Typology : Corporate Office Complex

Location : Nagpur,India (21.1N,79.1E)

Office in the Tropics Status

Site area
Gross floor area
: In progress
: 142.18 acres
: 73,327m2/block (1,52,100m2 total)
Permissible FAR : 1.5 + 1
Building height : 45m (12 floors)
Building occupancy : 20,000 people
Occupancy period : 9am-6pm
Figure 1. Climate graph for Nagpur, India.
Rastogi, Manit Bansal, Nitin (Source: Ecotect Weather Tool)
[Morphogenesis, New Delhi, India] [Morphogenesis, New Delhi, India]
3. MASTER-PLAN

The master-planning process began with a basic assessment of the carrying capacity for the site on a net-zero cycle of water.
This was followed by addressing the energy demands for the targeted occupancy further leading to the planning and allocation of
services/resources on site (Figure-2).
ABSTRACT
While designing a high-spec office complex for a multi-national organisation, the challenge lies in finding an integrated solution 3.1 Carrying Capacity for Water Demand
in terms of comfort and energy use while complying with the varying expectations due to the flexible nature of the users. The
The 142 acre site gradually slopes down towards an adjoining artificial water tank (Dahegaon tank) ending in a 32 acre low-
project was approached with the intention of creating an exemplar in environmental design with respect to naturally available
lying zone at the junction (Fig.2b). Considering the conventional annual water consumption of 45.0lpcd (domestic, flushing,
resources, while minimizing site-disturbance. This would be achieved through an overall Net-Zero cycle of water, energy as well
HVAC and irrigation) the site was found to be sufficient for supporting 20,000 persons. Additionally, a water reservoir of
as an effort towards carbon neutrality. Faade efficiency encompasses both daylight and energy-use. The additional but vital
approximately 20 acres (at a depth of 3m) was calculated for the said rainfall collection (Table-1). This reservoir was placed in the
criteria put forward by the client, for a 100% glare-free working space added to the challenge of optimizing fenestration design.
low-lying section of the site - as a visual extension to the existing water-tank- to effectively collect the surface run-offs from the
The design process for the built-envelope therefore involved solar control, daylight distribution, glare control, and finally
natural topography.
controlling heat loads from the built envelope by employing simple manual calculations based on principles of heat transfer.
3.2. Carrying Capacity for Energy Demand:
1. INTRODUCTION
Once the carrying capacity was established, the gross built-up area for the project was defined with a targeted density of
As a fast developing nation, India has seen rapid globalization in the recent past, and that is set to continue well into the near
130sq.ft per person. Targeting an 80% improvement over the baseline energy consumption of 140kWh/m2/yr. as per GRIHA
future. Consequently, the demand for smart office spaces with high specifications and all the latest modern construction
recommendations, the primary energy consumption was estimated at 25kWh/m2/yr. with 35kWh/m2/yr. being load from
techniques is booming. In a mainly warm-tropical climate such as Indias, it implies an unnecessarily high dependence on external
equipment. The reduction in primary energy load (lighting and HVAC loads) as governed by robust building design has been
resources to operate optimally. The optimization of daylight and energy consumption is fundamental in building design and thus,
discussed in sections-4 and 5 while the corresponding equipment loads were reduced by employing efficient systems (Table-3).
pivotal in addressing the comfort aspirations of the users, where an equilibrium between visual and thermal comfort needs to be
The annual energy consumption for the project was thus, targeted/calculated at 60kWh/m2/yr. Integrating renewable resources to
maintained. The contradictory objectives of maximizing daylight penetration and reducing glare are further compounded by the
offset the energy demand presented a requirement of a 36 acre solar farm (Table-2).
thermal implications of strong solar ingress. Drawing on lessons from the vernacular, solar protection strategies like faade
shading and mutual shading prove to be an effective solution for warmer periods of the year. The opportunity of utilizing this solar Table-1. Carrying Capacity on Water Demand Cycle Table-2. Carrying Capacity on Energy Demand
ingress for thermal comfort is often encouraged during the cold season. However, the relatively low altitude of the sun during this Rainwater Harvesting potential Renewable Energy Resources
period further complicates the task of achieving glare-free conditions. Being part of the global milieu whilst responding to the Site Area 5,75,361 sq.m. Carrying Capacity for people 20,000 ppl
local context, is what this paper aims to highlight; a climate-responsive approach towards achieving thermally comfortable office Annual rainfall 1.07 m/yr. Built-up area @ 130ft2 per person 2,41,548 sq.m.
Run off factor 0.5 Target EPI (Building Loads) 25 kWh/m2/yr.
design with primarily glare-free working conditions throughout the year in the challenging climate of Nagpur, India. The objective Total rainwater collected 3,07,250 cu.m. /yr Occupancy Loads 35 kWh/m2/yr.
for the project was, to facilitate integration of solar-passive design principles with modern building design, and create an Rainwater Harvesting potential 2,45,800 cu.m. /yr Estimated Annual Energy Consumption 60 kWh/m2/yr.
exemplar of an energy-efficient building. The design process was simplified by reducing the time spent and dependency on @20% evaporative losses Total Annual energy consumption 1,44,92,888 kWh/yr.
Water Consumption per person 11.7 cu.m./yr Required installed capacity of solar PVs* 9,662 kWp
analysis software at the concept stage, and instead relying on basic principles, using software to confirm the results (effect of) @45.0L/person /day Area required for installing solar PVs** 1,44,929 sq.m.
from the said calculations. Carrying Capacity 21,009 ~ 20,000 Area required for installing solar PVs 36 Acres

2. ANALYSING THE CLIMATE Table-3. Energy Consumption Parameters

Conventional Load Improved Case
The composite climate of Nagpur sees 18 weeks of hot-dry conditions with daytime temperatures often exceeding 30C and Parameters
Density (W/sq.ft.) (W/sq.ft.)
reaching up to 45C (Fig.1). During the next 14 weeks of the monsoon period (June-September), the city receives 1.07m of
Lighting Load 1.5 0.3
rainfall (annual average). The city experiences high humidity (60%-90%) and frequent precipitation together with daytime HVAC Load 4.5 1.0
temperatures dropping below 35C and remaining close to comfortable values (below 30C) on an average. Climatic conditions, UPS & Server Load 2.5 0.7
therefore, remain on the warmer side for most part of the year with a short period (6-8 weeks) of mild winters, with warm days Raw Power Load 0.5 0.2
Utility Load 0.5 0.2
and cool nights. The high intensity of incident solar radiation adds to the challenge of meeting the requirement for 100% glare PHE Load 0.5 0.1
free, 100% day-lit working conditions with a maximum solar heat gain from the built-envelope being 1.0 W/ft2 (of built-up Total 10 2.5
area). *Estimated average of 1500kWh energy is generated annually per 1kWp of installed capacity in the case of Nagpur, India.
**Installing 1kWp of solar plant requires 15 sq.m.of land area.

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16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
3.3. Carbon emissions:

Creating a natural renewal cycle of the estimated resource consumption by the project was an imperative for achieving the
minimum possible site-disturbance. This included attention to carbon sequestration as a step towards attaining carbon neutrality.
The average annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for the project was calculated as shown in Table-4. Sequestration of these
emissions was planned through afforestation given the site area available for the project. It was concluded that 71acre tree cover
was sufficient to offset the annual per capita carbon emissions for the occupants of the office.
Figure 3(a) Daylight penetration in the typical module (b) Typical Floor-plate resulting from design brief and preliminary
Table-4. Carbon/ Greenhouse Gas Sequestration daylight thumb-rules: 1. Workstations (90x2), 2. Main service core, 3.Fire-escape, 4.Meeting Rooms, 5.Facilities
Average per capita emission in India 1.2 tCO2/yr
Avg. CO2 emissions per year for 20,000 persons 24,000 tCO2/yr 4.2 Morphology
Avg. carbon absorption per tree 0.012 tCO2/yr.
Total no. of trees required for complete sequestration (as per United Nations Environment Programme,2008). 96,000 (@ 4 trees/tCO2[1]) The orientation of the building was determined based on the sun-path diagram as explained in Fig. 4. Due to the location of
Required area under tree-cover 2,88,000 (71acre) the site at 21.15N 79.09E, a pure N-S orientation is vulnerable to both the morning as well as evening sun of an azimuth angle of
Annual sequestration 100%
up to 21.15. However, rotating the building by a similar angle (on either side) naturally results in obstructing the solar azimuth
[1] Plant For The Plane : The Billion Tree Campaign. An Album. ISBN : 978-92-807-2896-5, United Nations Environment Programme,2008 for at least half the day. This meant that the solar control devices could now be designed for single sided protection, also
simplifying the architectural implications. Finally, it was concluded that for the given location orienting the plan at 22.5
3.4. Site-Planning reduced the shading requirement on either faades.
The founding stratum of soil on-site was primarily a Basalt Stone and would not permit high structural settlements and the
Preliminary planning based on principles of environmental design helped define zoning and resource allocation as illustrated
allowable bearing pressures were expected to be high. A maximum of 10 to 12 storey structures were possible in accordance with
in Figure-2. The water reservoir was designed as a lake, adjoining the existing water-tank in the low-lying area of the site. This
the maximum permissible height, which was also restricted by laws regarding aviation caps in the area. Furthermore, the
facilitated effective rainwater collection from the surface run-offs mainly due to the sloping terrain. Moreover, the location of the
architectural intention was to break the tower down to a more human-scale, bringing the users closer to the level of the landscape
lake was an opportunity for utilizing the South-South-West summer winds, enhancing the microclimate on site by evaporative
and creating a relationship with the outdoor environment. The building was thus, divided into 3 blocks of 4 floors each. Here, the
cooling. Water canyons were designed along radial roads in the South-South-West direction to further enhance the cooling effect
4 floors were stacked on each other forming a tube with a capacity of 720 employees. These modules were then staggered at 22.5
along pedestrian walkways. The 36-acre solar farm was placed towards the Southern part of the site for maximizing the available
either ways and at 45 overall, mutually shading each other, and as a result, creating new-ground or break-out spaces as shown
solar energy. The building-zone (26 acres) was seated overlooking the lake to maximize on the benefits of evaporative cooling.
in ( Fig.5). The stacked tubes were further multiplied (total 8 blocks) to accommodate a total of 5000 persons. Various cases for
The strategic location of the proposed building was further enhanced by views of the lake on one side while 60 acres of the 71
interlocking these modules were explored in order to determine the most robust morphology for the complex (Fig.6). The
acre green cover was proposed for the remaining site area on the opposite side. The balance 11 acre green cover was planned to be
objective was to design for flexibility in the configurations in terms of future expansion of the complex while maintaining the self-
integrated within the building zone. The building zone was further divided into 4 parts (5.5 acres each) based on the carrying
sufficient character of the blocks. The resulting morphology was a network of shaded courtyards and open terraces. (Fig.7)
capacity (5000 persons each), for optimally phasing the master-plan.

Lake
(23 acres)
Monsoon Winds

SITE
Existing Existing Lake Lake
Dahegaon Existing Existing
Dahegaon Dahegaon
Tank Tank Existing Dahegaon
Dahegaon Tank Tank
Solar Farm/ Solar Farm/ Solar Farm/
Tank MLCPs MLCPs MLCPs

23 acre Low Solar PVs

Lying Zone Pedestrian Proposed Built zone Services and Utilities
High flood line Water Canyons Native Tree Plantation Recreational Block Plot division

1. Existing Site Plan 2. Natural Slopes maintained collecting surface run-offs at 3. Monsoon winds captured to induce wind movement within 4. Allocating Planned Zones 5. The leisure activities are lined along the lake, while the 6. The Site is divided into 4 plots based on carrying capacity,
low lying areas of Site, creating a Lake site by introducing radial pedestrian movement Utilities are tucked away, behind the built zone. following the radial lines of the pedestrian canyons.

Figure 2. Site plan showing master-plan development for the project

4. BUILT FORM
Figure 4 Building Orientation Strategies Figure 5 Developing the building morphology
4.1 Floor-Plate Design

The design methodology for the built-form was formulated with visual comfort in the work-space as the priority. The basic
environmental criteria of providing 100% day-lit working spaces governed the design for the typical floor-plate. Based on the
principle that the extent of daylight penetration in a building floor plate is 2 times the height from the floor to top of the window,
the ideal depth of the floor plate with a 4m height was limited to 16m. The programme brief specified a requirement for 90
workstations and corresponding facilities for a single module. This module was optimised around a core shared by 2 modules,
such that common facilities are accessible by all 180 employees. Moreover, building regulations for accessible fire-escapes
limited the maximum length of the floor plate to 100m (max. distance between 2 staircases must not exceed 90m).
In order to accommodate the required 180 workstations with peripheral circulation, the width of the floor-plate needed to be
increased from 16m to 18m (Fig.3a). This decision gave rise to the challenge of increasing the daylight penetration inside the
space. The consequent steps undertaken to achieve 100% day lit work-spaces have been discussed in the following section. The Figure 6 Exploring potential configurations for the 8 blocks Figure 7 Overall massing
final design for the typical floor-plate was developed with an efficiency of < 100 ft2/ person (Fig.4b).

30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 2

16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
 While designing for the South, South-East windows (fig.8c), it was observed that vertical fins of depth and spacing of
5. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
600mm were effective for obstructing the sun after 11am till 5.30pm. Horizontal overhangs were explored for providing shade for
The process of integrated daylight and thermal performance evaluation also addresses glare as an integral parameter for the remaining morning period. A combination of both horizontal and vertical projections was therefore, required to shade the
visual comfort. The design of the built envelope was, therefore, governed by the following parameters: opening up till 11 am. Furthermore, distancing the workstation at 1.5m from the glazing and the partition facing this corridor was
Solar Control: Manual calculations, Ecotect analysis designed as an effective obstruction for the 9am sun as a strategy to provide shade without making the shading projections too
Glare: Ecotect analysis deep. The role of the shading devices was reversed for the south, south-west window where the vertical fins were now effective
Distribution of Daylight: Ecotect, Radiance analysis from 9am to 11am and overhang helped distance the direct sun from the workstation (Fig.8d). The workstation design comes into
Heat Loads: Manual calculations play up till 4pm. This protected the worktop without compromising on the visual comfort of the user. However, it was observed
Devising a method of simple manual calculations (on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet) allowed for simultaneous cross-checking of that beyond 4:15pm the intensity of solar radiation is not high enough to cause glare and may be acceptable in the current
the thermal implications of each step taken while designing the fenestrations. scenario. The resultant shading device is a system of fixed horizontal and vertical shading fins varying with the solar exposure
of the windows. Figure-9 represents the shading effect of the solar control devices.
5.2. Solar Control

Solar shading design for a typical opening on each of the four orientations (NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW) was carried out. The
basic window size was taken as 2.4m x 2.1m with sill level of 1.1m. The first step involved identifying the critical angles [2] to be
shaded during the occupied period of the day i.e., 9am to 6pm. These angles helped define the optimum shading angle and
therefore the depth of shade required. Designing for angled louvers was discouraged for this context, to avoid obstructing the
pleasant views overlooking the landscaped surroundings. It is important to highlight that in north facing windows, the direct solar
ingress is due to the summer sun i.e., when the altitude as well as the azimuth are relatively higher. Thus, the shading for north-
facing windows was designed for the Summer Solstice (21st June) where the azimuth angles were critical. Figure 8(a)
represents the shading design process for a typical window facing North, North-East. It was concluded that 422mm deep vertical
fins spaced at 600mm c/c could be adopted for North, North-East orientation as this solution helped maintain views across the
entire height of the window while effectively shading the morning sun.
Following the same methodology 600mm wide fins spaced at an overall 600mm c/c proved to be optimum for North, North-
West facing windows. For reasons of architectural economy, it was decided that the depth of the vertical fins should be uniform
for both northern orientations (NNE, NNW) i.e., 600mm deep fins with 600mm c/c spacing.
Solar controls for south facades were designed considering 21st December (winter solstice) for peak design parameters
because the sun drops down to the lowest altitude levels (0.6 at 5.30pm). Here, the solar altitude was identified as the critical
angle. It is important to highlight that Nagpur tends to see mostly clear sunny skies and so the tendency of experiencing glare is
4.3. Daylight Distribution and Glare Control
Due to high frequency of bright skies, the average illuminance was expected to be above acceptable limits. However,
optimizing the distribution of this daylight within the floor-plate (18m depth) needed to be investigated. Also, dividing the
window in 2 parts, with half the total opening being frosted, was bound to further affect the daylight penetration inside the
building. Internal light shelves were therefore explored as an effective strategy for this condition and were integrated with a
600mm depth at 2500mm height. South facing windows suffer from direct solar radiation for most part of the day. Despite
frosting the daylight panel, the high levels of external illuminance could lead to the panel itself becoming extremely bright. This
aspect was countered through light shelves at 2500mm which obstructed the direct view of the daylight panel from the occupants
seated level. Additionally, a comparison of the insolation on the various orientations influenced the decision to reduce the overall
window area on the southern facades. This was done by introducing a solid band (insulated) of 400mm below the light shelf,
reducing the area of the daylight panel. The resultant was a z-section with the light shelves at 2500mm, external overhang at
2100mm and a 400mm wide solid band in between (Fig.10a). For northern orientations, the daylight available is diffused and
therefore, glare-free. This fact was exploited by the addition of internal light shelves on the northern facades which were expected
to increase daylight distribution inside the workspace. Further extending
N the light shelves by another 600mm towards the outside
led to a significant improvement in the daylight levels. This also helped maintain the intent of having the same elevational
elements (as the south windows) and at the same time added to the quality of spaces created inside. Daylight 600 criteria involved
VSA 53.53

quite high. The need for shading the low winter sun in addition to the summer sun was a challenge arising due to the target set for compliance with LEED 2011NC criteria 8.1 viz., illuminance levels in 75% of the regularly occupied spaces of a 11am minimum of
(Altitude 42.1)
the project to achieve 100% glare-free working conditions. Direct visibility of the sky from a users level (1.25m) and glare-

1000
10 foot candles (fc) (110lux) to a maximum of 500fc (5,400 lx) in a clear sky (sunny with sun in radiance) H condition on
9am
(Altitude 25.5)
causing sun patches from the upper part of the window were therefore a key concern. A solution for this was to obstruct the September 21st at 0900 and 1500 hours. Figure-11
W depicts the daylight simulations
E tested on Ecotect Radiance, for Angle
Critical a typical
bright sky view from the upper end of the window. unobstructed floorplate oriented NNE|SSW showing that illuminance levels in 100% of the space fall within defined limits. It was
Consequently, the window was divided in 2 equal parts- observed that overall 100% of the spaces tested showed a continuous Usable HSA +45
Daylight Autonomy of 110lux. The final design for

2100
Daylight Window at 2.1m: Frosted in order to diffuse possible glare patches

1250
windows has been illustrated in Fig.-11. 5.30pm
9am (Azimuth +131.1)
Vision Window at sill level of 1.1m: 50% visible light transmission (clear) (Azimuth -115.5)
Critical Angle

In the case of south facing windows, (Fig.8c,d), both the SSW, SSE windows tend to get direct solar radiation the entire 2pm (Azimuth -147.9)
11am (Azimuth +157.7)
1pm (Azimuth -164.5) S
day from 9am to 5.30 pm (sunset). Also, the altitude drops significantly after 4pm and goes as low as 0.6 at 5.30pm on the 21st SOUTH, SOUTH-EAST

orth, North-west of December (extreme North, North-east

case) North, North-west
making shading at this angle highly impractical. North, North-east SOUTH, SOUTH-EAST
N N N
N N N N

HSA +45
VSA 53.53
VSA 53.53
600 VSA 53.53
6pm 12pm12pm
(Azimuth -69.1) 11am (Altitude
(Altitude 45.3)45.3)
V=600 HSA +45 Critical Angle V=600 HSA +45 (Altitude 42.1)
3pm (Altitude
3pm (Altitude 29.4)29.4)

1000
9am (Azimuth +77.5) 4pm 9am (Azimuth +77.5) 9am
H 4pm (Altitude
4pm (Altitude 18.7)18.7)
Critical Angle (Azimuth -76.2) Critical Angle (Altitude 25.5)
5.30pm5.30pm
E W E W E W W E E Critical Angle W W E E (Altitude
(Altitude 0.6) 0.6)

822
822
V=600 V=600 Critical
Critical AngleAngle

HSA +45 HSA +45

HSA +45
2100

5.30pm5.30pm
1250

(Azimuth
(Azimuth -115.5)
-115.5)
5.30pm
(Azimuth -115.5) 9am (Azimuth +131.1) 4pm (Azimuth
4pm (Azimuth -125.6)
-125.6)
Critical Angle 9am (Azimuth
9am (Azimuth +131.1)
+131.1)
Critical
Critical AngleAngle
S S S 2pm (Azimuth -147.9) S
11am (Azimuth +157.7) 1pm (Azimuth
1pm (Azimuth -164.5)
-164.5) 11am11am (Azimuth
(Azimuth +157.7)
+157.7)
1pm (Azimuth -164.5) S S S
SOUTH, SOUTH-EAST SOUTH, SOUTH-WEST
Figure 8. (a) Shading design for North, North-East
ertical shading module of 600mm x 600mm works for north faades
windows (b) Shading design for North, North-West windows c) Shading design for South, South-East windows. (d) Shading design
Vertical shading module of 600mm x 600mm works for north faades
forSOUTH-WEST
SOUTH,
SOUTH,
South, South-West windows
SOUTH-WEST
N N SOUTH, SOUTH-EAST
[2] Peak design conditions for shading design are Summer Solstice (21st June) and Winter Solstice (21st December). The solar angles on these days help identify the crucial times of the day when shading is absolutely essential.
[3] Peak design conditions for heat load calculations in warm climates are considered for the hottest day of the year (23rd May) at the time when external temperature is the highest (at 3pm for Nagpur, India).
VSA 53.53
VSA 53.53
12pm12pm
(Altitude
(Altitude 45.3)45.3)
30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 3
3pm (Altitude 29.4)29.4)
3pm (Altitude
16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad 4pm (Altitude
4pm (Altitude 18.7)18.7)
5.30pm5.30pm
W W E E (Altitude
(Altitude 0.6) 0.6)
2
2
 Stereographic Diagram

The heat gain process through opaque elements like walls and slabs of a building mainly comprises heat gain through
conduction. Transparent building elements, on the other hand, have higher vulnerability to heat gain through solar radiation in
addition to conductive heat gain. Heat gain from solar radiation is based on the solar heat gain factor (SHGC) of the glass which,
in turn, depends on the specifications of the glass and on the angle of incidence. Owing to the solar shading design, the effective
SHGC in this case was much lower than the maximum SHGC which played a significant role in reducing the overall heat gain
from incident solar radiation. Finally, the solar heat gain for the entire building was calculated and resulted in an overall
NNE Facade
thermal efficiency of 0.79W/sq.ft.
NNW Facade SSW Facade SSW Facade

Facade SSW Facade SSW Facade

Figure 9.Comparative effect of shading design Figure 10.Daylight analysis for a typical floorplate (NNE/SSW)

Daylight Panel Daylight Panel

650

650
No Glare (assumed) No Glare (assumed)

400
Solid band
400mm
Vision Panel
1450

1050
Possible Glare Vision Panel
Possible Glare

Figure 13. Resulting Design of the Office Complex (Nagpur, India)

Typical Section: North faade Typical Section: South faade
(NNE,NNW) Typical Plan (SSE,SSW) 5. CONCLUSION
Figure 11. Designing solar control for fenestrations This paper presents the process followed to achieve a holistic solution for efficient climate sensitive design of an office
complex for composite climatic conditions. Sound integration and planning of the renewable resources available on site helped
5.4. Thermal Efficiency achieve a Net-Zero cycle of energy and water consumption. The conscious decision to restrict the buildable zone allowed for
ample tree cover for natural sequestration of carbon emissions during the life cycle of the building. Orienting the building along
The cumulative solar heat gains (W/m2) of the designed faades, resulting typical module and complete building were
the North-South axis at 22.5 either ways significantly reduced solar exposure. Efficient solar control design helped achieve a
calculated to assess the overall thermal efficiency of the envelope. The maximum solar load from the building envelope was
100% glare-free and fully day-lit working environment with a minimal WWR of 22.5%. A robust building envelope was created
targeted at 1.0W/ft2 with an intention to achieve the lowest possible value without compromising on the design principles for
by further pushing the thermal performance of the fabric to achieve thermal efficiency well below the 1.0W/ft2 mark. The success
the project. The formulae and methodology adopted were based on heat transfer principles for opaque and transparent building
of the entire process is clearly demonstrated by the fact that all the pre-requisites for the project were met within respectable
elements (Table-5) as advised by the Energy Conservation Building Code-2007. Figure-12 illustrates the methodology followed to
limits, coming together in an architecturally relevant design.
calculate the thermal efficiency of the building. The key parameters were identified as:
Window: Wall Ratio (designed at 22.5%) 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
U-values of fabric (Walls, Slabs, Glazing)
We would like to thank the members of our project design team Sonali Rastogi (Founding Partner, Morphogenesis), Apul Tandon
Effective Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of Glazed Elements
(Associate, Morphogenesis), Piya Gupta (Architect, Morphogenesis) for their hard-work and dedication.
Floor/Roof Slab Walls Glazing Table-5 Thermal Properties of Building Elements
Heat gain
through
Orientation U-value (W/m2k) Effective SHGC 7. REFERENCES
Heat gain through conduction
radiation
Roof Slab 0.317 -
Thermal Heat-Gain Solar Heat-Gain Walls 0.345 - Energy Conservation Building Code-2007, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 2008
U-valuex(Ext. temp.Int. temp.)xArea
Qc = U x dT x A
Effective SHGC*xincident solar radiation
Qc = U x dT x A Daylight Panel-SSW 1.040 0.15 Plant For The Planet : The Billion Tree Campaign. An Album. ISBN : 978-92-807-2896-5, United Nations Environment
Qs=insolation x effective SHGC
Total heat gain, Qg=(Qs+Qc) x Window area Vision Panel-SSW 1.040 0.03 Programme (UNEP),2008
Daylight Panel-NNE 1.040 0.14 Technical Manual for Trainers on Building System and Design Optimisation-Renewable Energy Application, Green Rating for
Total Heat-Gain
(Thermal Heat Gain + Solar Heat Gain)
Vision Panel-NNE 1.040 0.13 Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Manual, Volume-3, The Energy and Resources Institute, 2010
Leaderhship in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) 2011 for New Construction, Indian Green Building Council, 2009
Figure 12. Methodology to calculate cumulative heat gains National Building Code of India-2005, Bureau of Indian standards (BIS), 2005

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