f f i c engineers and

the planners. I f s a f e t y i s paramount, t h e b e s t solution i s

to d r i v e t h e c h i l d r e n f r o m home t o s c h o o l by p r i v a t e c a r ,

public t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r a school bus.

i i i . Cost. I t i s reasonable t o a s k why spend money

transporting c h i l d r e n t o school? Why n o t s p e n d money f o r t h e

more i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s of education, such as s a l a r i e s , buildings,

books? The n e i g h b o u r h o o d school i s a b e t t e r s o l u t i o n than

school buses. Now, most o f t h e e x i s t i n g n e i g h b o u r h o o d schools

o f l o w e r income r e s i d e n t s a r e v e r y limited i n environment,

library equipment and t e a c h e r s . F o r the time being, to trans-

port the c h i l d t o a good school instead of staying i n the

poor neighbourhood s c h o o l w h i c h c o u l d n o t be d e v e l o p e d up t o

the standard i n a short time, and c o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d as a

temporary s o l u t i o n b u t n o t t h e b a s i c one.

(b) The S c h o o l Size Problem

The second g o a l o f the neighbourhood school i s to

keep t h e s c h o o l small -- t h e i d e a l size f o r the elementary

s c h o o l u n i t i s 400 p u p i l s . I f there i s a l o c a t i o n drawing

2,000 p u p i l s , i t i s q u i t e easy t o b u i l d five separate

 43

b u i l d i n g s at the one l o c a t i o n or one b u i l d i n g d i v i d e d i n t o

five divisions. The school i s s i m i l a r t o an i n d u s t r i a l
plant. I f organized c a r e f u l l y with equipment, teachers,
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , e t c . , i t does not matter how l a r g e i t i s .
18

I t can s t i l l be very good. One a u t h o r i t y on the subject

has s a i d , "When a school plant i s a c t u a l l y planned i n every
d e t a i l t o care f o r the enrollment i t houses, the question
of optimum size i s s e t t l e d " , ^ and therefore the school
should emphasize the l o c a t i o n where i t can best o f f e r a
chance t o the c h i l d t o l e a r n and exercise f o r example,
l o c a t e d near a zoo, museum, a t h l e t i c centre o r l i b r a r y ,
(c) Child Security
The t h i r d goal of the neighbourhood school i s
p r o v i d i n g the c h i l d with a sense of s e c u r i t y by having the
school as.a part of the home environment. Yet two recent
studies, ' have pointed out that lower-class students

18
John S. H a d s e l l , Chairman, De Facto Segregation i n
the Berkeley P u b l i c Schools, Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a , U n i f i e d
School D i s t r i c t , I963.
Frank Riessman, The C u l t u r a l l y Deprived C h i l d ,
New York, Harper and Brothers, X 9 6 2 . .
^Seaton, i b i d .
21
E n g e l h a r d t , i b i d , p. 53
 44

feel quite insecure i n school, indeed feel alienated i n

school, e v e n t h o u g h t h e s c h o o l i s c l o s e t o home. The f e e l -

ing of security or i n s e c u r i t y i s a f e e l i n g which depends

upon t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e l o w e r - c l a s s home t o w a r d education

and the attitude o f t h e s c h o o l s toward t h e l o w e r - c l a s s

child. 2 2
C h i l d r e n coming f r o m d i f f e r e n t b a c k g r o u n d s have

different f e e l i n g s toward school. The c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e

lower class feel i n s e c u r e and t h e c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e m i d d l e

or h i g h e r class feel secure. The f e e l i n g of insecurity

i s n o t t h e r e f o r e because o f t h e l o c a t i o n of the school,

(d) Parent Support o f Schools

The f o u r t h goal o f t h e neighbourhood school i s a

close r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e s c h o o l and t h e f a m i l y .

Schools need t h e support of the students' parents, but

there i s no e v i d e n c e indicating that physical proximity i s

a necessary condition f o rthis support. S u p e r v i s i n g needs

physical proximity t h e good s u p e r v i s i n g t h a t should come

from specialists or a u t h o r i t i e s . The e d u c a t i o n of children

needs t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n of teachers and p a r e n t s . The

teachers teach the children at school; the parents teach

them a t home. They t e a c h at different times and p l a c e s

but c a n communicate b y phone o r l e t t e r . T h e r e i s no

necessity f o rphysical proximity.

A l l a n Blackman, " P l a n n i n g and t h e I n t e g r a t e d S c h o o l " ,

I n t e g r a t e d E d u c a t i o n , v o l . 11, No. 4 , A u g u s t - S e p t e m b e r , 19&4,
p . 3
 4. Re-evaluation
The f o u r arguments that the four purposes of the
neighbourhood school do not have a very strong base and
the elementary school i s not an appropriate f a c t o r t o
determine the s i z e of neighbourhood. In addition,
a u t h o r i t a t i v e opinion i n d i c a t e s that schools should be
l o c a t e d i n a pleasant environment. 3 2

The w r i t e r t h i n k s that the s i z e of a neighbourhood

should not be determined by an elementary school. Even the
time and distance of t r a v e l l i n g t o a school are not
c r i t i c a l f a c t o r s and most parents w i l l pay bus f a r e . I t
does not, however, j u s t i f y the f a c t that a neighbourhood
should not or could not have a good elementary school
l o c a t e d at the neighbourhood centre. Everyone agrees that
a school l o c a t e d i n a depressed neighbourhood i s not good
f o r the c h i l d r e n . The c i t y should t r y t o renew these
depressed areas. No area s t a r t s depressed from i t s
founding, and the centre of the neighbourhood, i f i t i s a
well-designed neighbourhood, should be a pleasant l o c a t i o n
for an elementary school.

G. THE PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

According t o t h e i r needs, people do change t h e i r

environment by i n t r o d u c i n g new designs, operations or new

Engelhardt, ibid.
 46

ideas. They may a l s o move t o a new e n v i r o n m e n t . As l o n g

as an e n v i r o n m e n t i s o r g a n i z e d i t molds people i n t o a

c e r t a i n way o f l i f e . The l i f e pattern of the people i s

d e t e r m i n e d by t h e i r community s t r u c t u r e which h a v i n g .

organic functions provides jobs, stores, recreational

facilities and o t h e r k i n d s o f s e r v i c e s f o r t h e p e o p l e such

as s c h o o l s , hospitals, transportation, water, power, g a s

and sewers. Any scheme o f an u r b a n u n i t s h o u l d be b a s e d

on t h e l i f e pattern of the people.

The economic factor i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o an u r b a n

environment. The r a t e o f economic growth i s the rate of

community g r o w t h , and v i c e - v e r s a .

The physical environment i s another important

factor. Some may a r g u e t h a t nowadays p e o p l e may change

any p h y s i c a l environment t o whatever t h e y want i t t o b e .

That i s t r u e i f i t i s worth a l o t o f money t o change i t .

The most critical thing i n the physical environment i s the

distance one h a s t o t r a v e l t o get t o the place of destin-

ation. T h e r e f o r e an i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n an e n v i r o n -

ment i s t h e r o a d o r s t r e e t system.

P e o p l e a r e s o c i a l b e i n g s ; when t h e y g e t t o g e t h e r ,

they w i l l have s o c i a l relationships. People l i v i n g i n

different environments will have d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of

relationships. F o r example: rural p e o p l e need to help

each o t h e r i n t h e i r work; a f t e r work, t h e y a s s o c i a t e with

each o t h e r i n r e c r e a t i o n -- c h a t t i n g , dancing, drinking,

and games. Urban p e o p l e have a d i f f e r e n t pattern of social

activities. ^ 2
They work f o r d i f f e r e n t organizations or

different departments of the same o r g a n i z a t i o n . Because

most o f them have r e c e i v e d specialized training, they

a s s o c i a t e w i t h each other, instead o f by p r o f e s s i o n , by

interest or o r g a n i z a t i o n s which are r e l a t e d to their

personal roles, s u c h as t h e R o t a r y C l u b , o r t h e like.

The g o a l o f P e r r y ' s neighbourhood t h e o r y , as

mentioned i n the f i r s t chapter, i s to provide a physical

environment which will r e g e n e r a t e and m a i n t a i n p r i m a r y ,

face-to-face social c o n t a c t s and associations within the

city. Perry d e r i v e d h i s neighbourhood unit scheme, an

environment f o r urban p e o p l e , from h i s t h e o r y . The scheme

is very w e l l organized. People l i v i n g i n Perry's neighbour-

hood have a l l t h e n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s s u c h as school,

community centre, churches, park, playgrounds, and 'shops.

The result of P e r r y ' s neighbourhood might n o t be successful

in i t s social a s p e c t , but not because the scheme d i d n o t

provide a good e n v i r o n m e n t . Rather, i t i s because the

community structure l e a d s p e o p l e t o have d i f f e r e n t kinds

of relationships.

^Roland
2
L . W a r r e n , The Community i n A m e r i c a , Chicago,
Rand M c N a l l v and Comnanv. 1963. D . ^L.
 48

CONCLUSION

Except f o r the s o c i a l aspects ( d e f i c i e n c i e s ) , i t

i s concluded t h a t there are no other defects i n Perry's
neighbourhood u n i t . The arguments to support t h i s con-
c l u s i o n are l i s t e d as f o l l o w s ?
1. People l i v i n g i n d i f f e r e n t areas have d i f f e r e n t
social relationships. Why should urban people have the
same s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s as r u r a l people? Perry's
i m p o s i t i o n on urban people of a face-to-face r e l a t i o n s h i p
i s a mistake.
2. The ethnic group, no matter whether there i s a
neighbourhood scheme provided or not, w i l l c l u s t e r them-
selves i n t o c e r t a i n areas. This i s a s o c i a l problem which
should not be used to attack Perry's neighbourhood u n i t .
3. According to C h r i s t a l l e r ' s space theory, urban
planning has to have a h i e r a r c h y system. A neighbourhood
u n i t can be e a s i l y adopted i n the h i e r a r c h y . I f i t can be
used e a s i l y , why should we destroy the theory?
4. In i t s a p p l i c a t i o n , the planner can vary the scheme
to f i t i n t o the master plan of the whole urban area. As
D

the w r i t e r mentioned i n the f i r s t chapter, a theory i s a

guide i n doing a c t u a l work. How to use i t i s a planner's
job. A f a i l u r e i n applying i t i s not the theory's f a u l t .
 5. P e r r y ' s i d e a s have b e e n u s e d f o r more t h a n thirty

years and " f r o m Canada t o M e x i c o , t h e b a s i c E e r r y neighbour-

hood u n i t , with o n l y minor m o d i f i c a t i o n s , has served as t h e

development m o d u l e . " ^ That t h e t h e o r y has been a p p l i e d

for so many y e a r s and i n so many c o u n t r i e s , p r o v e s i t s

value.

^ A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f P l a n n i n g O f f i c i a l s , Neighbourhood
Boundaries, P l a n n i n g A d v i s o r y S e r v i c e I n f o r m a t i o n Report
No. 1 4 1 , C h i c a g o , I 9 6 I , p . 8 .
 50

CHAPTER I I I

A NEIGHBOURHOOD SURVEY I N THE RENFREW HEIGHTS

AREA OF VANCOUVER, B.C.

Introduction

A survey i s a scientific method o f c o l l e c t i n g , analyzing

and interpreting d a t a on a s p e c i f i c s u b j e c t -which i s t o be

studied. A s u r v e y must be o r g a n i z e d v e r y carefully, and t h e

different processes concerned with collection, classification

and interpretation o f d a t a must be c a r r i e d o u t o b j e c t i v e l y and

sincerely, with i n t e g r i t y and w i t h o u t bias. This technique

h e l p s t h e r e s e a r c h e r t o examine a p a r t i c u l a r concept or to

investigate a specific problem i n detail. " S t u d i e s must be

impartial: t h e t a s k i s n e i t h e r t o prove that a particular

policy i s correct, n o r t o suggest that a particular objective

w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e ; t h i s may emerge f r o m t h e studies.""'" The

a n a l y s i s o f d a t a from the survey only r e v e a l s f a c t s . "The man

who classifies facts o f any k i n d w h a t e v e r , who sees their

mutual r e l a t i o n and d e s c r i b e s t h e s e q u e n c e s , i s applying the

scientific method." The d a t a t h e m s e l v e s are not science; the

methods o f c l a s s i f y i n g , interpreting and a p p l y i n g a r e s c i e n c e .

1 J o h n N. J a c k s o n , S u r v e y s f o r Town and C o u n t r y Planning,

L o n d o n , H u t c h i n s o n and Co. L t d . , 1963, p . 2 0 .

2 K. P e a r s o n , The Grammar o f S c i e n c e , 1911, p p . 1 0 - 1 2 .

 51

In order t o accomplish an e f f e c t i v e survey, the problems

to be solved must f i r s t be i d e n t i f i e d . This requires the c l e a r
formulation of the o b j e c t i v e s of the survey, an' e x p l i c i t s t a t e -
ment of the problem i n meaningful terms and the rigorous
e x c l u s i o n of subjects marginal to the c e n t r a l theme of the
investigation.3

The survey can be done by observation, questionnaires,

i n t e r v i e w s , and by the study of e x i s t i n g sources of information.
The problem and the object of the survey w i l l determine which
method or combination o f methods ought t o be used.

Sampling i s an important technique w i t h i n the survey

model, and i n v o l v e s two important and i n t e r r e l a t e d aspects:
(1) the s i z e of the sample; and (2) the s e l e c t i o n o f the sample.
A sample must avoid b i a s i n the s e l e c t i o n o f the population and
must not be i n f l u e n c e d by human preference. As Dr. Jackson
i n d i c a t e s , "each u n i t enjoys an equal or known chance of
selection. No s e c t i o n or group can be favoured, the sample
should be representative".^"

A. Reasons f o r the Survey i n the Renfrew Heights Area

The object of t h i s survey i s t o attempt t o v e r i f y the

proposed hypothesis, that i s "that the a p p l i c a t i o n of Perry's

^Jackson, Surveys f o r Town and Country Planning, p. 20.

^ I b i d . , p. 62.
 52

neighbourhood u n i t concept i n Vancouver i s not s u c c e s s f u l i n

i t s s o c i a l aspects but i s s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s p h y s i c a l aspects."

A f t e r an i n t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , 5 the w r i t e r determined
that there were no neighbourhoods i n Vancouver which were
designed e x a c t l y according to Perry's neighbourhood u n i t concept,
but that there were s e v e r a l neighbourhoods which were developed
using some of Perry's ideas, such as Renfrew Heights, Fraserview,
Skeena Terrace, and the Strathcona P u b l i c Housing areas. Of
these areas, there i s a s e c t i o n of Renfrew Heights which con-
forms very c l o s e l y to Perry's neighbourhood u n i t concept, namely
that area bounded by the Grandview Highway on the north, Rupert
Street on the west, Boundary Road on the east, and Twenty-second
Avenue on the south. (see Appendix 1, Map 1, Page 87). It is
t h i s area, h e r e a f t e r described as the Renfrew neighbourhood,
which has been chosen to t e s t the hypothesis.

B. The Planning of This Survey

The method of survey used here combines d i r e c t observ-

a t i o n , the use of questionnaires and i n t e r v i e w s , and the study
of e x i s t i n g sources of i n f o r m a t i o n . The w r i t e r f i r s t observed
the Renfrew area by d r i v i n g around i t , studying the h i s t o r y of
the community and the school, and by Interviewing such key people

5Mr. Wiesman, A s s i s t a n t Planner, and Mr. J.B. Chaster, Planner

f o r Vancouver C i t y , provided a great deal of assistance here.
 53

as Mr. J . S m i t h , t h e P r i n c i p a l o f t h e Renfrew E l e m e n t a r y School.

I n view o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i n i t i a l o b s e r v a t i o n s were o n l y
s u p e r f i c i a l , t h a t e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t e d t o t h e a r e a was
very meagre, and t h a t t h e r e was l i t t l e time f o r i n t e n s i v e
i n t e r v i e w i n g , a q u e s t i o n n a i r e was developed and a p p l i e d .

In order to obtain a representative c r o s s - s e c t i o n of the

a r e a , a random sampling t e c h n i q u e was used (see Appendix 2,
Map 2, Page 88) t o determine where t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s would be
distributed. These q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were d i v i d e d i n t o 9 p a r t s
(see Appendix 4, Page 91, 92). Q u e s t i o n s one and two a r e
designed t o determine t h e s t a b i l i t y o f l i v i n g i n t h e Renfrew
Neighbourhood. Q u e s t i o n s t h r e e and f o u r a r e designed t o
determine p u b l i c o p i n i o n about ~X>he s t r e e t system o f t h i s area.
Question f i v e l o o k s f o r s p e c i f i c r e a s o n s why people choose t o
l i v e there. The l a s t f o u r i t e m s a r e o r g a n i z e d i n a tabular
form, each i n c l u d e s f o u r o r more q u e s t i o n s which are r e l a t e d
t o d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f t h e neighbourhood, such as t h e s c h o o l ,
church, park and s t o r e s . Answers t o these l a s t f o u r i t e m s were
used p r i m a r i l y t o g i v e support t o Question five.

A l e t t e r was a t t a c h e d t o each q u e s t i o n n a i r e e x p l a i n i n g

t h e purpose, f u n c t i o n , scope and t h e r e a s o n s f o r choosing this

area. F o r t h e convenience o f t h e r e c i p i e n t s a r e t u r n envelope,

addressed and stamped, was enclosed.

 Questionnaires were d i s t r i b u t e d t o 105 of the_625 houses
i n the area. Sixteen r e p l i e s were received, representing a
r e t u r n of f i f t e e n per cent of those d i s t r i b u t e d . Since t h i s
r e t u r n was considered low, i t was decided to f o l l o w up the
questionnaires by i n t e r v i e w i n g another twenty-four residences,
also chosen on a random b a s i s t o give a sample of f o r t y ,
representing 6 . 3 per cent of the t o t a l area under study. The
l o c a t i o n s of the i n d i v i d u a l r e p l i e s and i n t e r v i e w s are o u t l i n e d
on Map 2 of Appendix 3 , page 88.

C. The Renfrew Heights Community

1. The development
No d e t a i l e d l i t e r a t u r e could be found on the h i s t o r y of
t h i s area. However, a newspaper a r t i c l e was found which stated
the f o l l o w i n g :
Town planning i s emphasized i n the lay-out of 601
homes f o r rent t o veterans i n the Renfrew Height housing
p r o j e c t being b u i l t by C e n t r a l Mortgage and Housing
Corporation.
S i t e of the homes i s 120 acres, formerly' uncleared
land, l a r g e l y c i t y owned between Grandview Highway,
Rupert S t r e e t , Boundary Road and 22nd Avenue.
The development was s t a r t e d i n 1948 and most of the
housing completed i n 1949* The o r i g i n a l plans f o r the area
included f u l l y paved s t r e e t s and boulevards. An adequate
commercial and shopping zone, w i t h r e c r e a t i o n centres, churches

v"ancouver D a i l y Province, "New Renfrew Scheme i s Planned

'Town'," October 2, 1948, P- 12.
 55

and s c h o o l s , was t o be c o n s t r u c t e d when t h e h o u s e s were built.

P r o v i s i o n h a d b e e n made f o r p a r k and p l a y g r o u n d areas, emphas-

izing safety considerations f o rthe children. These p l a n s have

o n l y been p a r t i a l l y carried out s i n c e there a r e p r e s e n t l y no

commercial f a c i l i t i e s within the area. However t h e o r i g i n a l

street p l a n has been f o l l o w e d and t h e r e a r e no g r i d roads or

through s t r e e t s i n the area.

The Renfrew E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l , l o c a t e d at the corner

of 22nd Avenue and R u p e r t S t r e e t , was b u i l t in 1928. Later, i n

1954, a s e p a r a t e annex t o t h i s s c h o o l was b u i l t i n the center

o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d on a l o t w h i c h had been p r e v i o u s l y s e t

aside f o rt h i s purpose.7

There i s a s m a l l community h a l l , built in 1958-59,

beside t h e Renfrew s c h o o l annex, l o c a t e d a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f

F a l a i s e Avenue and W o r t h i n g t o n D r i v e . T h i s h a l l was b u i l t by

the Vancouver Parks Board a t t h e request o f the people of

Renfrew H e i g h t s . A United C h u r c h i s l o c a t e d a t t h e n o r t h end

o f F a l a i s e Park.

2. The E x i s t i n g Conditions i n 1965.

T h e r e a r e p r e s e n t l y 625 h o u s e s i n t h e Renfrew neighbour-

hood. T h e s e encompass 8 d i f f e r e n t basic types o f houses with

many s m a l l v a r i a t i o n s i n d e t a i l . The a r e a h a s 357 two-bedroom

;
7lnformation from t h e Vancouver School Board.
 56

houses, 228 t h r e e - b e d r o o m h o u s e s and 8 four-bedroom houses.

There are a l s o 8 houses s p e c i a l l y designed f o r paraplegic

veterans^ and 24 miscellaneous h o u s e s w h i c h were b u i l t around

1937 t o 1945>-^ b e f o r e the main development took place. The

h o u s e s a r e wood c o n s t r u c t i o n and generally w e l l maintained. Most

o f the lots are s m a l l , about 33 feet wide by 100 feet i n length.

Three green belt parks run from the northwest, northeast

and southeast to the c e n t e r where t h e s c h o o l annex i s l o c a t e d .

Most of the p a r k a r e a has o n l y l a w n and a few t r e e s and lacks

design and p l a n t i n g .

The internal street system f o l l o w s P e r r y ' s concept

closely. It facilitates c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n the neighbourhood

but discourages through traffic. However most o f t h e h o u s e s have

no g a r a g e s and cars are parked along the curbs, c r e a t i n g some

traffic difficulty, although g e n e r a l l y the traffic within the

area i s light and the area itself i s very quiet. The area i s

b o u n d e d on a l l s i d e s by arterial s t r e e t s which provide good

access to the area. The l a n d use o f Renfrew'Neighbourhood i s

shown on Map 3 ( A p p e n d i x 3 Page 89)

Two shopping zones are l o c a t e d o u t s i d e the area, at the

southwest c o r n e r and on the east boundary. In a d d i t i o n to the

9lbid.
l O l n t erviews with r e s i d e n t s of the area.
 57

United Church- w i t h i n t h e a r e a , there i s a Pentecostal Church

a c r o s s B o u n d a r y Road and an A n g l i c a n C h u r c h one b l o c k f u r t h e r

east at the i n t e r s e c t i o n of l a u r e l and S m i t h S t r e e t .

D. The F i n d i n g s and t h e i r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n

1. The S t a b i l i t y o f t h e Renfrew Neighbourhood

The degree o f s t a b i l i t y o f an a r e a i s an i n d i c a t o r o f

the success of i t s planning. Stability i s d e p e n d e n t upon t h e

period of residence and t h e o w n e r s h i p o f t h e h o u s e . The longer

the period of residence the greater i s the s t a b i l i t y of the

district and t h e more p e o p l e who own t h e i r homes t h e h i g h e r i s

the stability. The r e s u l t s o f the survey indicates

a. P e r i o d of Residences

0 - 5 years 30%

6 - 1 0 33%

10 years and up ..... 37%

Average 9*2 years

b. Ownerships

Rent 33$

Own 67%

The findings indicate that seven out o f t e n f a m i l i e s

have l i v e d t h e r e more t h a n s i x years, and 67% own t h e i r own

home. I t i s evident t h a t t h e Renfrew n e i g h b o u r h o o d i s v e r y

 58

stable and can be considered quite successful i f s t a b i l i t y i s

used as a measure of i t s success. However, the success of a
design i s not only dependent upon the s t a b i l i t y , but also upon
other f a c t o r s such as the s t r e e t system, the parks and the
schools.

2. The Street System

a. The Function of the S t r e e t

Generally the f u n c t i o n of a street i s t o provide access

and communication, and the more d i r e c t i s the s t r e e t , the more
convenient i s the communication. However, according to Perry's
theory the s t r e e t system i n a neighbourhood has an e x t r a f u n c t i o n ,
that i s , to discourage through t r a f f i c and thus reduce noise and
accidents.

b. The Survey Findings

From the survey r e s u l t s , the w r i t e r found that most of

the r e s i d e n t s p r e f e r the e x i s t i n g Renfrew s t r e e t layout t o thel
gridiron street pattern. Furthermore most of them l i k e the
safety and quietness of the neighbourhood.

The r e s u l t s from the questionnaires a r e ;

Renfrew Residents' Renfrew Street G r i d i r o n Street
Preference Layout Layout
Like l 80% 30%
Dislike : 20% 70%
 59

These data i n d i c a t e that the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t layout i s

successful and support t h i s aspect of Perry's concept. The only
disadvantage w i t h t h i s type of s t r e e t layout i s that i t can be
complex and confusing t o strangers i n the area.

3. The E x t e r n a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s of the Renfrew Neighbourhood

The success of an area i s not only dependent upon i t s

i n t e r n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , but also upon i t s convenient e x t e r n a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p s , which can be measured by a c c e s s i b i l i t y , con-
venience t o p u b l i c t r a n s i t , and time-distance f a c t o r s r e l a t e d
to the mode o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The e x t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s are
shown by a c t i v i t i e s such as employment, major shopping and
recreation. Question 6 attempts t o determine these r e l a t i o n s h i p s
f o r the study area. The r e s u l t s of question 6 are shown i n
Figure 4 (page 60), Figure 5 (page 6 l ) , Figure 6 (page 6 2 ) , and
r e l a t e t o employment, major shopping and major r e c r e a t i o n
respectively.

Figure 4 shows the mode of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o work and

the corresponding t r a v e l times f o r working people i n the neigh-
bourhood. I t was found that 62 per cent of those working t r a v e l
by car and 38 per cent t r a v e l by bus. The average t r a v e l time
by car was seventeen minutes while by bus i t was t h i r t y - s e v e n
minut e s.
Trayel__Time
(Minutes)...

.so Average Average

17 Minutes 25 Minutes
.70

SO

SO

O B
a B|
AO D B
I B B|
ny
I a O B B B I
a a a aa
|i a a a
|l B B B B B B|
a a a a a a|
a aa B a a
j30
o a a a al
l a B B B B a a a B B
B B B B B B B B B
k a B B B B a B B B B
B B B B B B B B B B|
I B B B B B B B B B
-2oi B B B B B B B B B B
B U BBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBQ
BBBBBBBBBBBB
B B B B B B B B B B B B ]
I B B B B B B B B B B a a
B B B B B B B B B B B B
iioL IBBBBBBBBBBaa
B B B B B B B B B B B B Bl
IBBBBBBBBBBBB
B B B B B B B B B B B B B
IBBBBBBBBBBBB

.?.f.r.r.?.*.'.*. '.'.*
1 T
a B a

62% .Wo

By Car Bus

People T r a v e l l i n g t o Work /

-or the -people- o f Renfrew Neighbourhood

F i g u r e . 4 . T h e . M o d e o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and. T r a v e l Time t o .Work

for. the People o f - t h e Renfrew Neighbourhood.
T r a v e l Time
(Minutes) '

TO! Average Average. Average

7 Minutes 15.5 Minutes 35 Minutes
70

.60 1
a
B
a
OB
BB
B B
BO B B
B E
IB B
B S C

f
|B B
a a
B B
.40 B li
B B
B E
B B
H E
3
B B B
B B

30] ,B "B S
a
B AB B H
B B B B B B
.30 C B B B B B B E
B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B
1 B B B B B B B
7*7-* B B B B B B B
B O B B B B B
a B a B a B
B B B B B B
B B B B B B
:-: B B B B B B a
UOL :: B B B B B B (
B B B B B B B
>:-B B B B B B B (
.S;lB B B B B B B
rl-f.'.'.'m'm'm'm'
* )*B B B B B B B I
I'lL' B B B B B
I B 1 I

14% 66% 20%

.Walking By Car. By Bus .

People.Travelling to Shopping'Facilities.

F i g u r e ^ . _The Mode o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and T r a v e l Time t o Shopping

F a c i l i t i e s "for the People . o f the Renfrew Neighbourhood,
I'M'
 62
T r a v e l Time
(Minutes) r

80 Average Average Average

7 . 6 Minutes 20 Minutes 31 Minutes
7.0

60

50

B B
B I
B a
40 p a 1
B B
B I
B
B
B
B
B
B
1
B I
30
a s
U~B~HT u a B B
B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B
20 B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B
B B B B
>t 0
.-.a
.0
B B O B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B B
B
Vi B B B B B B B B B B
to VP
) B
.VO
B B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B B
.V B- B B B B B B B B B ]
"<B B B B B B B B B B
1.i B B B B O B B B B B
0 B B B B B B B B B
:i.a..n 1 1 1,1 1 1 1 1

29% 42% . 29% -,

" 1
-" 1

1 i

Walking By Car By Bus

People T r a v e l l i n g - t o ..Reuireational Areas

F i g u r e 6,_ The Mode o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and T r a v e l Time t o R e c r e a t i o n a l

Areas f o r the People of Renfrew Neighbourhood.
 63

Figure 5 i n d i c a t e s that fourteen per cent of the people

walk to shopping l o c a l l y and take an average of seven minutes
to reach the s t o r e s ; twenty per cent of the people go by bus
and reach the shopping center i n an average of t h i r t y - f i v e
minutes; s i x t y - s i x per cent go by car and take an average of
f i f t e e n and one h a l f minutes.

The survey shows that forty-two per cent of the people

do not go out f o r r e c r e a t i o n . However,'Figure 6 demonstrates
that of those who do go out f o r r e c r e a t i o n , twenty-nine per cent
walk to the r e c r e a t i o n l o c a t i o n ; forty-two per cent d r i v e , and
twenty-nine per cent take the bus. E i t h e r walking or d r i v i n g
b r i n g s them to the d e s t i n a t i o n w i t h i n twenty minuteis while most
of the t r i p s by bus take f o r t y - f i v e minutes.

4. The Educational Aspect

The convenience of school f a c i l i t i e s to homes i s quite

important, e s p e c i a l l y f o r elementary schools where the c h i l d r e n
are i n the younger age groups. Perry's concept v i s u a l i z e s the
school as being w i t h i n an easy walking distance of a l l the area
that i t serves.

Renfrew Elementary School and i t s annex serve an area

bounded on the north by the Grandview Highway, on the east by
Rupert S t r e e t , on the west by Boundary Road, and on the south by
 64

T w e n t y - f i f t h Avenue, that i s , an area about one t h i r d l a r g e r

than the Renfrew Neighbourhood development i t s e l f (Figure 7,
page 65).

Eighty-three per cent of the households have students,

of which f o r t y - s i x point one per cent attend the elementary
school, t h i r t y point nine per cent attend the j u n i o r high school
and twenty-three per cent attend the senior high school.

5. The Church

Although there i s a United Church i n the neighbourhood

and s e v e r a l other churches j u s t outside the area, the r e l i g i o u s
a c t i v i t y seems very s l i g h t ; 73*3 per cent of the people do not
belong t o a church; of those who do go t o church h a l f of them
go o c c a s i o n a l l y and h a l f of them go r e g u l a r l y once a week. The
walking distance from home t o church i s g e n e r a l l y not more than
f i f t e e n minutes. Figure 8, page 66) shows the f i n d i n g s . The
d e c l i n e of r e l i g i o u s a c t i v i t y i s a s o c i a l problem which i s not
caused by l a c k o f churches but may be caused by the new urbanized
life.

6. The L o c a l Community Center

The Renfrew Heights Community Center i s l o c a t e d at

292 East 22nd Avenue. This Center serves a large area which i s
bounded by Kingsway on the south, F i r s t Avenue on the north
T r a v e l Time
(Minutes).

Average Average Average

8 . 7 Minutes 14 Minutes 16.6 Minutes
TP

ISO

J30

B O B
a B
a a aa aa a!
J a a B B S
J n a a a B B B B
; H e KJ o B
;
a .-j a a o il
J a a a a a
aannma UBet,
3a E n B B
:

y l B B B B B B B B ]

i a a a a a ana

46.1% 30.9%. . 23%. '

Elementary School J u n i o r H.S.. Senior-H.S.

Students Attending'' School

F i g u r e 7-__Travei_Times t o School f o r the Student o f the

Renfrew" Neighbourhood. >;
T r a v e l Time
(Minutes)

40_
Average " Average
10 Minutes 9 Minutes
.38.

30_

-25.

.20.

Occasionally Regularly

F i g u r e 8. __The_Travel _Time t o Church f o r the People of. Renfrew

Neighbourhood.
 67

F r a s e r S t r e e t on t h e west and B o u n d a r y Road on the east. The

R e n f r e w Community C e n t e r was b u i l t by f i v e or six local assoc-

iations and officially opened on S e p t e m b e r 12, 1964- It has

an indoor swimming p o o l , gymnasium, a u d i t o r i u m and seven or

eight o t h e r rooms f o r games o r t e a c h i n g . Some p e o p l e living

in the Renfrew N e i g h b o u r h o o d study a r e a go to t h i s c e n t e r once

or twice a week. The Center i s an average 144 m i n u t e s walk

from the study area (See F i g u r e 9, p 6'0).

Falaise Hall i s the Community H a l l s e r v i n g Renfrew

Neighbourhood. Originally i t was built i n 1956 as a f i e l d house

for Renfrew Park, and has o n l y a d i r e c t o r ' s room, a caretaker's

suite, and p u b l i c washrooms. The auditorium and k i t c h e n were

added i n 195&-59 a n (
^ d r e s s i n g rooms i n 1963-64. Falaise

Hall i s a place f o r people t o be s o c i a b l e but does n o t have much

in t h e way of a c t i v i t i e s . There are d a n c e s i n t h e h a l l once or

twice a month and this i s the o n l y a c t i v i t y now carried on. Most

older residents join this a c t i v i t y b u t many new r e s i d e n t s d i d not

e v e n know t h a t F a l a i s e Hall was i n the area.

7. L o c a l Community Store

The Renfrew N e i g h b o u r h o o d a r e a does n o t have a s t o r e

within i t s t e r r i t o r y but has s t o r e s on i t s periphery. People

living in this area can buy their daily goods f r o m local stores,

within a maximum o f f i f t e e n m i n u t e s w a l k i n g time. The average

Travel_Time
(Minutes) 68

, 70
Average T r a v e l Time
14.5 Minutes

BO .

41% 41% 18%

People. V i s i t i n g . Renf rew He rght s...Communityjpenter

F i g u r e 9 The T r a v e l l i n g Time f o r People V i s i t i n g Renfrew

Neighbourhood ~~

1
t r a v e l time f o r l o c a l shopping i s seven minutes (see Figure 1 0 ,
p.6'9'a)' Some people do not use the l o c a l store, but instead
order from a b i g company with a d a i l y d e l i v e r y t o the door.
Some do not patronize t h i s convenient and g e n e r a l l y cheaper
service because they p r e f e r an immediate choice of a wider
v a r i e t y of goods. The l o c a l stores s t i l l serve 73*4 per cent
of the people i n the area on an average frequency of three times
a week.

Another s i g n i f i c a n t feature of l o c a l shopping i s that

the small grocery store has d e c l i n e d and. l a r g e r stores have
come on t o the scene. The l a r g e r food stores, such as Safeway,
K e l l e r s and Skidmore, have more v a r i e t y on t h e i r shelves and
b e t t e r q u a l i t y at a f a i r and reasonable p r i c e . People now can
f i l l most needs l o c a l l y and do not need t o go downtown t o shop.

The Renfrew Heights area does not have a store w i t h i n

i t s area, but rather the l o c a l stores have developed around the
surrounding area. This r e s u l t demonstrates that Perry's neigh-
bourhood u n i t scheme provides shopping f a c i l i t i e s i n i t s
periphery, which i s both correct and p r a c t i c a l .

8. L o c a l Park and Playground

The Renfrew Neighbourhood area has two parks: one i s

Renfrew Park and the other i s F a l a i s e Park. The l a t t e r was
T r a v e l Time
(Minutes)

.70
Average
7 Minutes

so

30

IO

59% . 23% ' 18%

/ -

People Shopping at L o c a l Stores

F i g u r e 10. The T r a v e l Time t o L o c a l Stores f o r the People o f

"~ Renfrew" Neighbourhood.
 70

separated i n t o two p a r t s , one back of the school and the other

to the east of i t . There i s no unusual design or landscaping
i n the park. F a l a i s e was planted w i t h t r e e s l a s t year. People
l i v i n g i n the area have a good-sized park and playground but are
not very much drawn to the park although the c h i l d r e n do go there
to play every day i n the summer, not because of the scenery but
because of the playground where they can play b a s e b a l l . Forty-
seven per cent of the neighbourhood people use the l o c a l parks.
Figure 11 (page 71) shows the frequency w i t h which the people
use the l o c a l parks.

9. The V i s i t i n g A c t i v i t i e s

People are s o c i a l beings, whose s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s r e f l e c t

t h e i r l i f e pattern. The kind of l i f e p a t t e r n people p r e f e r i s
r e l a t e d to geographical, s o c i a l , economic and p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s .
Types of s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s are d i f f e r e n t f o r people i n d i f f e r e n t
c o n d i t i o n s , c r e a t i n g d i f f e r e n t l i f e p a t t e r n s . People l i v i n g i n
Renfrew Neighbourhood have a very complex p a t t e r n of s o c i a l
activities. S y n t h e s i z i n g the survey f i n d i n g s , three major
phenomena were found. F i r s t , t r a v e l time f o r v i s i t i n g v a r i e s
i n v e r s e l y w i t h the number of times that a person v i s i t s (see
Figure 12, p. ? 2 ) . Secondly, the closeness of the r e l a t i o n s h i p
w i t h f r i e n d s or r e l a t i v e s i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to the number
of v i s i t s (see Figure 13, p. 73)* T h i r d l y , the patterns of the
 Times....
Per Week 71

Average
3 . 4 Times
.7

36% 14% - 14% 36%

1
11 '

.People_Visitirig...Lp.calP.aiks.....
,

Figure .The Frequency w i t h which the People.of Renfrew

" " Neighbourhood Use t h e i r L o c a l Park." >
Travel.Time.
(Minutes) 72

_1 2 IO

.Number of S o c i a O i s i t s per..Month..

F i g u r e 12". The_ R e l a t i o n s h i p between T r a v e l Time and jbhe..Number

i

of S o c i a l V i s i t s per Month f o r the People of Renfrew

Neighbourhood.
 Number
of V i s i t s

Increasing-Intensity of Friendship or Kinship

Figure 1 3 . The R e l a t i o n s h i p between the Number o f S o c i a l V i s i t s

peT--Month-an-d-theIntensi'ty"of"Friendship o r K i n s h i p .
 74
location of friends differ from person to person. People do n o t

always consider neighbours as f r i e n d s . I n o t h e r words, "friends

c a n be n e i g h b o u r s but neighbours are not n e c e s s a r i l y friends".

The w r i t e r was c u r i o u s a b o u t this comment and a s k e d why t h i s was

so. People said that "we know many t h i n g s a b o u t our f r i e n d s

b u t we know v e r y l i t t l e about our neighbours. People do n o t l i k e

others to discuss t h e i r private affairs, n o r do t h e y l i k e t o

talk about their own t o o t h e r s . I t i s o n l y once i n a w h i l e that

we g e t t o g e t h e r w i t h o u r n e i g h b o u r s f o r a cup o f t e a . We h a r d l y

know e a c h other." Another point i s that some p e o p l e of this area

have l i v e d t o g e t h e r f o r more t h a n t e n y e a r s , and b e i n g v e t e r a n s ,

have a s s o c i a t e d w i t h one a n o t h e r . These p e r s o n s have t h e "we"

feeling and c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t y p i c a l of rural people.

10. Reasons f o r p e o p l e c h o o s i n g t o l i v e
i n Renfrew Neighbourhood

People choose to live i n an a r e a f o r many reasons,

including those a l r e a d y mentioned i n this chapter. Question 5

attempts to find why t h e p e o p l e have chosen to live i nthe

Renfrew Neighbourhood. The r e s u l t s of this q u e s t i o n c a n be

classified into two a s p e c t s a s f o l l o w s :

a. The s o c i a l aspect. People thought that being

veterans, t h e y would l i k e t o be t o g e t h e r .

b. The e c o n o m i c aspect. Rent and t a x a t i o n were lower

than other areas.

 75

E. The I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the Survey Findings and the Hypothesis

The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the survey f i n d i n g s i s as f o l l o w s :

1. The r e s u l t s show the Renfrew area t o be very s t a b l e .
2. The f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e the e x i s t i n g street system i s quite
successful.
3. The Renfrew neighbourhood area has easy access and good
roads t o l i n k i t with the surrounding area.
k* The Renfrew Neighbourhood area not only has an adequate
elementary school w i t h i n i t s boundaries but a l s o has
Windermere High School near by. People l i v i n g i n t h i s
area have no d i f f i c u l t y with regard t o education f o r
their children.
5. Generally speaking, people i n t h i s area are not associated
to any great extent with the churches.
6. Some people, but not a l l , use the l o c a l community
center as a place f o r s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s .
7. The Renfrew Neighbourhood area has no l o c a l store w i t h i n
i t s area but there are enough l o c a l stores i n the
adjacent area t o meet people's needs.
8. The Renfrew Neighbourhood area has a good-sized park
and playground, but t h i s i s not very w e l l equipped.
9. Many people are i n c l i n e d not to associate s o c i a l l y with
t h e i r neighbours.
 76

10. Many of the people chose t o l l i v e i n Renfrew neighbour-

hood because they had common i n t e r e s t s and wanted to be
together; others were a t t r a c t e d by the cheap rent and
low taxes of t h i s area over other areas.

From the above i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the survey f i n d i n g s ,

the Renfrew Neighbourhood area i s considered quite s u c c e s s f u l
i n i t s p h y s i c a l aspects, such as the s t r e e t system, easy access,
good linkage w i t h other areas, convenient schools, churches,
community center, parks and playgrounds; but i t i s not considered
e f f e c t i v e i n i t s s o c i a l aspects, such as p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n church
or community center a c t i v i t i e s , and only l i m i t e d s o c i a l contact
between neighbours. From these i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of the survey
f i n d i n g s , the w r i t e r ' s hypothesis -- "that the a p p l i c a t i o n of
Perry's neighbourhood u n i t theory i n Vancouver i s . n o t s u c c e s s f u l
i n i t s s o c i a l aspect but i s s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s p h y s i c a l aspect"
i s proved correct.
 77

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A. The Summary

The purpose of t h i s t h e s i s i s to t r y to prove the pre-

supposed hypothesis " t h a t the a p p l i c a t i o n of Perry's neighbourhood
scheme i n Vancouver i s not s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s s o c i a l aspect but i s
s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s p h y s i c a l aspect".

In order to v a l i d a t e the hypothesis a f u l l understanding

of Perry's neighbourhood theory and i t s scheme i s needed. First,
the h i s t o r i c a l aspects were reviewed. Perry was i n f l u e n c e d by
urban s o c i o l o g i s t s , the community center movement, and a f i r s t
hand experience of l i v i n g i n a s u c c e s s f u l neighbourhood. Second,
Perry's theory and i t s scheme was described, and i t was found
that i t s goal i s to e s t a b l i s h a pleasant, convenient, and healthy
r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t which w i l l generate and maintain, face-to-face
s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the people. T h i r d , the d i v e r s i f i e d
v a r i a t i o n s i n the a p p l i c a t i o n of Perry's theory and i t s scheme
were summarized.

Perry's concept envisaged a s t r u c t u r e i n v o l v i n g the

neighbourhood and the c i t y . Others have enlarged upon the
hierarchy of steps w i t h i n the o v e r a l l community s t r u c t u r e .
 78

Clarence S t e i n increased the number of steps i n the hierarchy by

advocating small neighbourhoods, groups of neighbourhoods or
d i s t r i c t s , and the c i t y .

Walter Gropius gives an intermediate u n i t between

d w e l l i n g and neighbourhood, by advocating that the h i e r a r c h y
should be d w e l l i n g , apartment block or superhousehold, neigh-
bourhood, and town.

The U.S.S.R. has a s i m i l a r hierarchy to that which S t e i n

has given. I t i s d w e l l i n g s , m i c r o - d i s t r i c t (the same as the
neighbourhood), r e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i c t (three or four neighbourhoods),
and the c i t y .

The Witwatersrand U n i v e r s i t y A r c h i t e c t u r a l ISchool i n

South A f r i c a suggests the most complex system i n v o l v i n g d w e l l i n g ,
housing u n i t , neighbourhood u n i t , community u n i t and town.

A l l the v a r i a t i o n s suggest d i f f e r e n t ways of applying

Perry's theory. V a r i a t i o n s are unnecessary i n applying the
neighbourhood scheme to a small c i t y , but c e r t a i n v a r i a t i o n s are
needed i n a l a r g e c i t y . Planners w i l l make t h e i r own d e c i s i o n s
i n applying Perry's theory.

C r i t i c i s m s of Perry's theory i n d i c a t e two main p o i n t s

one r e l a t e d to i t s s o c i a l aspects and the other to i t s a p p l i c a t i o n .
The d e f i c i e n c y of Perry's theory i n i t s s o c i a l aspect i s due to
 79

the mistake that Perry makes i n t r y i n g to l e t the urban people

have a r u r a l - t y p e s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p . Perry's scheme a c t u a l l y
provides a b e t t e r environment f o r a face-to-face s o c i a l r e l a t i o n -
ship but urban people have a d i f f e r e n t l i f e p a t t e r n , and do not
l i v e i n the same way as r u r a l people. This i s a s o c i a l problem
which perhaps can eventually be solved by s o c i o l o g i s t s and
geographers. The a p p l i c a t i o n of any theory should be based
p r i m a r i l y on i t s p r a c t i c a b i l i t y and f e a s i b i l i t y . A theory i s
only responsible f o r i t s consistency w i t h i n i t s e l f , but i t s
r e a l i z a t i o n l i e s with the planners.

Perry's theory was analyzed and evaluated item by item

i n order t o obtain a b e t t e r understanding of i t and to determine
whether i t i s s t i l l u s e f u l . A summary of some of the various
aspects of the concept are as f o l l o w s :

1. The S t r e e t System
A neighbourhood u n i t bounded on a l l sides by a r t e r i a l
s t r e e t s , with s u f f i c i e n t width t o f a c i l i t a t e bypassing, i s a
very good idea and provides good linkage with other areas. The
i n t e r n a l s t r e e t system, designed t o f a c i l i t a t e c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n
the nieghbourhood u n i t and to discourage i t s use by through
t r a f f i c , i s another good feature which gives a safe and quiet
environment.
 80

2. Residential F a c i l i t i e s
A neighbourhood i s an area f o r l i v i n g and should
encompass d i f f e r e n t kinds of residences t o meet the people's
needs. A neighbourhood u n i t scheme should provide a convenient
r e l a t i o n s h i p between the r e s i d e n t i a l f a c i l i t i e s and other
functional units.

3. Church
A r e s i d e n t i a l area should provide the necessary f u n c t i o n s
f o r the people. Nowadays the pressures of competition drive
people to the breaking p o i n t . People go to church to f i n d
strength and f a i t h , t o conquer t h e i r d i f f i c u l t i e s , and t o release
t h e i r tensions. I t i s concluded that a neighbourhood should have
adequate church f a c i l i t i e s .

4. Shopping Center
People have d a i l y needs which can be catered t o by having
l o c a l shops nearby. Formerly, a r e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i c t always had
a few corner stores t o supply people w i t h d a i l y goods. I n the
l a s t twenty years, many stores have organized themselves into
one area which became a shopping center. Perry had t h i s idea
t h i r t y years ago, and t h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n of Perry's theory should
be appreciated.

5. Recreation
Recreation i s an important aspect of people's needs.
 81

There are many kinds of r e c r e a t i o n , but these can be l i m i t e d to

two p a r t i c u l a r types, one p h y s i c a l and one c u l t u r a l . The play-
grounds and parks i n a neighbourhood provide f o r p h y s i c a l
e x e r c i s e , and the community center provides f o r both p h y s i c a l
and c u l t u r a l s a t i s f a c t i o n indoor games, sports, c r e a t i v e
expression i n a r t s and c r a f t s , e t c . A community center i s a
good s o c i a l center and contributes to the development of
cultural pursuits. The community center helps to o f f s e t any
l a c k of community f a c i l i t i e s i n the elementary school, which
i s l o c a t e d i n the same area. Perry suggested c l u s t e r i n g a l l
the important functions at the center of a neighbourhood, not
only f o r p h y s i c a l convenience to the people but also f o r
economic reasons.

A f t e r the a n a l y s i s of Perry's neighbourhood theory and

i t s scheme, a survey of the Renfrew neighbourhood of Vancouver
C i t y was c a r r i e d out as an example of the neighbourhood u n i t
concept.

B. The Conclusion

From the above c a r e f u l study the w r i t e r found the

f o l l o w i n g to be t r u e :
1. Perry's Neighbourhood theory and i t s scheme are con-
sistent within itself.
 82

2. Perry's theory i s s t i l l a p p l i c a b l e and quite u s e f u l .

3. The manner i n which Perry's theory i s a p p l i e d i s very
c r i t i c a l to i t s success.

The a n a l y s i s and e v a l u a t i o n of Perry's theory and i t s

scheme already supports the f i r s t p o i n t ; the survey of the
Renfrew neighbourhood demonstrates that Perry's theory i s s t i l l
u s e f u l but some defects caused by i t s method of a p p l i c a t i o n
require greater c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

Since the a p p l i c a t i o n of Perry's neighbourhood theory

and i t s scheme i n Vancouver i s not s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s s o c i a l
aspects, should we t r y to apply t h i s theory and scheme f u r t h e r ?
Nowadays, people are very busy, independent and s e l f - c o n t a i n e d .
For example, they work eight hours a day, f i v e days a week
r e g u l a r l y ; they work f o r wages and need no help from anyone;
and they have s u f f i c i e n t money to meet t h e i r everyday needs.
These f a c t o r s allow people to be more independent. People
l i v i n g i n an urban area have many and v a r i e d i n t e r e s t s i n
recreation. They have v a r i e d educational backgrounds; some may
have v o c a t i o n a l or c o l l e g e education, some may l e a r n s o c i a l
science, some pure science, some engineering. They may have
d i f f e r e n t philosophies or b e l i e f s , and many may b e l i e v e i n God
but few go to church; a few of them t r u s t i n t h e i r own efforts
but most depend on f a t e . Urban people are very complex and
 83

t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s even more complex. A neighbourhood i s a

r e s i d e n t i a l area f o r -which an environment should be provided t o
meet these requirements. The way t o meet complex requirements
i s t o provide a maximum v a r i e t y of f a c i l i t i e s f o r them. It i s
concluded from the case study that Perry's Neighbourhood Unit
does provide an adequate range of f a c i l i t i e s .

The a n a l y s i s of the d e t a i l e d a p p l i c a t i o n of Perry's

Neighbourhood Unit theory and i t s scheme can be c l a s s i f i e d as
follows:

1. The Street System

The design of the Renfrew Neighbourhood's s t r e e t system
i s overdone and could have been s i m p l i f i e d and s t i l l have
f a c i l i t a t e d c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n the u n i t and disoouraged through
traffic. The a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s bounding the area would have been
b e t t e r as boulevards, making a green b e l t t o exclude much of the
noise of the t r a f f i c .

2. Size
Since i t i s commonly acknowledged that c h i l d r e n can spend
up t o t h i r t y minutes walking to school, then the s i z e of both
school and neighbourhood could be l a r g e r . I f a h a l f mile radius
c i r c l e i s used as the neighbourhood area, t h i s would be four
times as b i g as Perry's suggestion of a quarter mile r a d i u s .
 84

A l a r g e r area could support b e t t e r equipment f o r the school,

b e t t e r f a c i l i t i e s i n the neighbourhood, such as an indoor
swimming p o o l , gymnasium, auditorium and studio i n the community
center; g o l f l i n k s i n the park, and more equipment i n the
playground. The b e t t e r the equipment of the school, the higher
the school standard. The greater the v a r i e t y of the f a c i l i t i e s ,
the more people w i l l use them. In a d d i t i o n , as the s i z e of the
neighbourhood increases, population i n c r e a s e s , and provides more
q u a l i f i e d leaders to generate more s o c i a l activities.

3. Church
Before s t a r t i n g t o l a y out the neighbourhood plan the
planner should make a survey of the people who w i l l be l i v i n g
i n the area and reserve at l e a s t one s i t e f o r a church, even
i f the survey proves t h a t there i s no immediate need.

4. Shopping Center
Shopping centers are becoming l a r g e r and more complex
than a few years ago. A l a r g e r shopping center means a l a r g e r
trade area. Locating the shopping center on the circumference
of the u n i t , at the t r a f f i c j u n c t i o n s and adjacent t o s i m i l a r
a d j o i n i n g neighbourhoods, as Perry suggests, i s considered
s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r a l a r g e r s i z e d neighbourhood.

5. Park and Playground

Parks and playgrounds should be w e l l equipped and
 85

designed, and n o t s i m p l y open spaces. F o r example, a park should

have i n t e r e s t i n g , w i n d i n g p a t h w a y s , b e a u t i f u l t r e e s , f l o w e r s and

lawns, c l e a r p o o l s , b r o o k s , w a t e r f a l l s and f o u n t a i n s ; picnic

tables, benches, barbecues, f i r e p l a c e s , e t c . Neighbourhood play

areas should provide the followings^

a. a small space f o r p r e - s c h o o l children tot lots;

b. apparatus f o r older c h i l d r e n ;

c. an open space f o r i n f o r m a l play;

d. a surfaced area f o r court games, s u c h as t e n n i s ,

handball, volleyball, etc.;

e. a playing f i e l d f o r games such a s s o f t b a l l , touch

football, mass games, e t c .

f. a wading pool;

g. a s h e l t e r and change b u i l d i n g w i t h toilets, washing

facilities, drinking fountains, and p e r h a p s an area

for q u i e t games, i n s t r u c t i o n , crafts, etc;

although these activities are o f t e n b e t t e r carried

out i n t h e community center, which should adjoin

the playground.

P a r k s and p l a y g r o u n d s w i l l be u s e d more i n t e n s i v e l y i f

a greater v a r i e t y o f i n t e r e s t s and a c t i v i t i e s are provided.

Social contact i s more e a s i l y generated through r e c r e a t i o n than

I D e r i v e d f r o m A m e r i c a n P u b l i c 'Health A s s o c i a t i o n , P l a n n i n g t h e
Neighbourhood, P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n S e r v i c e , Chicago^ 1 9 4 8 , p . 48.
 86

through a s s o c i a t i o n s of working or h e l p i n g . Recreational

f a c i l i t i e s are becoming c r i t i c a l f a c t o r s i n a neighbourhood.

One of the grounds on which Perry's theory has been

most s e r i o u s l y c r i t i c i z e d i s that the concept promotes segreg-
a t i o n and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n on r a c i a l grounds. However.there i s
no concrete evidence to support t h i s c r i t i c i s m . The racial
problems are s o c i a l ones going beyond the layout patterns of
communities, and are l i k e l y to be as s i g n i f i c a n t with other
layout patterns as w i t h hhis one of P e r r y ' s . P r i o r to a
comprehensive i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the whole subject, the author
had t r i e d to f i n d reasons to oppose Perry. Now i t i s con-
cluded that Perry's theory i s s t i l l very u s e f u l i n our complex,
changing urban way of l i f e . The w r i t e r does not agree with
the s o c i a l goal of Perry's concept, but supports the theory
because i t i s very f u n c t i o n a l and provides the maximum p o s s i b l e
f a c i l i t i e s i n a s e l f - c o n t a i n e d r e s i d e n t i a l environment. The
a p p l i c a t i o n of hhis valuable theory i n a s a t i s f a c t o r y manner i s
a c r i t i c a l operation; l a c k of understanding w i l l introduce b i a s ;
improper a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l produce a nonfunctional u n i t ; and any
over-emphasis or l a c k of a t t e n t i o n i n c e r t a i n of i t s d e t a i l s w i l l
d i s t u r b i t s s e l f - c o n t a i n e d character. However, i t may be con-
cluded that i n s e n s i t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n of the theory i s not
n e c e s s a r i l y the f a u l t of the theory itself.
 88

Appendix 2
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SSOOE.

r
School V//////A Church

Communi t y H a l l Gas Station liiilil

fail l PUT
Park Residence
M M * I M M l l l It
T CKtlNECRINO OCPARTWEHT, VANCOUVER, 1.0.
f M tPPf <# . < MtlHUI M C I - t . l i t l l l M PM Map 2. The Land Use o f Renf rev'Neighbourhood
 89
Appendix 3

5300 E 3400 E S500E

3300E
3400 E

Legend.
1. Interview Locations
2. Location of Questionnaire Response

ItaLC l P U T
Map 3. The Survey Map of Renfrew Neighbourhood
TNI ) a f ( a l l *
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, VANCOUVER, B.C.
I M CITY Of MMCOUVI* a l l U M I l H I N * H i l L I T *
TMC c w i C K i i i or F O M I I O H O W
 90

APPENDIX 4.
A. The l e t t e r attached to the questionnaire

Fort Camp,
U.B C o,
Vancouver 8, B.C.
Dear S i r or Madam:
I am undertaking a study i n an attempt to evaluate
Perry's Neighbourhood Unit Theory - a standard scheme i n
designing urban neighbourhoods - as part of the requirement
f o r a degree i n Community and Regional Planning at the
U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia. Your neighbourhood i s an
example of one designed according to Perry's theory. The
boundaries of your neighbourhood are: Grandview Highway on
the north, Twenty-second Avenue on the south, Rupert Street
to the west and Boundary Road to the east. This survey i s
an attempt to study c e r t a i n l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s and the opinions
of the people concerning the d e s i r a b i l i t y of l i v i n g i n t h i s
area.
The r e s u l t s of t h i s survey w i l l be u s e f u l f o r f u t u r e
r e s i d e n t i a l development i n other areas of the Vancouver area.
I would very much appreciate i t i f you would complete the
attached questionnaire .and r e t u r n i t i n the stamped s e l f -
addressed envelope which I have provided. No names or addresses
of any i n d i v i d u a l s answering the questionnaire w i l l be
mentioned i n the study. I t i s only meant to show the e x i s t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s and the a t t i t u d e s of the r e s i d e n t s of t h i s area.
Sincerely,

Frank C C . Wang,
Graduate Student,
Community and Regional
Planning,
U.B.C
 B. Questionnaires of Survey
1. How Long have you l i v e d i n the present house? .91
2. Do you own your house? .
3. Do you l i k e the o v e r a l l street. layout? .
4. Would you p r e f e r a g r i d i r o n street system? .
5. Why do you l i k e l i v i n g here? The reasons are:
a. Near to place of employment .
b. Near to school . c. Near to playground
d. Near to park . e. Near to church
f. Near to shopping center . g. Good environment
h. Good neighbours . i . Convenient p u b l i c
transit .
j. Other reasons

6. Please complete the t a b l e t o i n d i c a t e :

a. The names of places where you work, shop and play
outside your neighbourhood.
b. The method of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n you use.
c. The time i t takes t o go there from your home.
d. The distance from your home.
Activity Employment Major Shopping Recreation
A. Location

. B. Travel time
(Minutes)
C. Method o f
Transportation
D. Distance (Mile)
7. I f you have c h i l d r e n attending school, please complete the
t a b l e below:
Elementary Junior Senior
School High School High School
A. Name of school
B. No. o f c h i l d r e n
C. T r a v e l time from
home to school
D. Method of t r a n s -
portation
E. Distance from
home to school
 Questionnaire
92
- 2 -
8. I f you use the f o l l o w i n g f a c i l i t i e s i n s i d e your neighbourhood
please complete the t a b l e below:
Local Local Local
Facility Church Community Community L o c a l Play-
Center Store Park ground
A. Name
B. Distance from
home (mile)
C. Method of t r a n s -
portation
D. Travel time from
home (minutes)
E. Frequency
(per week)
F. "Reasons:
1. Convenient
2. Good q u a l i t y
3 . Others

9. V i s i t s : On the t a b l e below please give information about the

l o c a t i o n of your good neighbors, r e l a t i v e s and f r i e n d s
whom you v i s i t r e g u l a r l y .
D i s t r i c t of l o c a t i o n

No. monthly visits

Travel time from
home (minutes)
Method of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
Distance (miles) from
home.
 93

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Abercrombie, P a t t r i c k , Greater London Plan 1944, London

H.M.S.O. 1945
Uses the"community as a basic u n i t i n r e g i o n a l
planning.
2. Adams, Frederick J . ' " S h a l l We Ration Crowding?", The
Technology Review,- V o l . XLv, No. 7, May, 1943, pp. 368-7.
Recommends o v e r - a l l standards of maximum population
density to meet the worst conditions of land crowding,
emphasizing l i m i t a t i o n on high d e n s i t i e s imposed by
p r o v i s i o n of adequate, f a c i l i t i e s and open spaces.
3 Adams, Thomas. Design of R e s i d e n t i a l Areas: Basic Considera-
t i o n s , P r i n c i p l e s and Methods. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1934, 295 P P , i l l u s . , maps,
plans, t a b l e s , charts, diagrams. (Harvard C i t y Planning
Studies No. 6.)
H i s t o r i c a l background, a n a l y s i s of basic p r i n c i p l e s
involved i n s i t e planning, and examples of outstanding
neighbourhood plans.
4 A d v e r t i s i n g Service G u i l d . An Inquiry i n t o People's Homes.
A Report Prepared by Mass-Observation f o r the G u i l d .
London: John Murray, 1943, 228 pp., charts, diagrams,
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the environment and the dwelling
u n i t desired by B r i t i s h people, as determined by l a r g e -
scale i n t e r v i e w i n g procedure.
5. Agg, Thomas, R. The Construction of Roads and Pavements.
5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1940,
483 pp., i l l u s .
Moderately t e c h n i c a l presentation of basic p r i n c i p l e s
of s t r e e t and highway design and engineering.
6. A l s c h u l e r , Rose H. Children's Centers. New York: National
Commission f o r Young C h i l d r e n , 1942, 165 pp., i l l u s .
Outlines d e s i r a b l e o r g a n i z a t i o n , programs, s p e c i a l
s e r v i c e s , housing and equipment f o r c h i l d r e n ' s centers.
7. American A s s o c i a t i o n of School Administrators, Commission
on T r a f f i c Safety. Safety Education. Eighteenth Year-
book, Washington: The A s s o c i a t i o n , 1940, 544 pp.
Safety requirements i n l o c a t i n g , planning and
equipping school b u i l d i n g s .
 94

8. American L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n . Standards and Planning f o r

P u b l i c L i b r a r i e s . Chicago; The A s s o c i a t i o n , 1944, 12 pp.
Concise statement on"the s e r v i c e s , f a c i l i t i e s , s i z e ,
s t a f f and f i n a n c i a l report necessary f o r a good l i b r a r y .
9. American M u n i c i p a l A s s o c i a t i o n , American Society of Planning
O f f i c i a l s and I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i t y Managers' A s s o c i a t i o n .
A c t i o n f o r C i t i e s ; A Guide f o r Community Planning.
Chicago: P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Service, 1943, 77 pp.,
maps, diagrams". ( P u b l i c a t i o n No. 86.)
Guide to comprehensive community planning. Section
300 i s e s p e c i a l l y pertinent t o community s e r v i c e s and
facilities.
10. American P u b l i c Health A s s o c i a t i o n , Committee on Community
Organization f o r Health Education. Community Organiza-
t i o n f o r Health Education. Cambridge, Mass.: The
Technology Press, 1941, 120 pp., ' charts.
Organizations and s e r v i c e s f o r h e a l t h programs,
e s p e c i a l l y d i r e c t e d t o r u r a l communities.
11. ; _, Planning the Neighbourhood, P u b l i c Admin-
i s t r a t i o n Service, Chicago, 1948.
Gives a complete l i s t of equipment f o r a park and
play area.
12. , Committee on the Hygiene of Housing. An
A p p r a i s a l Method f o r Measuring the Q u a l i t y of Housing.
Part I , Nature and Uses of the Method. New York: The
A s s o c i a t i o n , 1945, 71 pp., i l l u s . , charts.
Outline of method f o r c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s and a p p r a i s a l
of housing and i t s environment.
13 , Op. c i t . Part I I I , A p p r a i s a l of
Neighborhood Environment, New York: The A s s o c i a t i o n .
In press, 1948.
D e t a i l e d procedure f o r appraising the neighborhood
environment.
14- , . Basic P r i n c i p l e s of H e a l t h f u l
Housing. 2d ed. New"York: The A s s o c i a t i o n , 1939, 31 P P
P h y s i o l o g i c a l and p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s i n the planning
of housing some neighbourhood and community aspects.
 99

15 . Housing f o r Health. (Papers presented

under the auspices of the Committee.). Lancaster, Pa.:
Science Press P r i n t i n g Co., 1941? 221 pp., charts,
diagrams.
Standards of housing i n r e l a t i o n to h e a l t h ; a
c o l l e c t i o n of papers on d i f f e r e n t aspects of housing
and h e a l t h .
16. , __. . Subcommittee on "Home S a n i t a t i o n .
"Problems of Water Supply and Sewage D i s p o s a l i n
the S e l e c t i o n of Housing S i t e s , " The American C i t y ,
October, 1941, pp. 67-69.
Summary of b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s of s a n i t a t i o n i n
connection with p u b l i c or i n d i v i d u a l water supply
and sewage i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
17. American Society of Planning O f f i c i a l s , Neighbourhood
Boundaries, Planning Advisory Service Information
Report No. 141, Chicago, 1961, p. 8.
Evaluation of Perry's neighbourhood theory.
18. Anon. " D i s t r i c t Heating", Journal of the Town Planning
I n s t i t u t e , V o l . XXXIII, No. 1, November-December, 1946,
pp. 15-16.
Summary of present p r a c t i c e s i n community heating
i n England.
19. Anon. ' "Microclimatology: A B i g Word "for the Study of
Small-size .Weather", A r c h i t e c t u r a l Forum. March, 1947-
pp. 114-19, i l l u s . . . .
Observations and f a c t s regarding the e f f e c t of l o c a l
c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s on housing and s i t e planning.
20. Anon. " O r i e n t a t i o n f o r Sunshine". A r c h i t e c t u r a l Forum,
June, 1938, pp. 18-22, i l l u s . , diagrams.
S o l a r mechanics and some conclusions regarding
o r i e n t a t i o n based on a v a r i e t y of research undertakings.
21. Anon. "Planned Neighbourhoods f o r 194X." Eight a r t i c l e s
on neighbourhood planning. A r c h i t e c t u r a l Forum.
October, 1943.
E n t i r e issue devoted to I .this problem. S p e c i a l items
on l a n d Planning, Shopping Centers, Schools, S t r e e t
l i g h t i n g , Landscaping, T r a f f i c , Playgrounds and
A n a l y s i s of Obsolescent Neighborhoods.
 96'

22. Anon. " P u b l i c Health Centers", A r c h i t e c t u r a l Record, J u l y ,

1942, pp. 63-78, i l l u s . , . p l a n s .
A n a l y s i s and suggested standards f o r several types
of h e a l t h centers.and t h e i r r e l a t i o n to the community.
23. Anon. "Shopping Centers A Neighborhood Necessity".
B r i e f Summary of Findings of the Community B u i l d e r s '
C o u n c i l . Urban Land, September and October-November,
1944/ i l l u s .
Standards f o r shopping centers, s i z e , l o c a t i o n ,
population served and other r e l a t i o n s t o r e s i d e n t i a l .
areas.
24 Jtaasni. "Shopping F a c i l i t i e s i n Wartime", A r c h i t e c t u r a l
Record, October, 1942, pp. 62-78, i l l u s . , plans,
diagrams.
Shopping f a c i l i t i e s standards f o r war housing
projects.
25. Anon. "What C o n s t i t u t e s M u n i c i p a l Refuse?" The American
C i t y . June, 1947,'pp. 102-3.
Summary of municipal garbage and refuse d i s p o s a l
p r a c t i c e s f o r 25 c i t i e s .
26. B a b b i t t , Harold E.. Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. 6th ed.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1946, 692 pp.
Standard reference on the design, construction and
operation of sewage d i s p o s a l works.
27- Bauer, Catherine. "Good Neighborhoods", The Annals of the
American Academy of P o l i t i c a l and S o c i a l Science,
November, 1945, pp. 104-15*
A n a l y t i c a l d i s c u s s i o n o f neighborhood from s o c i o l o g i c a l
point of view. A r t i c l e f a v o r i n g d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n i n
neighborhoods and against segregation and race d i s c r i m -
i n a t i o n from the s o c i a l point of view.
28. Black, R u s s e l l Van Nest. Planning f o r the Small American
C i t y : An Outline of P r i n c i p l e s and Procedure E s p e c i a l l y
A p p l i c a b l e t o the C i t y of F i f t y Thousand or Less.
Chicago: P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Service., 1944, 36 pp.,
i l l u s . , diagrams. ( P u b l i c a t i o n No. 87.)
A manual on making and c a r r y i n g out the small c i t y
plan and on the p r i n c i p a l elements of the p l a n .
 97

29 Blackman, A l l a n . "Planning and the Integrated School",

Integrated Education, V o l . 11, No. 4, August-September,
1 9 6 4 . G i v i n g b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s i n designing schools.
30. Branch, M e l v i l l e C., J r . Urban Planning and P u b l i c Opinion;
N a t i o n a l Survey Research I n v e s t i g a t i o n . P r i n c e t o n :
Bureau of Urban Research, 1942, 87 P P , maps, diagrams.
(Research S e r i e s No. 1.)
- A n a t i o n a l research survey p o l l i n g p u b l i c opinion on
housing and neighborhoods "neighborhood s a t i s f a c t i o n s . "
31. B u i l d i n g Research Board, A c o u s t i c s Committee, M i n i s t r y of
-

Works. Sound I n s u l a t i o n and A c o u s t i c s . London: H.M.

S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e , 1944, 80 pp., charts, i l l u s .
(Post-War B u i l d i n g Studies No. 14.)
. Acoustics standards, w i t h chapters on transmission
and c o n t r o l of outdoor noises.
32. , L i g h t i n g Committee, M i n i s t r y of
Works, The L i g h t i n g of B u i l d i n g s . London: H.M.
S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e , 1944, I64 pp., charts, i l l u s .
(Post-War B u i l d i n g Studies No. 1 2 . )
Daylight and sunlight standards.-
33- B u t l e r , George D. New Play Areas: Their Design and Equip-
ment. New York: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1938, 242 pp.,
illus.
P r i n c i p l e s , standards and d e t a i l e d requirements
f o r the design of playgrounds, p l a y f i e l d s and other
r e c r e a t i o n areas.
34 C e n t r a l Housing Advisory Committee, M i n i s t r y of Health*
Design of Dwellings. London: H.M. S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e
1944, 75 pp., plans, t a b l e s .
Recommendations as t o postwar design, planning,
l a y o u t , standards of c o n s t r u c t i o n and equipment of
housing and of r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods.
35. Chicago Plan Commission. B u i l d i n g New Neighborhoods:
S u b d i v i s i o n Design and Standards. Chicago: The
Commission, 1943, 44 P P , i l l u s . , maps, diagrams.
Comprehensive guide f o r s u b d i v i s i o n , planning and
l e g i s l a t i o n ; based to considerable extent on FHA
practices.
36. C h u r c h i l l , H e n r y S. and R o s l y n I t t l e s o n . N e i g h b o r h o o d
D e s i g n and C o n t r o l . An A n a l y s i s o f t h e P r o b l e m s o f
Planned S u b d i v i s i o n s . New Y o r k : The N a t i o n a l Committee
on H o u s i n g , I n c . , 1 9 4 4 , 39 pp.
A s t u d y o f "The o b s t a c l e s p r e v e n t i n g t h e r e a l i z a t i o n
o f ' p l a n n e d c o m m u n i t i e s ' as w e l l as some o f t h e i r
e s s e n t i a l requirements".

37* and W i l l i a m H. L u d l o w . D e n s i t i e s i n New Y o r k

C i t y , R e p o r t t o C i t i z e n s ' H o u s i n g C o u n c i l by Committee
on C i t y ' P l a n n i n g and Z o n i n g . New Y o r k ? The C o u n c i l ,
1 9 4 4 , 1 0 2 pp. c h a r t s .
T e c h n i c a l study of urban p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s i n
r e l a t i o n to c i t y planning, i n c l u d i n g d i s c u s s i o n of
measurement m e t h o d s . C r i t e r i a on d e s i r a b l e c i t y
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , h e a l t h f a c t o r s and o t h e r s t a n d a r d s
more d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o New Y o r k C i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s .

38. C i t i z e n s ' H o u s i n g C o u n c i l o f New Y o r k , Committee on New

H o u s i n g . R e p o r t and Recommendations. New Y o r k :
1 9 3 8 , 19 - 46 pp., t a b l e s . Mimeo.
P r o p o s e d s t a n d a r d s f o r community d e s i g n and o p e r a t i o n ,
i n c l u d i n g s o c i a l , r e c r e a t i o n a l and e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l -
i t i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o work, s h o p p i n g and t o u r b a n
f a c i l i t i e s generally. Standards f o r design of s t r u c t u r e
and s i t e i n c l u d e d .

39 The Codes o f P r a c t i c e Committee f o r C i v i l Engineering,

P u b l i c W o r k s and B u i l d i n g , M i n i s t r y o f W o r k s . British
S t a n d a r d Code o f P r a c t i c e CPs 1944:. I n t e r i m Code o f
F u n c t i o n a l R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r D w e l l i n g s and Schools.
Chapter K A ) , Daylight". London: B r i t i s h Standards
I n s t i t u t i o n , 1 9 4 4 , 38 pp., d i a g r a m s , c h a r t s .
D e a l s with the o v e r r i d i n g f u n c t i o n a l requirements.
P r o v i d e s g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s under the f o l l o w i n g
h e a d i n g s : S t a n d a r d s , D e s i g n s and S i t i n g o f B u i l d i n g s .
Appendices give t a b l e s , d a y l i g h t f a c t o r p r o t r a c t o r s .

40. , Op. c i t . C h a p t e r I I I , P r e c a u t i o n a g a i n s t
N o i s e, London: I B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t i o n , 1944,
17 pp.,- c h a r t s .
M e t h o d s o f sound i n s u l a t i o n a g a i n s t o u t d o o r and
indoor noises.
 '-9%

41. , B r i t i s h Standard Code of P r a c t i c e CPS: 1945;

Code of F u n c t i o n a l Requirements of B u i l d i n g s .
Chapter 1(B), Sunlight," Houses, F l a t a and Schools
Only. London: B r i t i s h Standards I n s t i t u t i o n , 1945,
6 pp., diagrams.
Recommended requirements f o r sunlight p e n e t r a t i o n
i n t o rooms f o r l a t i t u d e s comparable to those of
Great B r i t a i n .
42. Colcord, Joanna C. Your Community: I t s P r o v i s i o n f o r
Health, Education, Safety and Welfare. New York:
R u s s e l l Sage Foundation, 1941, 261 pp., i l l u s .
Comprehensive survey questions f o r examination of
housing, planning and zoning. Health care, r e c r e a t i o n ,
education and other f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s .
43. Connecticut State Department of Health. P r i v a t e Water
S u p p l i e s. H a r t f o r d : The Department, undated, 27 pp.,
i l l u s . , diagrams..-
Gives p r a c t i c a l standards f o r design and l o c a t i o n ;
safety considerations, e s p e c i a l l y i n r e l a t i o n to
.location of sewage d i s p o s a l .
44 Cooley, Charles Horton. S o c i a l O r g a n i z a t i o n . New York,
S c r i b n e r ' s , 1920.
Cooley, a famous s o c i o l o g i s t of pre-war days, gave
big i n f l u e n c e to Perry's theory.
45 Dahir, James, The Neighbourhood Unit P l a n , New York, the
R u s s e l l Sage Foundation, 1947.
Dahir*s book I s the f i r s t book of studying the
neighbourhood u n i t p l a n .
46. The D e t r o i t C i t y Play Commission, 1945*
Having a system of neighbourhood that i n c l u d e s a
minor group of four neighbourhood u n i t s and a major
group of 7-10 neighbourhood u n i t s .
47- Dufton, A.F. and H.E. Beckett. "The Heliodon -- An
Instrument f o r Demonstrating.the Apparent Motion of
the Sun", J o u r n a l of S c i e n t i f i c Instruments, V o l . IX,
1932, pp. 251-56, i l l u s .
Describes method of studying i n s o l a t i o n of b u i l d i n g s
by a n a l y s i s of scale models.
 100

48. Engelhardt, N.L. "The Dover Community School", Recreation.

January, 1940,.pp. 538-41,. 582-83, plans..
D e s c r i p t i o n of school b u i l d i n g s planned f o r community
use. Also contains a statement of p r i n c i p l e s under-
l y i n g such use.
49 , Planning School B u i l d i n g Programs. New York:
Teachers College, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y , 1940, 574 PP,
i l l u s . , diagrams.
Analyzing and f o r e c a s t i n g school population,
s e l e c t i o n of s i t e s , b u i l d i n g programs and costs and
a r c h i t e c t u r a l problems.
50. and N.L. Enge.lhardt, . J r . Planning the Community
School. New York: American Book Company, 1940, 188 pp.
p l a t e s . (Adult Education S e r i e s . )
Concerned p r i m a r i l y with a r c h i t e c t u r a l aspects.
51. , and Leggett, Stanton, Planning
Elementary School B u i l d i n g s , 1953*
Analyzing elementary school b u i l d i n g s from an
educator's' view.
52. Fawcell, Charles B. A R e s i d e n t i a l Unit f o r Town and
Country Planning. B i c k l e y , Kent: U n i v e r s i t y of
London Press, 1944, 72 pp.
I n t e r e s t i n g d i s c u s s i o n and recommendations f o r
t h e . i d e a l s i z e of a community.
53' F i f e , Given Community Centres i n C a n a d a , Toronto, Ryerson
Press, 1945-
Given the standard of Canada neighbourhood park.
54 Forshaw, T.H. and P a t r i c k Abercrombie. County of London
Plan 1943. London: Macmillan and Co., L t d . , 1943,
W pp., i l l u s . , charts, diagrams.'
One of the outstanding B r i t i s h plans f o r postwar
redevelopment; emphasizes d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n .
55. Fulcomes, Edwin S. Secondary Schools as Community Centers.
New York: American A s s o c i a t i o n f o r AdultEducation,
1940, 103 pp.
One of a s e r i e s of studies on the use of school
b u i l d i n g s f o r adult and community purposes- (Teachers
College, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y ) . An e x c e l l e n t survey
of f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s that are given i n
community schools..
 101

56. Gibberd, F r e d e r i c k , Town D e s i g n , London A r c h i t e c t u r a l Press,

1953-
P r e s e n t i n g a new" h i e r a r c h y o f r e s i d e n t i a l s y s t e m -
s m a l l h o u s i n g g r o u p s , n e i g h b o u r h o o d and a c l u s t e r o f
t h r e e n e i g h b o u r h o o d s a s a community.

57. G i l b e r t H e r b e r t , The N e i g h b o u r h o o d U n i t P r i n c i p l e and

O r g a n i c T h e o r y , The S o c i o l o g i c a l E e v i e w , V o l . 11, No. 2,
New S e r i e s , J u l y I963, U n i v e r s i t y o f K e e l e .
V a r i a t i o n s of Neighbourhood u n i t analyzed.

58. G o s s , A n t h o n y , " N e i g h b o u r h o o d U n i t s i n B r i t i s h New Towns",

Town P l a n n i n g Review, A p r i l , 1961.
G o s s s A n a l y s i s o f New Town n e i g h b o u r h o o d s i n d i c a t i n g
T

t h e d i f f e r e n c e between P e r r y ' s and t h e B r i t i s h .

59* G r o p i u s , D i e S o z i o l o g i s c h e n G r u n d l a g e n d e r M i n i m a l Wohnung,
Die Fustig, 1930.
S u g g e s t i n g t a l l apartment b l o c k s f o r the c i t y .

R e b u i l d i n g Our C o m m u n i t i e s , Chicago, Paul

T h e o b a l d and Co., 1945.

60. H a n d s e l l , J o h n S. DeFacto Segregation i n the Berkeley

P u b l i c Schools, Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a , U n i f i e d School
District, 1963
An a n a l y s i s of Berkeley Public schools.

61. H a r r i s o n , D o n a l d Dex. " P l a n n i n g a g a i n s t Noise? Layout of

S t r u c t u r e s t o M i n i m i z e Sound T r a n s m i s s i o n , " - P e n c i l
P o i n t s , J a n u a r y , 1944, p p . 43-50, i l l u s .
T e c h n i c a l d i s c u s s i o n o f methods o f p r o t e c t i n g
dwellings, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n multi-family structures,
against noise.

62. Hechinger, Fred. " N e i g h b o u r h o o d S c h o o l C o n c e p t " , New Y o r k

T i m e s , June 26, 1963.
A p p l y i n g new e d u c a t i o n a l t h e o r y i n s c h o o l b u i l d i n g .

63. Hermann, Henry, C o n s t a n t i n P e r t z o f f , and E r n a H e n r y ,

"Ah O r g a n i c T h e o r y o f C i t y P l a n n i n g , A r c h i t e c t u r a l
Forum, A p r i l , 1944.
S u g g e s t i n g 500-200 f a m i l i e s as a u n i t o f s e t t l e m e n t .
 102

64. Heydecker, Wayne D. and Ernest P. Goodrich. "Sunlight and

Daylight f o r Urban Areas", Regional Survey of New York
and I t s Environs, V o l . V I I . New York: Regional Plan
A s s o c i a t i o n , 1929, pp. 142-209, i l l u s .
Performance standards f o r sunlight and d a y l i g h t
penetration.
65. Hilberseimer, L.S. The New C i t y : P r i n c i p l e s of Planning,
Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1944, 192 pp., i l l u s . , diagrams.
P r o f u s e l y i l l u s t r a t e d p h i l o s o p h i c a l d i s c u s s i o n of
c i t y planning p r i n c i p l e s ; s p e c i f i c data on o r i e n t a t i o n ,
i n s o l a t i o n and t h e i r r e l a t i o n to topography and
densities.
66. , The Nature of C i t i e s , Chicago, Paul
Theobald and C o l . 1955-
A new settlement u n i t on an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t
scale was suggested.
67. Holy, R u s s e l l A. The R e l a t i o n s h i p of C i t y Planning to
School Plant PI annlng. New York: Teachers College,
Columbia U n i v e r s i t y , 1935, 135 P P , i l l u s .
A d e t a i l e d survey and a n a l y s i s of the extent t o
which school plant planning has been i n t e g r a t e d w i t h
general c i t y planning.
68. I l l u m i n a t i n g Engineering S o c i e t y , Committee on Street and
Highway L i g h t i n g . Recommended P r a c t i c e of Street
L i g h t i n g . New York: The Society, 1940, 36 pp., charts,
tables.
69. I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i t y Managers' A s s o c i a t i o n , I n s t i t u t e f o r
draining i n Municipal Administration, Municipal Fire .
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Chicago: The I n s t i t u t e , 1946, 667 pp.,
charts.
Text f o r i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g of f i r e department
o f f i c e r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , containing chapters on:
(3) o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r f i r e p r o t e c t i o n , (6) department
b u i l d i n g s and.equipment, (7) d i s t r i b u t i o n of equipment
and personnel, (S) f i r e alarm s i g n a l i n g systems.
 103

70. Isaace, Reginald. "Are Urban Neighbourhoods P o s s i b l e ? "

Journal of Housing, July-August, 1948
"The Neighbourhood Theory", Journal of
The American I n s t i t u t e of Planners, Spring, 1948'
" F r o n t i e r s of Housing Research the
Neighbourhood Concept i n Theory and A p p l i c a t i o n "
l a n d Economics, " V o l . 25, February, 1949'
A most c r i t i c a l review of Perry's neighbourhood
theory.
71. Kincheloe, Samuel C. The Imerican C i t y and I t s Church.
New York? Friendship Press, 1938, 177 P P , charts,
maps.
An a n a l y s i s of s o c i a l , economic and p h y s i c a l
s t r u c t u r e of the c i t y , the e f f e c t s of the church and
the l a t t e r ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n to urban l i v i n g .
72. Lautner, Harold W. S u b d i v i s i o n Regulations. Chicago?
P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n S e r v i c e , 1941, 346 pp.,.tables,
diagrams.
Useful a n a l y s i s of some 284 s u b d i v i s i o n r e g u l a t i o n s
with emphasis on standards.
73 league of Nations Health Organization. The Hygiene of
Housing, B u l l e t i n No. 4, V o l . V I . Geneva, Switzerland:
August, 1937, pp. 505-50.
Recommendations regarding the hygiene of environ-
mental conditions i n the d w e l l i n g and concerning
noise and housing.
74 LeGraw, Charles S., J r . , and Wilbur S. Smith. Zoning
A p p l i e d to Parking." Saugatuck, Conn.: The Eno
Foundation f o r Highway T r a f f i c C o n t r o l , 1947, 47 pp.,
charts, t a b l e s .
Comparative study of various zoning p r o v i s i o n s f o r
parking. Gives valuable information on p r a c t i c e s i n
zoning f o r parking and on p h y s i c a l requirements of
facilities.
75 Liepmann, Kate K. The Journey to Work. London: K. Paul,
Trench, Trubner & Co., L t d . , 1944, 194 P P , maps.
A c a r e f u l t e c h n i c a l a n a l y s i s of community h a b i t s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n England, but with some reference t o
experience elsewhere. Includes d e t a i l e d study of
wartime p r a c t i c e s at some B r i t i s h manufacturing p l a n t s .
 104

76. Los Angeles, C a l i f o r n i a . Comprehensive Z o n i n g P l a n ,

O r d i n a n c e No. 90,500. L o s A n g e l e s ! P a r k e r & C o l . 1946,
96 p p .
Comprehensive z o n i n g o r d i n a n c e a n d map, n o t a b l e f o r
i t s provisions f o roff-street parking.

77* Low, T h e o d o r e L . The Museum a s a S o c i a l I n s t r u m e n t . New

Y o r k ! Committee on E d u c a t i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n
o f M u s e u m s , " M e t r o p o l i t a n Museum o f A r t , 1942, 70 pp.,
bibliography.
A s t u d y o f t h e p l a c e o f t h e museum i n t h e community
i t s use as a s o c i a l - e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t r u m e n t .

78. M a r g o l d , S t e l l a K. H o u s i n g A b r o a d up t o W o r l d V a r I I .
Cambridge, M a s s . ! M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y ,
D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , 1942, 314 p p . Mimeo.
A n a l y s i s o f housing, p a r t i c u l a r l y procedures f o r
p l a n n i n g , c o n t r o l l i n g and f i n a n c i n g g r o u p h o u s i n g i n
E u r o p e , w i t h b r i e f c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h U.S.

79 Mayer, A l b e r t a n d J u l i a n W h i t t l e s e y . " H o r s e Sense P l a n n i n g ,

I I " , A r c h i t e c t u r a l Forum, December, 1943, p p . 77-82,
illus.
S h o p p i n g c e n t e r i n r e l a t i o n t o t r a f f i c and consumer
accessibility.

80. M i n e r v i n , G e o r g i . "Recent Development i n Soviet Archit-

ecture. Progressive Architecture, June 1961.

81. M i n n e s o t a Department o f H e a l t h , D i v i s i o n o f S a n i t a t i o n ,
Manual o f Water Supply S a n i t a t i o n . S t . P a u l : The
D i v i s i o n , 1941, r e v . 1943*
General information and p r i n c i p l e s pertaining to
ground water.

32. Morrow, C. E a r l . "Community S h o p p i n g C e n t e r s " , A r c h i t e c t u r a l

R e c o r d , J u n e , 1940, p p . 99-120, i l l u s . , map, p l a n s ,
t a b l e s , diagrams.
Analysis of factors a f f e c t i n g design of l o c a l
shopping c e n t e r s , w i t h examples.

83. N a t i o n a l Board o f F i r e U n d e r w r i t e r s . Standard Schedule

f o r G r a d i n g C i t i e s and Towns o f t h e U.S. w i t h R e f e r e n c e
to t h e i r F i r e Defense and P h y s i c a l C o n d i t i o n s . New
Y o r k : The B o a r d , 1942, 78 p p .
I n d i c a t e s r e l a t i v e importance o f v a r i o u s conditions
and equipment w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o o r d i m i n i s h f i r e
hazard.
 105

84. N a t i o n a l Council on School House Construction. Guide f o r

Planning School P l a n t s , 1958.
Gives the c r i t e r i a f o r school planning.
85. National Recreation A s s o c i a t i o n . Play Space i n New
Neighbourhoods. New York: The A s s o c i a t i o n , 1939, 23 pp.
A b r i e f summary of p r i n c i p l e s , recommendations and
general standards f o r r e c r e a t i o n areas, and t h e i r
r e l a t i o n s h i p t o housing and neighbourhood.
86. . , Schedule f o r the A p p r a i s a l of Community
Recreation, New York: 1944, 31 pp. Mimeo.
Recreation standards and scoring system f o r land and
water areas, b u i l d i n g s and indoor f a c i l i t i e s .
87. - , Standards: Playgrounds, P l a y f i e l d s ,
Recreation B u i l d i n g s , "Indoor Recreation F a c i l i t i e s .
New York: The A s s o c i a t i o n , 1943, 16 pp.
Recommended standards f o r various types of a c t i v e
r e c r e a t i o n areas and f a c i l i t i e s .
88. N a t i o n a l Safety C o u n c i l . C r i t i c a l Speeds at B l i n d I n t e r -
s e c t i o n s . Chicago: The Council, 1940, 8 pp. Mimeo.
( P u b l i c Safety Memo No. 73.)
. Standards f o r speed r e g u l a t i o n s i n r e l a t i o n to
sight distances.
89. New York C i t y Noise Abatement Commission. C i t y Noise.
New York: The Commission, 193, 12 f 308 pp., i l l u s . ,
maps, t a b l e s .
D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of the measurementof noise,
i t s e f f e c t on people and some means of c o n t r o l l i n g i t .
90. New York State Department of Commerce. S u b d i v i s i o n
C o n t r o l A Step Toward Better Communities. Albany:
1946, 35 PP-
Manual of s u b d i v i s i o n r e g u l a t i o n s with suggested
model ordinances.
91. New York State D i v i s i o n of Housing. Recommended Standards
f o r P u b l i c Housing P r o j e c t s , Albany: State of New York
Executive Department, 1942, 13 pp.
Standards r e l a t i v e t o s i t e , nondwelling f a c i l i t i e s ,
r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s and dwelling u n i t s .
 1C6

92. N i c h o l a s , R. C i t y o f Manchester P l a n . Norwich and London:

J a r r o l d & Sons, L t d . , 1945* 273 pp., i l l u s . , charts.,,
diagrams.
I n c l u d e s d e t a i l e d standards on d e n s i t i e s and a l l
r e s i d e n t i a l neighbourhood development a s p e c t s .
Although i t deals mainly with B r i t i s h experience, i t
o f f e r s most u s e f u l d a t a .

93* P e r r y , C l a r e n c e A r t h u r . Housing f o r the Machine Age.

New Y o r k : R u s s e l l Sage F o u n d a t i o n , 1939, 261 pp.,
illus.
The problems i n p l a n n i n g neighbourhoods -- e s p e c i a l l y
d i r e c t e d toward a p p l i c a t i o n o f theneighbourhood
concept t o d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s .

94- _ "The Neighbourhood U n i t " , R e g i o n a l

Survey o f New Y o r k and I t s E n v i r o n s . V o l . V I I . New
Y o r k : R e g i o n a l P l a n A s s o c i a t i o n , 1929, pp. 22-140,
illus.
Emphasizes neighbourhood concept i n r e f e r e n c e t o
urban p l a n n i n g o r r e p l a n n i n g .
95 P i m l o t t , J.A.R., Toynbee H a l l - 50 Y e a r s o f S o c i a l Progress.
London, Dent, 1935

96. and M a r g u e r i t e P. W i l l i a m s . New York

S c h o o l Centers and t h e i r Community P o l i c y . New Y o r k :
R u s s e l l Sage F o u n d a t i o n , 1931, 7'8 pp., i l l u s . , c h a r t s .
The s c h o o l i n " t h e community, i t s " u s e f o r e x t r a -
c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s and s e r v i c e s ; e s p e c i a l l y d i r e c t e d
to t h e New York s c h o o l s .

97. Pond, M. A l l e n . "How Does Housing A f f e c t H e a l t h ? " P u b l i c

H e a l t h R e p o r t s , V o l . L X I , No. 19, May 10, 1946,
pp. 665-72. ( R e p r i n t No. 2717 from P u b l i c H e a l t h
Reports.)
C o r r e l a t i o n o f h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s and s t a n d a r d s o f
health attained.
98. Pound, G.T. " P l a n n i n g f o r D a y l i g h t " , J o u r n a l o f t h e Town
P l a n n i n g I n s t i t u t e , V o l . X X X I I I , No. 4, May-June, 1947,
pp. 93-100, diagrams.
P r i n c i p l e s o f d e n s i t y and d a y l i g h t a d m i s s i o n .
D e s c r i p t i o n o f " d a y l i g h t p r o t r a c t o r s " recommended f o r
use i n checking~adequacy o f s i t e p l a n s .
 107

99 P r e l i m i n a r y Comprehensive C i t y Plan of Chicago, Chicago

Plan Commission, 1946.
A f u l l pattern of c i t y development based on
neighbourhoods and group neighbourhoods.
100. Regional Plan A s s o c i a t i o n of New York. From Plan to
R e a l i t y , New York: The A s s o c i a t i o n , 1942, 69 pp. i l l u s .
Review of accomplishments i n r e g i o n a l development i n
New York area, notably i n f i e l d s of c i r c u l a t i o n and
recreation.
101. Sanders", S.E. and A.J. Rabuck. New C i t y Patterns: The
A n a l y s i s of and a Technique f o r Urban R e i n t e g r a t i o n .
New York: Reinhold P u b l i s h i n g Corp., 1946, 197 P P .
i l l u s . , diagrams.
P a r t i c u l a r l y good sections on planning o b j e c t i v e s
and on layout of neighbourhood u n i t s .
102. S c o t t , Warren J . "Municipal Refuse D i s p o s a l i n Connecticut",
Connecticut Health Bu&letin, V o l . XI, No. .6, June,
1947, pp. 151-59-
C r i t i c a l evaluation of refuse c o l l e c t i o n and d i s p o s a l
methods, e s p e c i a l l y from the p u b l i c health point of
view. Reprints a v a i l a b l e from. Connecticut State
Department of Health, H a r t f o r d .
103. Segoe, L a d i s l a s and Others. L o c a l Planning A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
Chicago: The I n s t i t u t e f o r T r a i n i n g i n M u n i c i p a l
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 1941, 684 pp., i l l u s . , t a b l e s , diagrams
forms.
A t e c h n i c a l manual on c i t y planning. Comprehensive
and d e t a i l e d .
104- S e r t , Jose L. Can Our C i t i e s Survive? Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1942, 259 pp., i l l u s . ,
diagrams.
An a n a l y s i s of urban problems, i n c l u d i n g those of
s h e l t e r , "neighbourhoods", r e c r e a t i o n , industry,.
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t r a f f i c f a c i l i t i e s . Recommendations
f o r t h e i r a n a l y s i s and s o l u t i o n s based on proposals
formulated by the Congress Internationaux d'Architecture
Moderne.
 108

105. Sexton, P a t r i c i a Cays. Education and Income: Inequal-

i t i e s i n our P u b l i c Schools. New York, The V i k i n g
Press, 1961.
Supports the neighbourhood school i d e a .
106. South A f r i c a n A r c h i t e c t u r a l Record, September and October,
1943-
A report on the e x h i b i t i o n 'Rebuilding South A f r i c a ' .
107. S t e i n , Clarence S. and Catherine Bauer. "Store B u i l d i n g s
and Neighbourhood Shopping Centers", A r c h i t e c t u r a l
Record, February, 1934, p p . 1 7 5 - ^ 7 , - i l l u s .
Standards f o r number and k i n d of* s t o r e s , space
requirements, l o c a t i o n , form and c o n t r o l s .
108. S t e i n , Clarence. Towards New Towns f o r America. L i v e r p o o l ,
U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1957.
S t e i n , a pioneer i n the a p p l i c a t i o n of Perry's
t h e o r i e s , made c e r t a i n important extensions to.the i d e a .
109. S t e i n e r , J.F. American Community i n .Action: Case Studies
of American Communities. New York: Henry Holt & Co.,
1928, 392 pp.
A good a n a l y s i s of community s t r u c t u r e and growth,
i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h 20 case s t u d i e s .
110. Stonorov, Oscar and Louis Kahn. You and Your Neighbourhood:
A Primer. New York: Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.,
1944, 9o" P P , i l l u s . , maps, diagrams.
An easy-to-read pamphlet d i r e c t e d to l a y p u b l i c ,
g i v i n g d i r e c t i o n to the replanning of neighbourhoods
by community p a r t i c i p a t i o n .
111. S t r e e t and Highway L i g h t i n g Safety Bureau. Safe S t r e e t s
at Night. New York: The Bureau, 1944, 24 P P , i l l u s . ,
charts.
S e r i e s of a r t i c l e s emphasizing incidence of t r a f f i c
deaths due to inadequately l i g h t e d s t r e e t s .
112. ' Syracuse-Onondage Post-War Planning C o u n c i l . Community
F a c i l i t i e s . Syracuse, N.Y.: 1944, unpaged, charts,
t a b l e s . Mimeo.
Standards f o r e d u c a t i o n a l , r e c r e a t i o n a l and shopping
f a c i l i t i e s , t h e i r i n t e g r a t i o n and r e l a t i o n to the
planning of r e s i d e n t i a l areas the r e s u l t of c i t i z e n
and l o c a l agency p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the formation of
"goals" r a t h e r than "standards".
 1Q9

113 Taylor Graham, Chicago Commons through Forty Years.

Chicago, 111., 1936.
Chicago Commons and other settlements have "welcomed
many church groups t o share the use of t h e i r b u i l d i n g s .
114. Tinker, M i l e s A. " I l l u m i n a t i o n Standards", American Journal
of P u b l i c Health, V o l . XXXVI, No. 9, September, 1946,
pp. 963-73.
Recommended standards f o r l i g h t i n g i n home, o f f i c e
f a c t o r y and school, -with emphasis on h e a l t h i m p l i c a t i o n s ,
115. Toledo-Lucan County Plan Commissions. Neighbourhoods
Planned f o r Good l i v i n g ; S u b d i v i s i o n Standards and
Regulations, Toledo; Tbledo-Lucan County Plan
Commissions, 1946, 37 P P , maps.
E s s e n t i a l s u b d i v i s i o n standards, recommended
r e g u l a t i o n s and suggested procedure, with I l l u s -
t r a t i o n s of poor and good s u b d i v i s i o n s .
116. Tolman, S.L. "Ground Garbage - I t s E f f e c t upon the Sewer
System, and Sewage Treatment- P l a n t " , Sewage Works
Journal , May, 1947, pp." 441-60.
A d i s c u s s i o n of operating experiences at community
garbage-grinding s t a t i o n s .
117. Urban Land I n s t i t u t e Technical B u l l e t i n No. 20, J u l y 1953.
D e f i n i n g the content of shopping centre.
118. U.S. Children's Bureau. Health and Medical Care f o r
Children. A "Preliminary Statement Submitted to the
White House Conference on' C h i l d i e n In a Democracy.
Washington, D.C.: 1940, pp. 161-206. Mimeo.
Survey of c h i l d h e a l t h progress i n c l u d i n g standards
and recommendations f o r f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s .
119. U.S. Federal Housing A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Low Rental Housing
f o r P r i v a t e Investment. Washington, D.C.; Government
P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1940, 31 P P , photos, plans, diagrams,
sketches.
S i t e and u n i t plans f o r group housing. Mention of
c i t y plan r e l a t i o n s h i p .
120. i , Planning P r o f i t a b l e Neighborhoods.
Washington, D.C.; Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 193$,
35 pp i l l u s . (Technical B u l l e t i n No. 7)
P r i n c i p l e s of good land s u b d i v i s i o n that make
neighbourhoods more d e s i r a b l e , with emphasis on good
s t r e e t l a y o u t . W e l l i l l u s t r a t e d with diagrams.
 H Q

121. , S u b d i v i s i o n Standards. Washington, D.C:

Government-Printing O f f i c e , 1939* 18 pp. ( C i r c u l a r
No. 5.)
O u t l i n e of standards required i n e l i g i b l e FHA
projects.
122. " Successful S u b d i v i s i o n s : P r i n c i p l e s of
Planning f o r Economy and P r o t e c t i o n against Neigh-
bourhood B l i g h t . "Washington, D.C: Government P r i n t i n g
O f f i c e , 1940, 29 pp.* i l l u s . , plans. (Land Planning
B u l l e t i n No." 1.)
Suggested p r i n c i p l e s of planning neighborhoods f o r
p r o f i t a b l e investment and appeal to homeowners.
123. U.S. Housing A u t h o r i t y . "Children's Outdoor Play Apparatus:
Planning Community Space and Equipment. P r e l i m i n a r y
d r a f t f o r d i s c u s s i o n purposes. Washington, D.C.:
1940* 16 pp., Mimeo.
Discusses b r i e f l y the f a c t o r s to be considered i n
p r o v i d i n g outdoor play apparatus. Gives d e t a i l e d
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r sandboxes, swings, s l i d e s , climbing
s t r u c t u r e s , e t c . Subdivided i n t o : f a m i l y use areas,
preschool areas, r e c r e a t i o n area f o r c h i l d r e n and
adults. Brief bibliography.
124. Design of Low-Rent Housing: Planning the S i t e .
Washington, D.C: 1939* 84 pp., i l l u s . , plans, sketches
Mimeo. (Revision, B u l l e t i n No. 11 on P o l i c y and
Procedure.)
P r i n c i p l e s of design, s i t e o r g a n i z a t i o n , open spaces
and p l a n t i n g .
125. S i t e Planning. Washington, D.C: 1938, 20 pp.,
Mimeo. ( B u l l e t i n No. 11 on P o l i c y and Procedure.) '
Design c r i t e r i a and standards f o r s i t e plans.
126. . S i t e S e l e c t i o n . Washington, D.C: 1939,
20 pp. Mimeo. ( B u l l e t i n No. 18 on P o l i c y and
Procedure.)
Basic f a c t o r s considered i n the s e l e c t i o n of s i t e s
f o r USHA-aided p r o j e c t s -- i n c l u d i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p to
c i t y planning, size of s i t e , t r a f f i c and other problems.
127 Technical D i v i s i o n . Design of Low-Rent Housing
P r o j e c t s : Checking L i s t f o r Development of S i t e Plans.
Washington, D.C.: June, 1939* 15 P P Mimeo.
An o u t l i n e of the Important elements i n developing
s i t e plans.
 Ill

128. U.S. N a t i o n a l Bureau of Standards. A Glossary of Housing

Terms. Compiled by Subcommittee on D e f i n i t i o n s ,
C e n t r a l Housing Committee on Research, Design and
Construction. Washington, D.C: Government P r i n t i n g
O f f i c e , 1942, -32 pp.
Very u s e f u l glossary of housing and planning terms.
129 U.S. N a t i o n a l Housing Agency. A C h e c k l i s t f o r the Review
of L o c a l S u b d i v i s i o n Controls. Washington, D.C.;
The-Agency, 1947, 43 pp. (NHA Technical S e r i e s No. 1.)
C h e c k l i s t of l e g a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r o v i s i o n s ,
and t e c h n i c a l design standards to f a c i l i t a t e review
of l o c a l s u b d i v i s i o n c o n t r o l s .
130. Federal P u b l i c Housing A u t h o r i t y . Minimum
P h y s i c a l Standards and C r i t e r i a f o r the Planning and
Design of FPHA-Aided Urban. Low-Rent Housing, Washington,
D.C.s The A u t h o r i t y , 1945, 14 pp., charts.
S p e c i f i c requirements f o r design of dwellings, s i t e
and nondwelling f a c i l i t i e s .
131. , P u b l i c Housing Design: A Review
of Experience i n Low-Rent Housing. Washington, D.C:
Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1946, 294 P P , i l l u s . , plans.
Extremely valuable p r a c t i c a l guide to design of
s i t e s , dwellings and community f a c i l i t i e s .
132. , . Standards f o r War Housing:
Excluding Temporary Housing. A r e v i s i o n of the former
standards f o r .defence housing. Washington, D.C:
The A u t h o r i t y , 1942, unpaged, i l l u s . , charts. Mimeo.
D e t a i l e d standards prescribed by FPHA as manual f o r
f i e l d workers.
133. U.S. O f f i c e of Education. P r i n c i p l e s and Procedures i n
the Organization of S a t i s f a c t o r y L o c a l School U n i t s .
Washington, D.C: Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1939,
I64 pp., charts, t a b l e s , maps. ( B u l l e t i n No. 2,
L o c a l School Units P r o j e c t . )
Considers attendance areas and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t s
and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .
134. U.S. P u b l i c Health S e r v i c e . " I n d i v i d u a l Sewage Disposal
Systems" (Recommendations of the J o i n t Committee
on Rural S a n i t a t i o n ) , P u b l i c Health Reports, V o l . L V I I I ,
No. 11, March 12, 1943, 33 pp. (Reprint No. 246I from
P u b l i c Health Reports.)
Standards f o r d i s p o s a l of domestic sewage i n areas
not served by sewer systems.
 112

135 " P u b l i c ' H e a l t h S e r v i c e D r i n k i n g Water S t a n d a r d s " ,

P u b l i c H e a l t h R e p o r t s , V o l . I X I , . N o . 1 1 , March 1 5 ,
1 9 4 5 , 31 PP-
S t a n d a r d s o f p u r i t y f o r water used i n i n t e r s t a t e
commerce and recommended f o r acceptance by s t a t e
agencies.
136. . " R u r a l W a t e r - S u p p l y S a n i t a t i o n " (Recommend-
a t i o n s o f the J o i n t Committee on R u r a l S a n i t a t i o n ) ,
P u b l i c H e a l t h R e p o r t s , Supplement No. 185, 1 9 4 5 , 5 P P -
S t a n d a r d s f o r development of i n d i v i d u a l w a t e r
supplies.

137* [' H o s p i t a l F a c i l i t i e s S e c t i o n . "The S m a l l

H e a l t h - C e n t r e H o s p i t a l " , P e n c i l P o i n t s , - June, 1 9 4 6 ,
pp. 74-76.
D e s i g n , c o s t s and j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a l o c a l health
c e n t r e and 1 0 - b e d h o s p i t a l .

138. USSR A r c h i t e c t u r e 1 1 , I96I.

V i n d i c a t i n g f i v e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s o f some 1 , 5 0 0 - 2 , 0 0 0
p o p u l a t i o n each grouped around a town c e n t r e w i t h f u l l
social f a c i l i t i e s .
139 V i l l a n e u v e , M a r c e l . ' P l a n n i n g Neighbourhood Shopping C e n t e r s ,
. New Y o r k : N a t i o n a l Committee on H o u s i n g , 1 9 4 5 , 33 P P ,
i l l u s . , diagrams.
A study o f r e t a i l t r a d e r e q u i r e m e n t s and the use
o f p u r c h a s i n g power as a y a r d s t i c k i n p l a n n i n g t o
meet them.

140. W a r r e n , R o l a n d L . , The Community i n A m e r i c a , C h i c a g o ,

Rand-McNally and Company, 1 9 6 4 .
G i v e s a d e t a i l e d , r a t i o n a l and c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s
o f the g r e a t change o f urban s o c i e t y .

141 W e b s t e r ' s Seventh New C o l l e g i a t e D i c t i o n a r y , G . and C .

M e r r i a m Company, S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s . , U . S . A . , I 9 6 3 .
142. W h e e l e r , Joseph L . and A l f r e d L . G i t h e n s . The American
P u b l i c L i b r a r y B u i l d i n g , New York? C h a r l e s S c r i b n e r ' s
Sons, 1 9 4 1 , 4 4 P P ' , i l l u s . , d i a g r a m s .
P l a n n i n g and d e s i g n o f the l i b r a r y w i t h s p e c i a l
r e f e r e n c e t o a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and s e r v i c e . P a r t s 1 and 2
c o n t a i n d a t a f o r d e t e r m i n i n g community r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
 113-

143 W r i g h t , Henry. Rehousing Urban A m e r i c a . New York: Columbia

U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1935, 173 pp. i l l u s . , p l a n s , c h a r t s ,
diagrams.
Comprehensive study o f group h o u s i n g , e s p e c i a l l y
of R e l a t i v e l y l o w - d e n s i t y group h o u s i n g . S i t e p l a n s
and f l o o r p l a n s .
144* W r i g h t , Henry M. and' R.J. Gardner-Medwin. D e s i g n o f
N u r s e r y and E l e m e n t a r y " S c h o o l s . London: A r c h i t e c t -
u r a l P r e s s , 1938, 120 pp., i l l u s . , diagrams.
P r i m a r i l y a r c h i t e c t u r a l but w i t h recommendations on
s i t e s e l e c t i o n and on r e l a t e d p l a y a r e a s .