Active Energy Efficiency Using Speed Control

Active Energy Efficiency Using Speed Control
Slide 1
Welcome to Active Energy Efficiency Using Speed Control.
Slide 2
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allow you to navigate through the eLearning experience. Using your browser controls may disrupt the
normal play of the course. Click the paperclip icon to download supplemental information for this course.
Click the Notes tab to read a transcript of the narration.
Slide 3
At the completion of the course, you will be able to:
Identify main motor starting methods

Recognize the frequency converter principle and its advantages
Realize substantial energy savings using speed control
Reduce harmonic distortion generated by frequency converters
Calculate the payback of an investment in a variable speed drive
Slide 4
Many motors only have two settings: on and off. They operate at constant speed. If a motor turning at
constant speed is driving a device or process that requires less output, adjustments are required to achieve
the desired output level. This adjustment is often achieved by letting the motor run at full speed, while using
downstream devices to block part of the output.
For fan applications, we have motors generating a full flow of air, and we use dampers to partially block and
reduce the flow. For pump applications, we have motors generating a full flow of fluid, and we use dampers
to partially block and reduce the flow. Energy is used to generate the output and then it is immediately
thrown away.
2011 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners.
Slide 5
This is like driving your car by having one foot fully depressing the accelerator pedal, and the other on the
brake to constantly control the speed. It sounds absurd, but this is still one of the most common control
methods. An estimated 60% of motors are not speed controlled.
The focus of this course is to explore the different ways we can control motor speed efficiently and with
minimal physical stress on equipment. In addition, we'll discuss other advantages such as controlled starting
and regulated torque.
Many types of equipment can benefit from proper speed control - from pumps and fans to compressors and
machines.
Well also talk about energy quality in terms of power factor and well address the issue of harmonic
distortion.
Slide 6
But first, let's see just how dramatic the financial impact of speed control can be. To do this, there are a few
simple physical laws that you need to know. These are called the affinity laws.
Flow is the output from a device such as a fan, pump or compressor, expressed in cubic metres per second,
or cubic feet per minute. It is proportional to the shaft speed of the motor. This means that with half the
shaft speed, you get half the flow.
Pressure is proportional to the shaft speed, squared. So with half the shaft speed, you get a quarter of the
pressure.
Lets say you were getting a pressure of 100 for a shaft speed of 10 (for this example the units of pressure
or speed dont matter). 10 squared is 100. Now lets reduce the shaft speed to 5. 5 squared is 25. Half the
shaft speed, quarter the pressure.
Now is where it gets interesting for us. Power is proportional to the shaft speed, cubed. Half the shaft speed
uses one-eighth of the power. Lets see that calculation. Imagine you have a shaft speed of 10. 10 cubed is
1000: 10 times 10 times 10. Now lets take that speed down to 5. 5 cubed is 125: 5 times 5 times 5. Half
the shaft speed, one-eighth of the power.
So, if you have a fan or a pump that doesnt need to run at 100% flow or pressure output, you can reduce
the shaft speed, and hence the power consumed by the fan. This is an example of an ideal curve of power
compared to flow, based directly on the affinity law. Note that real devices will have curves that are offset or
a different shape - because real devices are not ideal and have varying performance characteristics.
A small reduction in speed can result in a much bigger reduction in power consumption that you might
intuitively expect.
Slide 7
A variable speed drive is more efficient, but there are a number of other benefits to consider. For instance,
with variable speed drives, starting and stopping operations are made smooth and perfectly controlled.
Slow starting also minimizes inrush currents that often accompany a motor suddenly starting. Inrush
currents cause voltage sags that can have damaging effects on the motor and other affected equipment.
Variable speed drives are sometimes called variable frequency drives. This is because the drive receives
AC power at a constant frequency, such as 50 or 60 Hz, and converts it into a variable frequency for supply
to the motor.
They are found in many applications such as elevators, HVAC systems, pumps, fans, cranes and conveyors.
Slide 8
Let's look at the question of how you start the motor.
There are three options associated with starting a motor. They are: Direct-on-line, star/delta and soft starting.
Direct on line starting connects the motor stator windings directly to the mains supply. The motor will start
and accelerate according to its natural characteristics.
This starting method is suitable for stable
L1 L2 L3
Mains supplies, mechanically stiff and well
designed shaft systems - and it is the
Short circuit
protection most common starting method available
on the market. The starting equipment
Line contactor
consists of a main contactor - effectively
an on/off switch which is suitable for the
required current - and a thermal or
Thermal overload
protection electronic overload relay.
Motor
The disadvantage of a direct-on-line starter is the high inrush current that occurs when the motor starts
turning. It may draw a current
Rough acceleration that is 5 to 7 times the nominal

not controlled current until it is up to full speed.
Current
These inrush currents can
generate mechanical shocks that
warrant oversized wiring and
additional surge protection.
Speed Time
Slide 9
Next is the star/delta starting method. This method needs 3 contactors and a control part to manage the
contactor sequence. Both ends of the motor windings must be accessible. Motor windings are connected in
star formation upon starting. Once the motor torque matches the load torque, the winding connection is
changed to delta connection.
Mains Supply
Short circuit protection
Contactors
Motor DELTA STAR

LINE
Terminals
Thermal
Overload
Star/delta provides a softer start than direct-on-line but acceleration is still not controlled. Star/delta is
always used for motors above 10kW to preserve and optimize the electric installation and mechanical parts.
The motor is started with the Y (Star) connection and accelerated as far as possible, then switched to
D(Delta)-connection. Notice how the star/delta connection causes a starting current of about one third the
current associated with direct-on-line starting. This rupture in the star/delta starting current is the result of
the starting current making the switch between star and delta.
Current
Speed Time
Although this starting method is softer, it requires a motor with 2 extremities of wirings connected to the
terminals (for a mains 380 V: 660 V (star) / 380 V (delta)). When starting in star, the motor nominal voltage,
the peak of current, and the starting torque are divided by 3.
Slide 10
Direct-on-line and star/delta motors are standard. However, at levels over 10 kW, star/delta has traditionally
been more common. At levels over 10 kW, installations and mechanical parts are rarely strong enough to
withstand the associated inrush current.
3 phase Line Motor
Supply Terminals
P
L3 r
o
t
e M
L2 c
t
i
o
L1 n
Now more than ever, soft starters are used instead of star/delta for levels over 10 kW. Soft starters increase
voltage gradually to generate a smooth, steady acceleration, and are perfectly compatible with direct-on-line
and star/delta motors. Although a soft starter does smoothly and gently start a motor, and bring it up to full
speed in a controlled manner, it does not provide substantial energy savings or variable speed control.
During the starting process, the soft starter progressively increases the motor voltage so that the motor
becomes strong enough to accelerate the load to rated speed without causing torque or current peaks. Soft
Starters can also be used to control the stopping of a process and provide thermal and short circuit
protection for the motor.
Slide 11
Lets summarize some of what weve just learned.
Direct starting methods are inexpensive, but they do not perform as well. Direct-on-line and star/delta
starting methodologies can be stressful on mechanical parts and gear trains. They also draw high inrush
currents.
The soft starter preserves the efficiency of gear trains and mechanical parts, but does nothing to master
speed or torque, which are the main factors to control in a process to make significant energy savings. We
estimate that at least 60% of motors are not speed controlled - so let's discuss the advantages of variable
speed drives next.
Slide 12
Lets first look at mechanical variable speed drives.
Power Driven
AC Motor
Supply Fuse Gear box
Gear box or pulley
belt-chain gear drive
The basic concept behind adjustable sheave drives is very similar to the gear changing arrangement used
on many modern bicycles. The speed is varied by adjusting the ratio of the diameter of the drive pulley to
the driven pulley. Historically, electrical VSDs, even DC drives, were complex and expensive and were only
used for the most important or difficult applications. So mechanical devices were developed for insertion
between a fixed speed electric drive motor and the shaft of the driven machine.
Mechanical variable speed drives are still favored by many engineers (mainly mechanical engineers) for
some applications mainly because of simplicity and low cost. But they are not very efficient and reliable and
the speed range is very limited.
Hydraulic VSDs are often favored for conveyor drive applications because of their inherent soft-starting
capability. In hydraulic systems, the motor or the coupling is managed by oil pressure rather than a
magnetic field. It is this pressure regulation and flow control that allows for progressive starting and speed
control. Hydraulic drives also tend to be more efficient than electrical ones in systems that require high
torque in a small space.
Power Hydraulic Driven
AC Motor
Supply Fuse Box
Hydraulic speed drive
They are used in all types of transportation and earthmoving equipment because of their inherently high
starting torque. Both of the common types work on the same basic principle where the prime mover, such as
a fixed speed electric motor or a diesel/petrol engine, drives a hydraulic pump to transfer fluid to a hydraulic
motor. The output speed can be adjusted by controlling the fluid flow rate or pressure.
Eddy Current Drives

Eddy Current
Power Driven
AC Motor Coupling
Supply Fuse
Eddy current
drives
The electromagnetic or Eddy Current coupling is one of the oldest and simplest of the electrically controlled
variable speed drives and has been used in industrial applications for over 50 years. In a similar
arrangement to hydraulic couplings, eddy current couplings are usually mounted directly onto the flange of a
standard squirrel cage induction motor between the motor and the driven load. Using the principles of
electromagnetic induction, torque is transferred from a rotating drum, mounted onto the shaft of a fixed
speed electric motor, across the air gap to an output drum and shaft, which is coupled to the driven load.
The speed of the output shaft depends on the slip between the input and output drums, which is controlled
by the magnetic field strength.
Slide 13
The Ward-Leonard system comprises a fixed speed 3-phase AC induction motor driving a separately
excited DC generator that, in turn, feeds a variable voltage to a shunt wound DC motor. So this is essentially
a DC variable speed drive - a complex structure that has largely been replaced by electronic devices.
3 Phase Diode DC PWM AC Driven

AC Rectifier Link Convert Motor Machine
Control Circuits
Since the 1970s, the controlled DC voltage required for DC motor speed control has been more easily
produced from the 3-phase AC supply using a static power electronic AC/DC converter, or sometimes called
a controlled rectifier. Because of its low cost and low maintenance, this type of system has completely
superseded the Ward-Leonard system. However, DC motors are less common now due to technology and
maintenance cost.
DC Motor Drives
In the case of an AC to AC frequency converter, the mains AC supply voltage is converted into a DC voltage
and current through a rectifier. The DC voltage and current are filtered to smooth out the peaks before being
fed into an inverter, where they are converted into a variable AC voltage and frequency. The motor supply is
controlled so that the ratio between voltage and frequency remains constant. This allows an AC motor to
provide its rated torque up to its rated speed.
Slide 14
The variable speed drive is also known as a frequency converter and is known for having very accurate
speed and torque regulation. It has a rectifier bridge followed by an inverter. Both allow voltage amplitude
and frequency to be varied.
The input rectifier converts the 3-phase network supply to DC.
The DC voltage that is obtained is then filtered.
From this DC supply, an inverter rebuilds an AC supply to feed the motor.
Slide 15
Here we see a table comparing different starting methods. As you can see, variable speed drives not only
yield better performance, but have lower operating costs as well. You may download this information by
clicking the paperclip icon in the lower right corner of your screen and downloading the document called,
Starting Methods Compared.
Starting Method
Direct-on-line Star Delta Soft Starter Variable Speed Drive
Advantages
At start and stop
Speed/torque control no no yes
only
Preserve Belts and gear
no Medium yes yes
efficiency
Reduce inrush current no yes yes yes
Motor protection With options With options yes yes
Efficiency 99% 99% 97 to 99% 95 to 97%

Power factor Yes if harmonics
no no no
improvement filtered
Potential for Energy

no no weak big
savings in process
Slide 16
Variable speed control has many advantages compared to older technologies. Lets very briefly look at
these advantages and some of their applications.
Slide 17
For a bottle conveyor, the aim is to not break the bottles when the conveyor starts or stops. A speed drive
here will allow for soft customized speed ramps in order to accelerate and decelerate the conveyor without
shaking the bottles.
Slide 18
Load control is important in large installations, but so are peak current and mechanical shock limitations.
Variable speed drives allow electrical and mechanical equipment to be down-sized by limiting the starting
current.
Slide 19
For passenger lifts, movements must not be abrupt and perfect positioning is required independent of load.
A variable speed drive is the most suitable solution to control speed and positioning.
The variable speed drive also ensures braking control, which is synchronized to the movement.
Slide 20
Providing a device with the best adapted power characteristics preserves mechanical parts.
An escalator, with frequent starts and stops tends to stress mechanics. An electronic speed drive ensures
acceleration and deceleration while limiting jerks that can accompany high torque applications.
Slide 21
VSDs feature a user interface for monitoring, diagnostics and control. An LCD screen and pull-down menu
replace the old buttons and potentiometers.
Slide 22
Drives are also communicating devices. They can be managed by a controller using one of the many field
bus protocols available on the market.
Slide 23
Speed control can also contribute to energy savings. For pump and fan installations, this savings can be
upwards of 70%.
In this fan installation, observe the power consumption versus air flow curve. Every device will have its own
characteristic curve for power versus flow. They may not look like the ideal curve that we saw when we
looked at the affinity laws, due to the design of the specific device.
The red line is the power versus air flow curve when the air flow is
controlled with a damper. For 80% air-flow, the motor is operating
at almost 100% of its power.
If the damper is replaced by a variable speed drive, air flow

information is used to adjust the motor to the right speed. When
the fan speed varies, power increases proportionally to the square
of air flow. For 80% air flow, the motor operates at only 50% of its
power. This means power consumption is halved by the use of a
variable speed drive compared to a damper solution.
Slide 24
How is energy wasted in water distribution?
Lets look at an example. In a distribution system, water is moved by a pump. In this simplified irrigation
installation the pump is powered directly by an AC supply and always runs at full speed whatever the
demand. A valve opens and closes to vary the flow. Reducing the flow using a valve causes what are called
load losses. As the valve slows the flow of water, a large part of the power is lost. Providing 80% of the flow
causes the pump to consume 80% of the power. Providing 50% of the flow causes the pump to consume
65% of the power. Remember the affinity laws we saw at the beginning of this course? Power is
proportional to shaft speed, cubed. Although this is an irrigation example, the same principle applies to other
pumping systems.
Slide 25
How can we save up to 50% of the energy in water distribution? Let's replace the direct-on-line starting with
a variable speed drive. The valve is no longer needed since the flow can now be adjusted by variable speed
control of the pump. To vary the flow, the speed reference is adjusted.
The difference between the green curve and the

red curve represents the energy savings.
Providing 80% of the flow the pump only
consumes 50% of the power rather than 80%.
Providing 50% of the flow the pump only
consumes 20% of the power rather than 65%.
Slide 26
Depending on the operating cycle and the average flow, the variable speed drive can create energy savings
of 20% to 50% on a pumping system.
Slide 27
The same is true for ventilation systems. In fact, using speed drives in fan installations brings 20% to 70% in
energy savings. Notice the power consumption versus air flow curve in this fan installation. The blue line is
the power versus air flow curve when the air flow is controlled with an outlet damper. The red line is the
power versus air flow curve when the air flow is controlled with an inlet vane.
The green line shows the power drawn by removing or fully opening the damper and controlling the speed.
Using an output damper to reduce the flow to 80% uses 95% of the motors power. Using an inlet vane to
reduce the flow to 80% still uses 70% of the motors power. And using a speed drive uses only 50% of the
motors power.
Slide 28
A variable speed drive is always more efficient than control using a damper. The question is, will it be
efficient enough to justify the cost?
Devices that only run for a few hours per year may consume little electricity even if they are inefficient. In
this case, the gains from a variable speed drive would not be enough to justify the cost of the project.
Sometimes if the motor driving the device is very old and close to end of life, and is oversized for the
application, it may make more sense to replace it with one which is suitably sized for the purpose. This is
especially true if the application uses constant speed. The motor can be sized for the correct speed and any
dampers used for control can be left fully open. If variable speed is required, a new motor and appropriate
variable speed drive might be the best solution.
Commonly, introducing a variable speed drive is a better solution than buying a new pump or fan. It is
normally less expensive, more flexible, and can bring energy savings of 20 to 50%, compared to the savings
from changing an inefficient pump or fan which tend to be less than 10%.
Note that for constant-speed applications, adjustments to pumps such as trimming or replacing impellers, or
changing pulley sizes on fans may bring significant energy savings and pay for themselves quickly. These
adjustments can take anything from a day to a week or more to carry out, depending on the situation. In
many cases, a VSD can be installed in a few hours. If in doubt, a VSD provides the best flexibility, since it
allows for future speed changes, and can be integrated with a minimum of disruption.
Slide 29
Whether the motor is old or new, if the damper is normally set fully open, the fan or pump will be running at
its nominal efficiency. A variable speed drives advantage lies in its ability to operate the motor at a different
rate. If the damper is hardly used, the variable speed drive will rarely run the fan or pump at a slower rate,
and will, therefore, have little effect.
If energy happens to be very cheap, then even if the variable speed drive saves a great deal of energy, the
saved units may translate into only a small amount of money saved. Compared to the cost of the project,
this may not be enough to justify the purchase.
Local pricing of the project will also affect the feasibility. If the equipment cost is high, then a project that
might be feasible in one country may not be in another.
Customers have different expectations of payback. Some customers may be satisfied by a five year
payback while others may require three years, two years, or even as little as one year. A variable speed
drive generally pays for itself within 1 2.5 years.
Slide 30
Let's look at a short example of these economic factors.
Imagine you have a motor that is nominally rated at 50 hp motor - that would be roughly 35 kilowatts. This
motor runs 12 hours per day 5 days per week, 50 weeks per year. So the annual consumption will be about
105000 kilowatt hours per year.
Lets imagine that you have assessed the fan powered by the motor and determined that if you remove the
outlet damper, the power needs will be reduced by 30%. If energy costs 0.1 per kilowatt-hour, the annual
energy savings of the installation are 3150 per year.
If the speed drive installation costs less than 3150, it will pay for itself in less than 1 year.
However, if the cost of energy is only 0.05 per kWh, then the savings would be only 1575. Depending on
the price of the drive, this project may no longer meet your investment criteria.
If the motor is much smaller, or the operating hours are fewer, these will also impact the savings.
Estimating your savings requires you to know your current energy costs, operating hours of the equipment,
and the power reduction resulting from changing to variable speed.
You may need to consult the specifications of the fan, pump or other equipment to determine the effect on
the power used.
Slide 31
With variable frequency drives, energy savings of up to 70% are achievable, depending on the type of
installation. The highest potential energy savings can be found on pumps, fans and compressors.
To help understand potential energy savings, a couple of new tools are available. The Energy Consumption
Simulator compares a conventional fan application using a mechanical control to a variable speed drive to
control airflow. You control the level of flow by turning the wheel on the throttle and the variable drive to
control the airflow. The simulator then illustrates energy consumption for both options.
Another tool is the ECO2 Energy Calculator. This calculator helps identify the estimated return-on-
investment for a variable speed drive within pump and fan applications. Download and install this calculator
to build a customized report to illustrate energy consumption with or without a drive, the reduction in carbon
footprint and potential payback period for specific applications. This calculator features adjustable variables
to evaluate how duty cycle rebates, installation costs, energy costs and other variables change ROI.
Slide 32
Frequency converters have many advantages but one main disadvantage is that they generate harmonic
distortion in the power network.
Let see with more details what are the problems and the solutions.
Harmonic currents and voltages are generated by non-linear loads connected to the power distribution
system.
Variable speed drives are themselves, non-linear loads and, therefore, increase voltage distortion by
injecting harmonic currents into the main supply.
Instead of a smooth, sinusoidal wave, the wave form starts to be a less regular, more distorted shape. If
harmonic distortion increases it can cause problems. These problems can cause protection devices to trip
and cut off the electricity to some machines, which disrupts production and causes a nuisance. If harmonic
distortion increases above a certain standardized level, it becomes a form of pollution that can cause
problems.
You can learn more about this in our class on "Power factor and harmonics.
Slide 33
Harmonics can overload the rectifier bridge and drive capacitors. Consequently, both users and non-linear
load manufacturers limit them in order to guarantee the quality of the energy of the network.
Harmonics reduction can be achieved either by structural modifications in the drive system, installation
design or by using external filters.
Slide 34
Total harmonic distortion of current or THDi is a measure of the impact of harmonics on the waveform. A
frequency converter with no filter generates a THDi above 100%. This is not acceptable if speed drives
represent a large portion of the installed equipment.
Filters are commonly embedded within the drive, or connected externally to mitigate harmonics at the speed
drive level. They work by eliminating some or all of the harmonic frequencies.
Slide 35
A choke is a reactor installed on the line supply or in the DC bus. It smoothes the shape of the input current
to reduce THDi to about 40%. It is a popular option because of its simplicity and cost effectiveness.
Passive filters are more effective but also more costly and bulky. A passive filter is constructed from
capacitors and chokes, tuned to eliminate harmonics of a particular frequency or a few frequencies. Passive
filters are generally reserved for power levels under 100 kW and have the ability to reduce THDi to
approximately 10%.
C-less drive technology uses a frequency converter with very low capacitance values on the DC supply.
This is because capacitance is the main source of distortion. However reducing the capacitance also
reduces the performance of the motor control, which makes it suitable for applications such as HVAC where
high performance speed drives are not required. THDi can be reduced to 30%.
Slide 36
A 12 pulses system is a type of drive design that uses 2 rectifier bridges to supply the DC bus. Each rectifier
is supplied by a secondary winding of a specific transformer; each secondary has a de-phasing of 30. The
result on the other side is an attenuation of the 5th and 7th orders of harmonics.
An 18 pulses drives involves the same principal but with 3 rectifier bridges.
There are two main types of active filters. First is the Active Front End (AFE). Here the classical rectifier
bridge is replaced by an inverter controlled in order to draw a sinusoidal current onto the network.
A line active filter is a device installed on the power distribution network that senses harmonics and injects,
in opposite phase, a balancing harmonic to maintain a sinusoidal line current. They are very effective but
can be expensive. They are normally used above 100kW and can reduce THDi to under 5%.
Slide 37
This chart demonstrates the cost versus efficiency of each type of harmonic mitigation technique. The y-axis
indicates the contribution of the cost of mitigation to the cost of the drive, expressed as a percentage and
the number above each of the bars is the corresponding THDI rating. The cost of the drive without harmonic
mitigation is given as 100%. If the cost of mitigation is 50% of the cost of the drive, the y-axis will show
150%.
Slide 38
For the industrial sector, there are no standard total harmonic distortion limits for variable speed drives,
because it is not possible to know the impact a drive will have on the complete installation without knowing
many other things such as the architecture, the loads and so on. However, some industry segments are
more focused on harmonics mitigation than others and require compliance with IEEE or IEC standard
guidelines. These standard guidelines address the harmonic distortion at distribution system level.
The most cost effective solution is to study the complete installation, which often leads to a compromise
solution mixing chokes at the level of the drives, separating linear and non-linear loads in the architecture,
and applying a network-wide solution for passive or active filtering.
However for customers who don't know exactly how their installation may evolve in the future, a more
comfortable solution may be to use "clean drives" with local passive or active filters. Unfortunately using this
approach the cost is quickly doubled.
Slide 39
So how do we optimize a power drive system? You could improve the combination of the motor and gears.
This would save between 5% and 10%. A much greater opportunity; however is to consider a variable
speed drive. Variable speed control can yield savings of 20% to 70%!
Slide 40
When we think of saving energy in the area of lighting, we naturally think of the new generation of energy
efficient bulbs. After all, they reduce consumption by around 80%. If we did the same for motors what we
now do for lighting, we would capitalize on the savings of up to 70% associated with variable speed drive
implementation.
Slide 41
Now, lets summarize some of the information we have covered throughout the course.
Many types of equipment can benefit from proper speed control - from pumps and fans to compressors and
other machines. Due to associated costs, traditional direct-on-line starting is the most common starting
method on the market today. There are many compelling reasons to consider other starting options,
however. These include benefits such as smooth starting and stopping, minimized inrush currents, and
electrical efficiency. While soft starters avoid the mechanical stress associated with direct-on-line starting,
nothing enables mastery of torque and speed the way variable speed drives do. Despite all the advantages
of variable speed drives, at least 60% of all motors are still not speed controlled.
Slide 42
For pumping systems, a variable speed drive can save 20% to 50% depending on the operating cycle and
average flow. Applying variable speed drives to ventilation systems creates 20% to 70% in energy savings!
In fact, a variable speed drive generally pays for itself in 1 to 2.5 years. If dampers are fixed and air or water
flow rarely needs to change, it will be difficult to justify investment in a variable speed drive - A VSDs
advantage lies in its ability to operate the motor at a varying rates.
Variable speed drives are non-linear loads and can therefore create harmonic distortion. Harmonics can
overload the rectifier bridge and drive capacitors. As a result filters are often embedded within the drive or
connected externally in order to mitigate the damage harmonics can cause. The construction, cost, and
effectiveness of harmonics mitigating equipment can vary. Harmonic filtering effectiveness is expressed in
terms of THDi rating.
The savings associated with variable speed drives is as dramatic as upgrading to new generation lighting.
Speed control savings are ready to be realized. Using tools such as Schneider Electrics Energy
Consumption Simulator and ECO2 Energy Calculator can quantify VSD savings before any investments are
made.
Slide 43
Thank you for participating in this course.

Active Energy Efficiency Using Speed Control

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Active Energy Efficiency Using Speed Control

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Active Energy Efficiency Using Speed Control

Identify main motor starting methods

Rough acceleration that is 5 to 7 times the nominal

Short circuit protection

Motor DELTA STAR

Eddy Current Drives

3 Phase Diode DC PWM AC Driven

The input rectifier converts the 3-phase network supply to DC.

From this DC supply, an inverter rebuilds an AC supply to feed the motor.

Reduce inrush current no yes yes yes

Motor protection With options With options yes yes

Efficiency 99% 99% 97 to 99% 95 to 97%

Potential for Energy

If the damper is replaced by a variable speed drive, air flow

The difference between the green curve and the

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