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BIAX for MS WINDOWS

Strength Analysis
of
Reinforced Concrete Sections

By

John W. Wallace
Yasser A. Ibrahim

March 1996

INTRODUCTION
PROGRAM CAPABILITIES
REFERENCES
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
PROGRAM INSTALLATION
PROGRAM EXECUTION
PROGRAM INPUT
System
Section
Steel
Holes
Confined
Properties
Data
APPEDIX A "SECTION AND MATERIAL MODELING"
APPENDIX B "EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS"
APPENDIX C "CONCRETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS"
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Introduction.
A general purpose computer program to evaluate uniaxial and biaxial
strength and deformation characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) sections is
described. The program was developed for use on MS-DOS personal
computers and has been used extensively at the University of California for both
research and teaching purposes. Although other programs are available for
this purpose NISEE 1987, many have limitations (such as uniaxial loading), are
not available for personal computers, or are cumbersome to use. The intent of the
current upgrade is to make the program more user-friendly by introducing a graphic
interface that saves both time and effort, improve the program capacity by improving
the memory configuration, update the confined concrete models available with the
program and incorporate circular sections.

Program Capabilities.
The program computes strength and deformation characteristics based on
the assumption that plane sections remain plane after the application of loading.
Based on this assumption, the program can be used to compute strength or
moment-curvature relations for uniaxial or biaxial monotonic loading of reinforced
concrete sections. The strength can be computed for a single loading case, or
interaction diagrams can be generated (e.g. P-Mxx, P-Myy, or Mxx-Myy).

New features includes a windows version of the original FORTRAN code that is
compatible with MS Widows 3.1 and later, new memory configuration that allows the
program to utilize all the available extended memory and a feature to plot all the
output files such as P-M diagrams and moment-curvature diagrams.

Nonlinear material models are used for both the reinforcing steel and the concrete.
The model for the stress-strain behavior of the reinforcing steel is versatile,
allowing relations that closely approximate experimentally observed behavior.
Models for the concrete stress-strain behavior include. Sheikh and Uzumeri
(1982), and Yong et al. (1988) relations. A stress-strain relationship for unconfined
and confined masonry and user defined stress-strain relationships are also
incorporated. The relationship suggested by Vecchio and Collins (1986) is used
to describe the stress-strain relation for concrete in tension. The tensile strength
of the concrete beyond the rupture stress may be included or neglected.

The current upgrade includes Saatcioglu and Razvi Model for both normal and high
strength concrete (1995), Tanaka, Park and Li (1994) and Mander, Priestly and Park
(1988). Presently, the program allows seven stress-strain diagrams for concrete
(unconfined and confined), and four relations for reinforcing steel (for any given
problem). The current upgrade has the capability of analyzing circular cross-sections
and non-linear strain distribution for both steel and concrete in tension. To make the
program even easier to use, new default options for steel were added.

The RC section is described as a combination of subsections; therefore, the

program allows easy generation of T, L, circular or barbell shaped sections. The
program user specifies a mesh for each subsection. An iterative procedure
(simple bisection algorithm) is used to obtain a solution for the prescribed problem.
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The CAL/SAP library of subroutines (developed by E. L. Wilson at the University of

California at Berkeley) is used to read the data from the input file. The subroutines
allow the use of free-form input which facilitates the task of creating an input data
file.

Referances
Hognestad, E. (1951) " A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced
Concrete Members" University of Illinois Engineering Experimental Station, Bulletin
Series No. 399. November 1951, 128 pp.

NISEE: National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering (1987) "Computer

Software for Earthquake Engineeing," Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
University of California at Berkeley, June 1987

Park, R., Priestley M. J. N.,Gill, W. D. (1982) "Ductility of Square Confined

Concrete Columns" Journal of the Structural Division" ASCE, Vol. 108, No. ST4,
April 1982, pp. 929-950

Saenz, L. P. (1964), "Equations for the Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete," ACI Journal
Proceedings, Vol. 61, No. 22, September 1964, pp.1229-1235.

Sheikh, S. A., Uzumeri, S. M. (1982), "Analytical Model Concrete Confinement in

Tied Columns," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. ST12, pp.
2703-2722.

Vecchio, F. J., Collins, M. P. (1986), "The Modified Compression-Field Theory for

Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear, ACI Journal, Vol. 83 No. 2,
March-April 1986, pp.219-231.

Yong, Y. K., Nour, M. G., Nawy, E. G. (1988), "Behavior of Laterally Confined High-
Strength Under Axial Loads," ASCE Structural Journal, Vol. 114, No. 2, Feb. 1988,
pp. 332-351.

Mander, J. B., Priestly, J. N., Park, R. (1988), "Theoritical Stress-Strain Model for
Confined Concrete," ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 8,
August, 1988, pp. 1804-1826

Tanaka, H., Park, R., Li, B. (1994), "Confining Effects on The Stress-Strain Behavior
of High- Strength Concrete," Second US-Japan-New Zealand-Canada Multilateral
Meeting on Structural Performance of High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions,
Honolulu, Hawaii, 29 November-1 December 1994

System Requirement
- IBM or 100% compatible
- Intel 486 CPU or higher
- MS Windows 3.1 or later
- 7 MB of free disk space
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Program Installation
To install the program, the user will need PKZIP 2.04 or later (preferably WINZIP
6.0).

1- Unzip the contents of the disks titled DLL.ZIP and VBX.ZIP to your system
directory. ( that is x: where
x is your hard drive ).
2- Unzip the contents of the disk titled BIAX.ZIP to the directory of your choice.

Warning: Do NOT overwrite any pre-existing files in your system directory

Program Execution
Double click the program called BIAXW2.EXE, the main window appears with the
main menu. Following is the menu items and the corresponding functions.

Menu Item Function

About Gives general information about the program
Input Invokes the text editor
Run Invokes analysis program and prompts the user to
the data file name. During execution, the program
displays messages indicating the analysis progress
Plot Gives different plotting options
Help Provides online help
Exit Terminates the program
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Several output files are created by the program. they are explained in the following
table

(1) Filename.out Output file of program EXECUTION including

Calculated results.

(2) Filename.dat File for plotting the P-M diagrams (P-M analysis)
Column (1) X-moment, Mxx
Column (2) Axial load, P
Column (3) Y-moment, Myy
Column (4) Curvature, ec/d

Column (5) Maximum steel tensile strain

(3) Filename.dbg Debug file
(4) Conc.dat Concrete material stress-strain
Column (1) Concrete Strain
Column (2) Unconfined Stress
Column (3) Confined Stress
Column (4) Tensile Stress
(5) Steel.dat Steel material stress-strain
Column (1) Steel Strain
Column (2) Type 1 Steel Stress
Column (3) Type 2 Steel Stress
(6) Mesh.dat Concrete element coordinates
(7) Sects.dat Steel bar coordinates for plotting check of input file
(8) Sectc.dat Concrete section corner coordinates for plotting check of
input file
(9) Checkx.dat Non-linear strain distribution along x-axis
(10) Checky.dat Non-linear strain distribution along y-axis
(11) Strx.dat Strain distribution factor for each bar along x-axis
(12) Stry.dat Strain distribution factor for each bar along y-axis

By using the plot menu,the input file can be checked for errors by plotting the stress-
strain diagrams for both concrete and steel, the cross section and the generated
mesh.
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The program calculates section properties. Inertias (Ixx, Iyy and Ixy) are calculated
for both the neutral axis location and the global midpoint of all the sections defined.
The moments are given about the midpoint because it is easy for the user to locate.
For circular cross section, the midpoint is alway at the origin (i.e. point (0,0)).

A batch file is provided to delete output files created by the BIAX program. Use the
file EAT.BAT and the input filename to delete the files created by the program
(execute by typing EAT followed by the filename, e.g. EAT EX1)

Program Input
The following several pages describe the input data file requirements for the BIAX
program. The input file is separated into eight blocks.Separators are used within the
input file to specify the location of the eight data blocks. The separators may appear
in any order. The separators and the information obtained within each data block are
described in the following table.

SEPERATOR DESCRIPTION OF DATA BLOCK

SYSTEM Data block to define global analysis parameters.
SECTION Data block to define rectangular subsections that make up the
R.C. section.
STEEL Data block to define location, area, and type of steel reinforcing
bars.
HOLES Data block to define any holes (voids) that may exist in R.C.
section.
CONFINED Data block to define portions of the R.C. section that are
confined.
STRAIN Data block to define the non-linear strain distribution
PROPERTIES Data block to define material properties for the reinforceing
steel and concrete.
DATA Data block to define the parameters for the solution or solutions
desired.

NOTES:

(1) For the analysis of a simple unconfined R.C. section, only data blocks (2), (3),(6)
and (7) are required. All the parameters for the SYSTEM data block
have default values, and therefore, this block is not required in this
case.
(2) The only required data block is SECTION. If only this data block is
specified, the program will compute the section properties (Area, Inertia,
etc).

(3) In the CAL/SAP subroutines a colon is used to denote the end of data input
for each line. Comment statements are allowed following the use of a colon.

(4) The following pages describe the input file requirements for each data
block.
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System Input
Data block used to specify global analysis parameters.

Line 1 D= i,j,k i,j,k=0 no debug messages (default)

i,j,k =1 debug messages given for different options within
the program
U= 1 Input specified in data file (default)
0 Interactive input
T= 0 No generation of P-M surface (default)
1 Generation of P-M surface
2 Generation of p-m surface (dimensionless)
R= 0 Area of bars specified
R Where R= steel ratio for section
S= 0 Automatic itereation
1 Interactive iteration
P= 0 (Default)
1 Plot material stress--strain relations
E= 0 (Default)
1 Limit maximum concrete strain so rebar does not fracture
2 Do not allow rebar to fracture
TOL= # Tolerence of convergence to specified axial load [0.001]
C= 0 If rebar is located within both confined and unconfined
concrete then the program will search to determine type
of concrete closest to each rebar (to subtract off concrete
area taken up by steel).
1 If all concrete at rebar is unconfined
2 If all concrete at rebar is confined
M= 0 Default
1 Rotate entire section by 180 degrees For non-symmetric
section to change location of compression zone. See Fig.
A-5 for the definition of the compression reference point.
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Section Input
Data block used to specify RC section geometry and mesh.

Line 1 to END One line for each subsection defining the complete R.C.
section. NS is the total number of sections
I= The section # in sequential order (e.g. 1,2,3, etc)
S= Section type S=1 for rectangular section
HI = Length of section in the I-direction
HJ = Length of section in the J-direction
N1 = # of elements in the I-direction (Default = 1)
N2 = # of elements in the J-direction (Default = 1)
X= X Starting location for bottom left corner of rectangle
Y= Y Starting location for bottom left corner of rectangle
A= angle, Xr,Yr
Angle = (0-360 degrees) to rotate about point Xr, Yr.
A positve angle represents counterclockwise rotation.
Xr,Yr = Point to rotate section about (default = 0,0).
See note (1).
OR
S= 2 for circular section
R= Radius
NR = Number of rings
NP = Number of poles
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE

NOTE:
(1) By using the 'A=' option it is possible to create all sections in a global X, Y
coordinate system, and rotate them to an arbitrary position. Slight overlapping of
sections will occur at points where sections that are rotated are ``attached'' to
sections that are not rotated. Xr and Yr define global coordinates about which to
rotate the section. The 'A=' option defaults to the previous specified value ('A=0,0,0'
to stop section rotation).
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Steel Input
Data block used to specify reinforcing bar information.

Line 1 to END nbar Bar number

X= X-ccordinate
Y= Y-coordinate
A= area of the reinforcing bar
T= steel type (two types allowed)
G= i bar #, j bar #, bar increment #
For linear generation of reinforcing bars between bars
i and j, at the specified bar increment. For example,
G=1,5,1 generates bars 2, 3, and 4 at equal increments
( ) between bars 1 and 5.
R= Angle, Xr, Yr
Where: angle is the angle of rotation in degrees (0-360)
and Xr, Yr is the center of rotation. A positive angle
bars will be rotated until 'R=0,0,0' is specified.
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE

NOTES:
(1) nbar must begin each line

(2) scalar multiples can be used on any term except nbar, e.g. X=10*12 or X=25/12

(3) the default value for 'A' is the previously specified value.

(4) area of bar can be omitted if 'R=' is specified in SYSTEM data block.

(5) bar increment # defaults to [1]

(6) values for nbar need not be sequential or continous. This provides an easy means
to add or delete bars without renumbering.

(7) When the 'R=' option is used, all rebar specified on subsequent lines will also be
rotated. To deactivate this option use 'R=0,0,0'.
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Holes Input
Data block used to specify holes or voids in RC section.

Line 1 to END i,j,inc i element # for first element

j element # for last element
inc element increment for generation (default=1)
OR i, F= i,inum,jnum,iinc,jinc
i first element for frontal generation
inum number of elements in i-direction
jnum number of elements in j-direction
iinc element increment for i-direction
jinc element increment for j-direction
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE

NOTES:

(1) A line to specify values for confined concrete is required; however, it may be a left
blank when confined concrete is not required.

(2) The only values required for the reinforcing steel are the yield stress, and the
initial modulus. If only these values are specified, an elasto-plastic steel stress-strain
is assumed.

(3) The relation suggested by Vecchio and Collins [ACI Journal, Vol. 83 No. 2,
March-April 1986.] is used to describe the stress-strain for concrete in tension.

(4) Unconfined and confined concrete masonry based on work done at the University
of Colorado.

(5) A maximum of 150 points can be used to define the user defined stress-strain
relations (fewer than 150 points may be used). Terminate the user defined stress-
strain relations with a blank line, followed by a line (or lines) defining the
reinforcing steel properties.
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Data Input
Line 1 to end EC= Extreme fiber strain for concrete
A= Neutral axis angle desired (defined from global X-axis)
P= Axial load desired
PHI= Phi factor to apply to produce design P-M interacion
curve (default=1.0)
N= Number of points used to compute the P-M interaction
diagram (default = 11)
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE

NOTES:

(1) This data block is not required when interactive input is specified.

(2) If generating P-M surface only 'EC=' and 'A=' need to be specified once, 'P=' is
not required (and will be ignored if specified).

(3) If P-M surface is not being generated, use as many lines as necessary to define
the desired solutions. For moment-curvature analyses specify as many values of
extreme fiber compressive strain (monotonic) as desired.

(4) 'EC=' (compression reference point) is the point on the section furthest from the
neutral axis (at angle specified). See Fig. A.5.

(5) For P < 0.10, the Phi factor is determined by using linear interpolation between
the specified phi factor and 0.9 (at P=0). [Note: Pb is not considered].
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Confined Concrete Input

Data block used to specify location (elements) of confined concrete.

Line 1 to END i,j,inc i element # for first element

j element # for last element
inc element increment for generation (default=1)
OR i, F= i,inum,jnum,iinc,jinc
i first element for frontal generation
inum number of elements in i-direction
jnum number of elements in j-direction
iinc element increment for i-direction
jinc element increment for j-direction
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE
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Properties Input
Data block used to specify material properties.

UNCONFINED CONCRETE AND MASONARY REALTIONS

Line 1 Unconfined concrete properties

I= 1, for modified Kent-Park or Sheikh-Uzumeri (default)
FC= Peak compressive stress
E1= Strain at peak compressive stress
E2= E50u strain (Modified Kent--Park) Note: E2 does not need to be
if Fc is specified in units KSI (kips per square inch.)
FR= FR,I; where FR is the rupture stress and I=1 includes the effects of
tension stiffening, See Note (1). Default: I=0, no tension stiffening
OR
Line 1 Unconfined concrete properties
I= 2, High-Strength Concrete (Yong's Model)
FC=
E= Modulus of elasticity
FR= FR,I; where FR is the rupture stress and I=1 includes the effects of
tension stiffening, See Note (1). Default: I=0, no tension stiffening
OR
Line 1 Unconfined masonary properties
I= 3, Masonary
FM= Peak compressive stress

E1= Strain at peak compressive stress

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

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Line 1 Unconfined concrete properties

I= 5, Saatciglu and Razvi (Normal Strength Concrete)
FC= Peak compressive stress
E1= Strain at peak compressive stress(Saatcioglu and Razvi) Note: E2
does not need to be specified if Fc is specified in KSI units KSI
E2= E85u strain (Saatcioglu and Razvi) Note: E2 does not need to be
if Fc is specified in units KSI (kips per square inch.)
FR= FR,I; where FR is the rupture stress and I=1 includes the effects of
tension stiffening, See Note (1). Default: I=0, no tension stiffening
OR
Line 1 Unconfined concrete properties
I= 6, Saatciglu and Razvi (High Strength Concrete)
FC= Peak compressive stress
E1= Strain at peak compressive stress(Saatcioglu and Razvi) Note: E2
does not need to be specified if Fc is specified in KSI units KSI
E2= E85u strain (Saatcioglu and Razvi) Note: E2 does not need to be
if Fc is specified in units KSI (kips per square inch.)
FR= FR,I; where FR is the rupture stress and I=1 includes the effects of
tension stiffening, See Note (1). Default: I=0, no tension stiffening

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

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CONFINED CONCRETE AND MASONARY REALTIONS

Line 2 Confined concrete properties (must be specified - See note(1))

I= 1, for modified Kent-Park or Sheikh-Uzumeri (default)
FC= Peak compressive stress
E1= Strain at peak compressive stress
E2= E50u +E50h strain (Modified Kent--Park) or stain for 1/2 of drop
from fcmax to fcmin from E1 (or E3 if specified)
E3= Yield strain plateau (Default=E1, no plateau)
FR= Rupture stress
FM= Minimum compressive stress at high strain
OR
I= 1, for Modified Kent-Park
FC= Peak Unconfined compressive stress (ksi)
E1= Strain at peak unconfined compressive stress
S= Spacing of transverse reinforcing (inches)
H= Dimension of confined core (inches)
RHO= Transverse steel volumetric reinforcing ratio
FY= Yield stress of transverse steel (KSI)
FR= Rupture stress

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

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CONFINED CONCRETE AND MASONARY REALTIONS

Line 2 Confined concrete properties (must be specified - See note(1))

I= 2, for High Strength Concrete (Yong's Model)
FC= Peak compressive stress
FY= Yield stress of longitudinal reinforcement
FM= Factor multiplied by peak compressive stress to give the minimum
compressive stress at high strain
RL= Longitudinal volumetric reinforcing ratio
RP= Transverse volumetric reinforcing ratio
FR= Rupture stress

Line 3 N= Number of longitudinal reinforcing bars

D= Diameter of longitudinal reinforcing bars
DT= Diameter of lateral (transverse) bars
H= Length of one side of the transverse tie
S= Spacing of the transverse steel

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

CONFINED CONCRETE AND MASONARY REALTIONS

Line 2 Confined concrete properties (must be specified - See note(1))
I= 5, for Saatcioglu and Razvi (Normal Strength Concrete)
X= NX, AX where NX= number of tensverse reinforcing bars in the X-
direction and AX=area of one transverse reinforcing bar in the x-direction
Y= NY, AY where NY= number of tensverse reinforcing bars in the Y-
direction and AY=area of one transverse reinforcing bar in the Y-direction
B1= BXG,BXN where LXG=length of transverse bar in the X-direction
BXN=clear confined dimension in the X-direction
B2= BYG,BYN where BYG=length of transverse bar in the Y-direction
BYN=clear confined dimension in the Y-direction
FYT= Yield stress of longitudinal reinforcement
FM= Factor multiplied by peak compressive stress to give the minimum
compressive stress at high strain
S= Spacing of transverse steel
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE
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CONFINED CONCRETE AND MASONARY REALTIONS

Line 2 Confined concrete properties (must be specified - See note(1))
I= 6, for Saatcioglu and Razvi (High Strength Concrete)
X= NX, AX where NX= number of tensverse reinforcing bars in the X-
direction and AX=area of one transverse reinforcing bar in the x-direction
Y= NY, AY where NY= number of tensverse reinforcing bars in the Y-
direction and AY=area of one transverse reinforcing bar in the Y-direction
B1= BXG,BXN where LXG=length of transverse bar in the X-direction
BXN=clear confined dimension in the X-direction
B2= BYG,BYN where BYG=length of transverse bar in the Y-direction
BYN=clear confined dimension in the Y-direction
FYT= Yield stress of longitudinal reinforcement
FM= Factor multiplied by peak compressive stress to give the minimum
compressive stress at high strain
S= Spacing of transverse steel
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

Line 2 Confined concrete masonary properties (must be specified - See note(4))

I= 3, for confined concrete masonary
FM= Factor multiplied by peak compressive stress to give the minimum
compressive stress at high strain
E1= Peak concrete masonary compressive stress
R= Transverse steel volumetric reinforcing ratio
S= Vertical spacing of confinement combs
H= Width of confined core
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

USER DEFINED CONCRETE STRESS-STRAIN

Line 1 User defined stress-strain relationship
I= 4, for user defined relations See Note (5)
Line 2 strain, fcunconfined, fcconfined, ft
: :
Line 150 strain, fcunconfined, fcconfined, ft
REINFORCING STEEL RELATIONS
line 3 to 7 Reinforcement steel properties
FY= Yield stress
FU= Ultimate stress (def. = FY)
FF= Failure stress (def. = FY)
E1= Strain for onset of strain hardening (def.=10%)
E2= Strain at stress FU (def.=10%)
E3= Strain at stress FF (def.=10%)
E= Modulus of elasticicty
ET= Initial modulus of elasticity for strain hardening region
(def.=0)
OR
Line 1 SY= 1 for design grade 60 steel
2 for probable steel stress-strain
3 for strain hardening steel stress-strain
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE
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Appendix A

SECTION AND MATERIAL MODELING

Modeling capabilites for the materials and section geometry are described.
Section definition is described first, followed by available material stress-strain
relationships

R.C. Section Modeling

Material Modeling
Solution Reference Angle
Solution Reference Point
Solution Scheme.
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Reinforced Concrete Section Modeling

The modeling of rectangular reinforced concrete sections is accomplished by
subdividing the section into elements. Fig. (A.1) presents a beam cross-section,
and a possible mesh. The mesh of elements is defined by specifying the number of
elements in each of the principal directions of the section. For more complicated
sections, such as T-Beams or walls with boundary elements, several rectangular
sections can be used to describe the element geometry (Fig. (A.2)). A
reference point on each section (I=0,J=0) is used to define the starting location ( XS ,
YS ) of each section (Fig. A.2) in the global (X,Y) coordinate system. The elements
are numbered in the i-direction from left to right, for each layer in the j-direction
(Fig. A.2). The location of reinforcing is defined by specifying coordinates in the
global coordinate system (X,Y).

Fig. A.1 Beam Cross Section Modeling

Fig. A.2 T-Beam Cross Section Modeling

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Material Modeling
The program allows stress-strain curves for unconfined and confined concrete
and concrete masonry. In addition, a user defined stress-strain curve may be
specified.

The concrete stress-strain behavior can be described by either the modified Kent
and Park model (Park et al. (1982)), the Sheikh and Uzumeri model (1982) (Fig.
(A.3)), or the Saatcioglu and Razvi Model (1995). The initial portion of the stress-
relation is described by a second-degree parabolic shape. The relation suggested by
Hognestad (1951) is used in this program.

CONFINED W/PLATEAU
COMPRESSIVE STRESS (KSI)

UNCONFINED

CONFINED W/O
PLATEAU

STRAIN
Fig. A.3 Example Concrete Stress-Strain Relations

A relationship for rectilinearly confined high-strength concrete is also available.

The relationships developed by Yong, Nour, and Nawy (1988) are used, and are
based on experimental studies of twenty-four columns with compressive strength
ranging between 12.13 and 13.56 ksi. The columns were subjected to axial loads
only. Experimental studies of rectilinearly confined high-strength columns under
combined axial load and uniaxial bending have been conducted by Thomsen and
Wallace at Clarkson University to evalaute relations for more typical loadings.

Relationships for unconfined and confined concrete masonry have recently been
incorporated. The relationships are based on work done at the University of
Colorado.
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The stress-strain model for the reinforcing steel allows a bilinear curve, or the
consideration of strain hardening effects (Fig. (A.4)). The strain hardening curve is
defined by the initial slope of the stress-strain curve at the onset of strain
hardening, the ultimate stress and strain, and the fracture stress and strain. The
equations describing the relationship are based on the equation presented by Saenz
(1964). Care must be exercised when using the strain hardening curve because
the relationship used to produce the curve is sensitive. It is suggested to always plot
the material stress-strain curves to ensure they are reasonable.

NO YIELD PLATEAU

YIELD PLATEAU W/STRAIN HARDENING

ELASTO-PLASTIC
STRESS (KSI)

STRAIN
Fig. A.4 Example Steel Stress-Strain Relations
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Solution Reference Angle

The solution is computed with respect to the global X-axis. Therefore, a user
specified angle of zero (0.0) coincides with the global X-axis. Angles other than
zero (0 to 90 degrees) are measured counterclockwise from the global X-axis (Fig.
A.5).

Fig. A.5 Solution Referance Parameters

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Solution Reference Point

The analysis of the R.C. section is based on a user specified extreme fiber
concrete compressive strain. The location of the compression reference point is
determined by the program to be the point furthest on the defined section
perpendicular to the defined orientation of the neutral axis in the positive Y
direction (Fig. A.5).

Fig. A.5 Solution Referance Parameters

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Solution Scheme
The strain at the centerline of each element is computed from the reference
point strain assuming plane sections remain plane after loading. The axial load is
computed as the sum for all elements (the elements are defined by the specified
mesh) of the element stress times the element area. The moments (X-direction and
Y-direction) are computed as the product of the element axial force and the
perpendicular distance to a line through the geometric centroid of the concrete
section parallel to the specified orientation of the neutral axis.

The accuracy of a given solution is determined in part by the number of elements

used to model a cross section. The user should verify that the mesh refinement is
adequate.

Appendix B

Examples and Applications

Fifteen examples are presented to facilitate program use and detail program
applications. No detailed calculations were made to determine precise values for the
material property variables. The intent of the examples is to detail program options.

Example 1 "COLUMN w/ Unconfined Concrete P-M Interaction Diagram"

Example 2 "COLUMN w/ Unconfined and Confined Concrete Moment-Curvature
Analysis"
Example 3 "Shear Wall w/ Confined Boundary Elements"
Example 4 "L-Section Rotated 30 degrees - Unconfined Concrete"
Example 5 "High-Strength Column With Confined Concrete
Example 6 "Masonary Column With Confined Masonary"
Example 7 "T-Beam w/ Unconfined Concrete"
Example 8 "Column w/ unconfined Concrete"
Example 9
 Pgina 25 de 51

Example 1
Compute the P-M interaction diagram for the section shown below. Grade 60
elasto-plastic steel and fc' = 4 ksi are used.

Fig. B.1 Example 1: Column Cross Section

Example 1: COLUMN w/ Unconfined Concrete P-M Interaction Diagram - Based on
Design Steel stress-strain
SYSTEM:
T=1 E=1 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T=1 for P-M Diagram
: P=1 to check stress-strain
: C=1 all concrete is unconfined
: E=1 do not allow any rebar to fracture
: SECTION:
1 HI= 24 HJ= 24 N1= 12 N2= 12 X= 0 Y= 0 : 24"x24" Column
: 12x12 mesh
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A=0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type 1
3 X= 21.5 Y= 2.5 G= 1, 3 : 8 - #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G= 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G= 5, 7 : assume #4 hoops
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12 :
:
:
:
PROPERTY:
FC=4*0.85 E1=0.003 E2= 0.004 FR=0.4 : Rupture strength = 10% f'c
: Blank line for confined concrete
FY=60 E=29000 : Design Steel Stress
:
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=20 : Moment about global X-axis for Ultimate
EC=0.003 A=0 N=20 PHI=0.70 : compressive strain of 0.003, with and
: without capacity reduction factors
END
 Pgina 26 de 51

COMPUTED P-M
AXIAL LOAD (KIPS)

DESIGN P-M

MOMENT (IN-KIPS)

Fig. B.2 Example 1: Computed P-M Interaction Diagram

Example 2
Is the same as Example 1 except that the the moment-curvature diagram is
computed and confined concrete is specified for the column ore. The stress-strain
relationship for confined concrete is based on Modified Kent-Park (Appendix C).

Fig. B.1 Example 2: Column Cross Section

 Pgina 27 de 51

Example 2: COLUMN w/ Unconfined and Confined Concrete Moment-Curvature

Analysis: Based on Probable Steel stress-strain

SYSTEM:
T=0 E=1 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T = 1 for P-M Diagram
: P = 1 to check stress-strain
: C = 1 all concrete is unconfined
: E = 1 do not allow any rebar to fracture
:
SECTION:
1 HI= 24 HJ= 24 N1= 12 N2= 12 X= 0 Y= 0 : 24"x24" Column
: 12x12 mesh
:
CONFINED:
14 F=14,10,10,1,12: CONFINED CONCRETE CORE: ELEMENTS 14 - 23
: ELEMENTS 26 - 35
:
: ELEMENTS 122 - 131
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A=0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type 1
3 X= 21.5 Y= 2.5 G = 1, 3 : 8 - #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G = 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G = 5, 7 : assume #4 hoops
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12 :
:
PROPERTY:
FC=4*0.85 E1=0.002 E2= 0.004 FR=0.4 :
FC=4*0.85 E1=0.002 H=20 S=4 FY=60 RHO=0.01707 :
FY=68 FU=100 FF=95 E1=0.004 E2=0.08 E3=0.12 E=29000 ET=1500:
:
DATA:
EC=0.0002 : Moment about global X-axis
EC=0.0004
EC=0.0006
EC=0.0008
EC=0.0010
EC=0.0015
EC=0.0020
EC=0.0025
EC=0.0030
EC=0.0035
EC=0.0040
EC=0.0050
EC=0.0060
EC=0.0070
:
END
 Pgina 28 de 51

Fig. B.3 Example 2: Computed Moment-Curvature Relations

Example 3
Compute the Moment-Curvature diagram for the section shown below. The concrete
is 4000 psi, and the reinforcing steel behavior is based on typical observed
experimental relations for grade 60 steel. In addition confined boundary elements
are specified.

Fig. B.4 Example 3: Wall Cross Section

 Pgina 29 de 51

Example 3: Shear Wall w/ Confined Boundary Elements Moment - Curvature

Calculations for Probable Steel stress-strain
SYSTEM:
T=0 E=0 P=1 TOL=0.0001 :
SECTION:
1 HI = 24 HJ = 24 N1 = 8 N2 = 8 X= 0 Y = 0 : Boundary Element
2 HI = 216 HJ = 12 N1 = 72 N2 = 4 X= 24 Y = 6 : Web
3 HI = 24 HJ = 24 N1 = 8 N2 = 8 X=240 Y = 0 : Boundary Element
:
CONFINED:
10 F = 10, 6, 6,1, 8: BOUNDARY ELEMENT
362 F = 362, 6, 6,1, 8: BOUNDARY ELEMENT
:
STEEL:
1 X= 3 Y= 3 A= 1.56 T= 1 : Boundary element steel
5 X= 21 Y= 3 G= 1, 5 : 16 #11 Bars
9 X= 21 Y = 21 G= 5, 9 :
13 X= 3 Y = 21 G= 9,13 :
16 X= 3 Y = 7.5 G= 13,16 :
17 X= 243 Y= 3 : Boundary element steel
21 X= 243 Y = 21 G= 17,21 :
25 X= 261 Y = 21 G= 21,25 :
29 X= 261 Y= 3 G= 25,29 :
32 X= 246 Y= 3 G= 29,32 :
33 X= 33 Y= 8 A= 0.31 : Web steel - #5 @ 18 in.
44 X= 231 Y= 8 G= 33,44 :
45 X= 33 Y = 16 :
56 X= 231 Y = 16 G= 45,5 :
:
PROPERTY:
FC=4 E1= 0.003 E2= 0.004 FR= .4 : Unconfined Concrete
FC=5 E1= 0.0035 E2= 0.01 FR= .4 FM= .80 : Confined Concrete
FY=65 FU=90 FF=85 E1=0.004 E2=0.08 E3=0.12 E=29000 ET=1500:
:
DATA:
EC=0.0002 A=-90 P=1000 : Moment about global X-axis
EC=0.0004 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0006 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0008 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0010 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0015 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0020 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0025 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0030 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0035 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0040 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0050 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0060 A=-90 P=1000
EC=0.0070 A=-90 P=1000
END
 Pgina 30 de 51

Example 4
Compute the P-M interaction diagram for the section shown below. The concrete is
4000 psi, and grade 60 reinforcing is used. Special options include multiple sections,
section rotation, and steel rotation.

Fig. B.6 Example 4: Wall Cross Section

Example 4: L - Section Rotated 30 degree - Unconfined Concrete

P-M Interaction Surface
:
:
SYSTEM:
T=1 E=0 C=1 P=1 M=0 TOL=0.0001 :
:
:
SECTION:
1 HI = 100 HJ = 20 N1 = 50 N2= 10 X = 0 Y = 0 A=30,0,10:
2 HI = 20 HJ = 80 N1 = 10 N2= 40 X =80 Y = 20 A=30,0,10:
:
STEEL:
1 X = 2 Y = 2 A = 0.31 R=30,0,10: Rotate all steel
9 X = 82 Y = 2 G = 1, 9 :
10 X = 98 Y = 2 :
11 X = 98 Y = 18 :
19 X = 98 Y = 98 G=11,19 :
20 X = 2 Y = 18 :
29 X = 82 Y = 18 G=20,29 :
37 X = 82 Y = 98 G=29,37 :
:
 Pgina 31 de 51

PROPERTY:
FC=4 E1= 0.0030 E2= 0.004 FR= .4 :
: Blank Line for Confined Concrete
FY=70 FU=110 FF=105 E1=0.005 E2=0.070 E3=0.10 E=29000 ET=1500:
:
DATA:
EC = 0.003 A = 90 : Moment about y-axis
EC = 0.003 A = -90 : Moment about X-axis
:
END
AXIAL LOAD (KIPS)

Fig. B.7 Example 4: Computed P-M Interaction Diagram

 Pgina 32 de 51

Example 5
Compute the P-M interaction diagram for the section shown below. The concrete is
12,000 psi and grade 60 reinforcing is used. Special options used include
``CONFINED elements'', and ``PROPERTIES'' for unconfined and confined high-
strength concrete.

Fig. B.8 Example 5: Column Cross Section

Example 5 : HIGH-STRENGTH COLUMN WITH CONFINED CONCRETE

P-M Interaction Diagram - Based on Design Steel stress-strain

SYSTEM:
D=0,0,0 S=0 T=1 E=1 C=2 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T=1 for P-M Diagram
: P=1 to check stress-strain
: C=2 all concrete is confined at
rebar
: E=1 do not allow any rebar to
fracture
:
SECTION:
1 HI=24 HJ=24 N1=12 N2=12 X=0 Y=0 : 24"x24" Column
: 12x12 mesh
:
CONFINED:
14 F=14,10,10,1,12 :
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A= 0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type
3 X= 21.5 Y= 2.5 G= 1, 3 : 8 #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G= 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G= 5, 7 : assume #4 hoops
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12.0 :
:
 Pgina 33 de 51

PROPERTY:
I=2 FC=10.2 E=5400 FR=1.02 :
I=2 FC=11.2 E=5400 FR=1.1 FY=60 FM=0.3 RL=0.011 RP=0.01
N=8 D=1 DT=0.5 H=19 S=4 :
FY=60 E3=0.120 E=29000 : Fracture of steel at 12% strain
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=11 : Moment about global X-axis for Ultimate
EC=0.003 A=0 N=11 PHI=0.70 : compressive strain of 0.003, with and
: without capacity reduction factors
:
END

Fig. B.9 Example 5: Computed P-M Interaction Diagram

 Pgina 34 de 51

Example 6
Compute the M- relation for the concrete masonry section shown below. Special
options used include the relations for unconfined and confined masonry and the
``HOLES'' option for voids in a section.

Example 6: MASONRY COLUMN w/ Confined Masonry P-M Interaction Diagram -

Based on Design Steel stress-strain

SYSTEM:
S=0 T=1 E=1 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T= 1 for P-M Diagram
: P= 1 to check stress-strain
: C= 1 all concrete is unconfined
: E= 1 do not allow any rebar to fracture
:
SECTION:
1 HI=24 HJ=24 N1=12 N2=12 X=0 Y=0 : 24"x24" Column
: 12x12 mesh
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A= 0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type
3 X= 21. 5 Y= 2.5 G= 1, 3 : 8 #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G= 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G= 5, 7 :
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12 :
:
:
PROPERTY:
I=3 FM=4 E1=0.003 : UNCONFINED MASONRY
I=3 FM=4 E1=0.014 R=0.001 S=12 H=20 : CONFINED MASONRY
FY=60 E3=0.120 E=29000 : Fracture of steel at 12% strain
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=12 : Moment about global X-axis for Ultimate
EC=0.003 A=0 N=12 PHI=0.70 : compressive strain of 0.003, with and
: without capacity reduction factors
:
END
 Pgina 35 de 51

Example 7
Compute the M- relation for a T-beam. Special options used include user specified
stress-strain relations and multiple steel types.

Fig. B12 Example 7: Beam Cross Section

 Pgina 36 de 51

Example 7 : T-Beam w/ Unconfined Concrete Moment-Curvature Calculations for

Probable Steel Stress-Strain
:
SYSTEM:
T=0 P=1 E=1 C=1 TOL=0.0001 M=0 : M=1 for Negative
: Moment-Curvature
:
SECTION:
1 HI=10 HJ=22 N1=5 N2=11 X=12 Y=0 : 10"X22" Web
2 HI=34 HJ=8 N1=17 N2=4 X=0 Y=22 : 34"X8" Flange
:
STEEL:
1 X=14.5 Y=2.5 A=0.79 T=1 : Long. Steel Type
3 X=19.5 Y=2.5 G=1,3 : 3-#8 Bars in Top and Bottom
4 X=14.5 Y=33.5 : 2 in. Clear Cover to Bars
6 X=19.5 Y=33.5 G=4,6 :
7 X=4 Y=24.5 A=0.20 T=2 : Additional Steel
8 X=8 Y=24.5 : 8-#4 Bars in Flange
9 X=26 Y=24.5 :
10 X=30 Y=24.5 :
11 X=4 Y=33.5 :
12 X=8 Y=33.5 :
13 X=26 Y=33.5 :
14 X=30 Y=33.5 :
:
PROPERTY:
I=1 FC=4 E1=.002 E2=.004 FR=.4 : Unconfined Concrete
: Blank Line for Confined
FY=68 FU=100 FF=95 E1=.004 E2=.08 E3=.12 E=29000 ET=1200
FY=45 FU=70 FF=65 E1=.030 E2=.12 E3=.20 E=29000 ET=1100
:
DATA:
EC=0.0002 A=0 P=0 : Moment about Global X-Axis
EC=0.0004 A=0 P=0 : No Axial Load
EC=0.0006 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0008 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0010 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0015 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0020 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0025 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0030 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0035 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0040 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0050 A=0 P=0
EC=0.0060 A=0 P=0
:
END
 Pgina 37 de 51

MOMENT (IN-KIPS)

CURVATURE (/IN.)

Fig. B.13 Example 7: Computed Moment-Curvature Diagram

 Pgina 38 de 51

Example 8
Same as Example 1 except that user specified concrete stress-strain relations are
specified (as an example the file format is given below; however, the user specified
stress-strain relation was truncated so that it would fit on this page

Example 8: COLUMN w/ Unconfined Concrete

: P-M Interaction Diagram - User specified concrete stress-strain relations.
:
SYSTEM:
S=0 T=1 E=1 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T=1 for P-M Diagram
:
SECTION:
1 HI=24 HJ=24 N1=12 N2=12 X=0 Y=0 : 24"x24" Column, 12x12 Mesh
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A=0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type
3 X= 21.5 Y= 2.5 G= 1, 3 : 8 #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G= 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G= 5, 7 : assume #4 hoops
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12 :
:
PROPERTY: UNCONFINED CONFINED TENSILE
I=4: STRAIN COMP. STRESS COMP. STRESS STRESS: USER DEFINED
.119500E-03 .391772E+00 .330236E+00 .000000E+00: MAX 150 POINTS
.239000E-03 .763358E+00 .646763E+00 .000000E+00
: BLANK LINE - REQUIRED TO SPECIFIY END OF USER DEFINED STRESS-
STRAIN
FY=60 E=29000 : DESIGN STEEL STRESS-STRAIN
:
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=12 : Moment about global X-axis for Ultimate
EC=0.003 A=0 N=12 PHI=0.70 : compressive strain of 0.003, with and
: without capacity reduction factors
:
END
 Pgina 39 de 51

EXAM 13 : ------------------------------------------------------------
:
:Circular column without confinement
:
SYSTEM:
T=1 E=2 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.000001 :
:
SECTION:
1 S=2 D=30 NP=10 NR=10 A=0: D=diameter
: NP= no. of poles
: NR= no. of rings
: S=section type 1 for rectanglar ; 2 for circular
:
STEEL:
1 X= 12.5 Y= 0 A= 1.56 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type 1
2 X= 0 Y= 12.5 :
3 X= -12.5 Y= 0 :
4 X= 0 Y= -12.5 : #4 hoops
:
PROPERTY:
FC=5*0.85 E1=0.003 E2= 0.004 FR=0.4 :
:
SY=1 :
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=20 : Moment about global X-axis
EC=0.003 A=0 N=20 PHI=0.7:
:
END
Pgina 40 de 51
 Pgina 41 de 51

Appendix C

Concrete Stress-Strain Relations

Modified Kent-Park (Park et al. (1982))
Sheikh and Uzumeri (1982)
Yong's High-Strength Concrete
Masonary Concrete
Saatcioglu and Razvi
 Pgina 42 de 51

Modified Kent-Park
C.1 Modified Kent-Park [Park et al. (1982)
The following equations are used to describe the stress-strain relations of confined
and unconfined concrete (See Fig. C.1).

Fig. C.1 Modified Kent-Park Stress-Strain Relations

2 c
fc = k fc [ k 0
- ( c )2
k 0
] c k0 (C.1.a)

fc = k fc [ 1 - Zm(c - k0)2 ] 0.2 k fc c > k c (C.1.a)

h f c'
k=1+ (C.2)
f c'

0.5
Zm = (C.3)
+ k
50u 50h 0

3 + 0 f c'
50u = (C.4)
f c' 1000

50h = 0.75 h / s (C.5)

Where fc is the longitudinal concrete stress, is the longitudinal concrete strain, fyh is
the yield stress for the hoop reinforcement, h is the width of the concrete core
measured to the outside of the hoops, s is the center-to-center spacing of the hoops, and
is the ratio of the volume of hoop reinforcement to volume of concrete core measured
to the outside of the hoops. Units of psi are used for stress, and 0 is typically assumed
to be 0.002.
 Pgina 43 de 51

Sheikh and Uzumeri

The following equations are used to describe the stress-strain relation for confined
concrete (See Fig. C.2) for a square column with uniformly distributed longitudinal
reinforcement

Fig C.2 Sheikh and Uzumeri Stress-Strain Relation

2.73B 2 nC 2 s 2
1 1 p f'
2 B s s

KS = 1.0 + (C.6)
Pocc 55 2
. B

 Pgina 44 de 51

In equations C.6 to C.10, B is the center-to-center distance of the perimeter hoops

(to define the confined core), C is the center-to-center spacing of the longitudinal
reinforcing bars, n is the number of longitudinal reinforcing bars (in Eq. C.6, the
quantity nC2 assumes equal spacing of longitudinal reinforcement), Pocc is
'
f c
0.85 Acore, s is the spacing of the hoops, s is the ratio of the volume of hoop
reinforcement to volume of concrete core, and fs is the yield stress of the hoops. A
value of 0.002 is typically assumed for oo The minimum stress at high strains
'
can be taken as 0.3Ks
f c
 Pgina 45 de 51

Yong's High-Strength Concrete

The following equations were developed by Yong , Nour, and Nawy to describe
the axial stress-strain relation for rectilinearly confined high-strength concrete
(See Fig. C.3). The relations are based on experimental studies of twenty-four
square columns with compressive
strength ranging from 12.13 to 13.56 ksi .

The peak stress of the confined concrete is obtained by multiplying the peak
'
compressive stress of the unconfined concrete, f c by the factor K given in Eq.
(C.11),

0.245s '' nd '' f y

''

K = 1.0 + 0.0091 1 + (C.11)
h '' 8sd f '
c

''
Where s is the center-to-center spacing of the lateral ties in inches; h is the length
of one side of the rectangular ties in inches; n is the number of longitudinal steel
''
bars; d is the nominal diameter of the lateral ties in inches; d is the nominal

diameter of the longitudinal steel bars in inches; is the volumetric ratio of the
''

lateral reinforcement; is the volumetric ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement; and

f y''
is the yield stress of the lateral steel in psi.

The strain at peak stress (confined) is computed as:

0.0035 1
h ''
fy( )
0.734 s '' '' 2 / 3

0 = 0.00265 + (C.12)
f c'
 Pgina 46 de 51

The remaining values used to produce the stress-strain curve are determined using
the following equations: by

f c'
f i = f 0 0.25 + 0.4 (C.13)
f 0

0
i = K 14
. + 0.0003 (C.14)
k

f
f 2i = f 0 0.025 0 0.065 0.3 f 0 (C.15)
1000

2i = 2 i 0 (C.16)

Two polynomial equations are used to produce a smooth continuous curve for the
stress-strain behavior of rectilinearly confined high-strength concrete given Eq. (C.12)
through (C.16) [Yong et al. (1988)]. The relations are linear (Fig. C.3) until a
'
compressive stress of 0.45 f c . The two polynomial equations intersect at the point
of peak stress at zero slope (Fig. C.3).
 Pgina 47 de 51

Masonary Conctere
The following stress-strain relations were developed based on work done at the
University of Colorado for unconfined and confined concrete masonry (See Fig.
C.4).
fm 1
= A 2m + + A m m 0 m u (C.17)
'
fm u

fm B( m u )
= C + (1 C )e u m mc (C.18)
f m'

'
Where, f m is the maximum compressive stress of the concrete masonry, m is the
concrete masonry strain, u is the strain corresponding to maximum compressive
stress, mc is the maximum usable strain. The parameters A, B, and C depend on
the degree of confinement.
Unconfined Concrete Masonry

[
u = 0.01 0.046 f m' + 0.055 ] ( f m' in ksi ) (C.19)

mc = 0.003 (C.20)

A = 176700; B = 574.6; C = 0.131 (C.21)

Confined Concrete Masonary

[
u = 0.01 0.046 f m' + 0.055 ] '
( f m in ksi ) (C.22)

mc = 0.014 (C.23)

480000
A= (C.24)
f m'
f m'
B= (C.25)
0.8
4.3 s ( hc S h )

C = 0.4( hc Sh ) 01
. (C.26)

Where, s is the volumetric ratio of confinement reinforcement to the concrete

masonry core (measured to the outside of the combs), hc is the width of the confined
core measured to the outside of the confinement comb, and S h is the vertical
spacing of confinement combs.
 Pgina 48 de 51

Saatcioglu and Razvi Model

The following equations are used to describe the stress-strain relations of confined
and unconfined concrete (See Fig. C.5)

C.5.1 Normal-Strength Concrete

C.5.1.1 Square Column

' '
f cc = f co + k1 f le (C.27)

f le = k 2 + f l (C.28)

f l = AS f yt Sin Sbc (C.29)

0.17
k1 = 4.84( f le ) (C.30)

bc bc 1
k 2 = 010036
. 10
. (C.31)
S Sl f l

Where:

S l = Spacing of laterally supported longitudinal reinforcement

S = Spacing of ties
f l is in ksi units

Premature buckling of longitudinal reinforcement is prevented ( i.e. max. tie spacing

for buckling specified in the ACI Building Code ( ACI-318-89) should be satisfied ).
The column should conform to the building code limitation for maximum spacing of
laterally supported longitudinal reinforcement. Therefore, this may be taken as the
upper limit for Sl.
 Pgina 49 de 51

C.5.1.2 Rectangular Column

(
f lx = AS f yt sin bcx ) (C.32)

f ly = ( AS f yt sin bcy ) (C.33)

bcx bcx 1
k 2 x = 010036
. 10
. (C.34)
S S l f lx

bcy bcy 1
k 2 y = 010036 10
. (C.35)
S S l f ly

f lex = k 2 x f lx (C.36)

f ley = k 2 x f ly (C.37)

(
f le = f lex bcx + f ley bcy ) (bcx + bcy ) (C.38)

Where :
f lex and f ley are the effective lateral pressures acting perpendicular to core dimensions
bcx and bcy respectively and f le is the overall equivalent lateral pressure

C.5.1.3 Ductility of Confined Concrete

1 = 01 (1 + 5k ) (C.39)

'
k = k1 f le f co (C.40)

Where:
01 = Strain corresponding to peak stress of unconfined concrete. A value of 0.002 is
appropriate for 01
1 = Strain corresponding to peak stress of confined concrete

'
f co = 0.85 f c' (C.41)

85 = 260 c 1 + 085 (C.42)

c = AS [S (bcx + bcy )] (C.43)

 Pgina 50 de 51

Where:
085 = Strain at 85% strength level of unconfined concrete. A value of 0.0038 is
appropriate for 085 .
AS = The summation of transverse reinforcement area in two directions crossing bcx
and bcy .
If the column is spirally reinforced or has identical reinforcement arrangement in each
direction, c reduces to transverse reinforcement in one direction only

C.5.1.4 Stress-Strain Relation for Confined Concrete

1
2 1+ 2 k
' c c '
f c = f cc 2 f cc (C.44)
1 1

C.5.2 Modifications Introduced for High-Strength Concrete

The yield strength of lateral steel is limited to 1000 MPa (149 ksi).

For square column :-

bc bc
k 2 = 015
. 10
. (C.45)
S Sl

For a rectangular column :-

bcx bcx
k 2 x = 015
. 10
. (C.46)
S Sl

bcy bcy
k 2 y = 015
. 10
. (C.47)
S Sl

5.96
k3 = 10
. (C.48)
'
f co
 Pgina 51 de 51

f yt
k4 = 10
. (C.49)
74.5

01 = 0.0028 0.0008k 3 (C.50)

1 = 01 (1 + 5k 3 k ) (C.51)

085 = 01 + 0.0018k 32 (C.52)

85 = 260k 3 c 1[1 + 0.5k 2 ( k 4 1)] + 085 (C.53)

E c = 1281537
. f c' + 10281
. ksi (C.54)

f'
E sec. = cc (C.55)
1
Ec
r= (C.56)
E c E sec.

' c
f cc r
1
fc = (C.57)
r

r 1+ c
1

Report Outline
The program manual is presented in the following section. Pertinent notes are
included to facilitate user understanding. Appendices are included to detail the
material and section modeling capabilities of the program, and present applications
and examples.