EDS 08-0145 EHV Design PDF

Document Number: EDS 08-0145
Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
THIS IS AN UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT, THE READER MUST CONFIRM ITS VALIDITY BEFORE USE
ENGINEERING DESIGN STANDARD
EDS 08-0145
EHV DESIGN
Network(s): EPN, LPN, SPN
Summary: This standard provides guidance on the design and operation of the 33kV, 66kV
and 132kV networks.
Owner: Allan Boardman Date: 04/02/2014
Approved By: Steve Mockford Approved Date: 28/02/2014
Review Date: 28/02/2017
This document forms part of the Companys Integrated Business System and its requirements are mandatory throughout UK
Power Networks. Departure from these requirements may only be taken with the written approval of the Director of Asset
Management. If you have any queries about this document please contact the author or owner of the current issue.
Document History
(The document history notes below are intended as a guide only and may not cover all of the changes. If you wish to make use
of this document it should be read in full.)
Version Date Details Author
2.0 04/02/2014 Section 11 updated to align with EDS 08-0051. Marco da Fonseca
Section 7 added. Section 8.3 modified to allow
three options of 132kV cable terminations. Refer
to briefing note.
1.1 16/09/2013 Content page refreshed (delete figure that Lee Strachan
appeared in contents page)
1.0 01/03/2013 Original Marco da Fonseca
EHV Design Document Number: EDS 08-0145
Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7
2 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 7
3 Abbreviations and Definitions ................................................................................ 8
3.1 Abbreviations............................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................. 9
4 Infrastructure Investment Philosophy ................................................................. 11
5 Legacy Voltages Voltage Rationalisation ......................................................... 13
5.1 66kV Systems ......................................................................................................... 13
5.2 33kV Systems ......................................................................................................... 13
5.3 22kV Systems ......................................................................................................... 14
6 Standardised Network Configurations ................................................................. 15
6.1 General Principles ................................................................................................... 15
6.2 Complexity .............................................................................................................. 15
6.3 Security of Supply ................................................................................................... 16
6.3.1 Engineering Recommendation P2/6 ........................................................................ 16
6.3.2 Embedded Generation ............................................................................................ 17
6.3.3 Resilience ................................................................................................................ 17
6.3.4 Quality of Supply Performance Targets ................................................................... 18
6.4 Single Transformer Substations............................................................................... 19
7 Design Considerations.......................................................................................... 20
7.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 20
7.2 Maximum Cable Lengths at 33kV and 132kV .......................................................... 20
7.2.1 Cable Capacitance Compensation Assessment ...................................................... 21
7.3 Network Complexity................................................................................................. 22
7.4 EHV Electric and Magnetic Fields Strategy ............................................................. 23
7.4.1 Introduction and References.................................................................................... 23
7.4.2 132kV Overhead Lines Double-Circuit Optimum Phasing ........................................ 24
8 132kV Network Configurations ............................................................................. 26
8.1 Grid Supply Points ................................................................................................... 26
8.2 132kV Urban Underground Networks ...................................................................... 27
8.3 132kV Transformer Feeder Networks ...................................................................... 27
8.4 132kV Teed Transformer Networks ......................................................................... 29
8.5 132kV Banked Transformers ................................................................................... 30
8.6 Banked Circuits ....................................................................................................... 31
8.7 132kV Mesh Networks............................................................................................. 31
UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 2 of 88

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9 33kV Network Configurations ............................................................................... 32

9.1 33kV Underground Transformer Feeder Networks .................................................. 32
9.2 33kV Overhead Transformer Feeder Networks ....................................................... 34
9.3 33kV Underground Teed Transformer Networks ..................................................... 35
9.4 33kV Overhead Teed Transformer Networks........................................................... 36
9.5 33kV Underground Ring Networks .......................................................................... 37
9.6 33kV Overhead Ring Networks................................................................................ 38
9.7 33kV Underground Mesh Networks ......................................................................... 39
9.8 33kV Overhead Mesh Networks .............................................................................. 41
10 11kV Switchgear Configurations at Primary and Grid Substations ................... 42
10.1 Busbar Loading Principles ....................................................................................... 42
10.1.1 Assessment of Load Distribution on Busbars........................................................... 43
10.2 11kV Switchgear Configuration 2 x 12/24MVA 33/11kV Substations .................... 43
10.5 11kV Switchgear Configuration 2 x 60MVA 132/11/11kV Substations .................. 46
10.6 11kV Switchgear Configuration 3 x 66MVA 132/11kV Substations ....................... 48
10.7 Switchboard Segregation......................................................................................... 48
10.8 Fault Level Considerations ...................................................................................... 49
11 New Business Connections .................................................................................. 50
11.1 General ................................................................................................................... 50
11.2 Embedded Generator Connections ......................................................................... 51
11.2.1 Generator Connections at 132kV............................................................................. 51
11.2.2 Connections to Existing 33kV Circuits ..................................................................... 55
11.2.3 33kV Duplicate (firm) Connections .......................................................................... 57
11.2.4 Requirements for 33kV Switchgear at Customers Premises ................................... 61
11.3 Connection of Major New and Additional Loads ...................................................... 65
11.3.1 Supplies to Single Large Industrial or Commercial Customers and Embedded
Networks 132kV Networks.................................................................................... 65
Networks 33kV Networks...................................................................................... 70
12 System Earthing .................................................................................................... 72
12.1 132kV Network ........................................................................................................ 72
12.2 66kV and 33kV Windings......................................................................................... 72
12.3 11kV or 6.6kV Windings .......................................................................................... 73
12.4 Arc Suppression Coils ............................................................................................. 73
13 Standardised Plant and Equipment...................................................................... 74

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13.1 132kV Systems ....................................................................................................... 74

13.1.1 132kV Transformers ................................................................................................ 74
13.1.2 132kV Switchgear ................................................................................................... 74
13.1.3 132kV Overhead Lines ............................................................................................ 75
13.1.4 132kV Underground Cables .................................................................................... 75
13.1.5 Protection Systems.................................................................................................. 75
13.2 33kV Systems ......................................................................................................... 75
13.2.1 33/11.5kV or 33/6.6kV Transformers ....................................................................... 75
13.2.2 33kV Switchgear ..................................................................................................... 75
13.2.3 33kV Overhead Lines .............................................................................................. 77
13.2.4 33kV Underground Cables ...................................................................................... 77
13.2.5 33kV Protection Systems......................................................................................... 78
13.3 Remote Source Circuit-breaker Operation ............................................................... 79
13.4 SCADA and Network Automation ............................................................................ 81
13.5 Protection and Control ............................................................................................. 81
13.6 Substation Earthing ................................................................................................. 81
14 Layouts and Land Requirements Customer Supplies ..................................... 82
14.1 Substation Accommodation ..................................................................................... 83
15 References ............................................................................................................. 84
15.1 Legislation ............................................................................................................... 84
15.2 Industry Regulation.................................................................................................. 84
15.3 Industry Standards .................................................................................................. 84
15.4 UK Power Networks Standards ............................................................................... 85
Appendix A P2/6 Security of Supply Table................................................................... 87
Figures
Figure 6.1 Discrete 132kV networks with two BSPs ......................................................... 17

Figure 6.2 132kV networks with BSP interconnection ...................................................... 17
Figure 6.3 132kV interconnection between GSPs ............................................................ 18
Figure 7.1 Cable Capacitance Compensation Process .................................................... 21
Figure 7.2 Optimum Phasing Construction Arrangement............................................... 25
Figure 8.1 GSP arrangement ........................................................................................... 27
Figure 8.2 132kV Transformer Feeder Arrangement ........................................................ 29
Figure 8.3 - Secondary Voltage Banked Transformer Arrangement .................................... 30
Figure 8.4 132kV Banked Transformer Arrangement Reinforcement ............................... 30
Figure 9.1 Underground Transformer Feeder Network ..................................................... 32

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Figure 9.2 Underground 3 x Transformer Feeder ............................................................. 33

Figure 9.3 Underground 4 x Transformer Feeder ............................................................. 33
Figure 9.4 Overhead Transformer Feeder Network .......................................................... 34
Figure 9.5 - Underground Teed Transformer Feeder Network ............................................. 35
Figure 9.6 - Teed Overhead Transformer Feeder Network .................................................. 36
Figure 9.7 Underground Ring Network ............................................................................. 37
Figure 9.8 Ring Overhead Network .................................................................................. 38
Figure 9.9 Underground Mesh Networks .......................................................................... 39
Figure 9.10 Reinforcement Option by Improving Network Utilisation ................................ 40
Figure 9.11 Dual 2 Transformer Substations Reinforcement via Interconnection ............. 40
Figure 10.1 2 x 12/24MVA 11kV Switchgear Configuration .............................................. 43
Figure 10.2 2 x 12/24MVA 11kV Mesh Network Switchgear Configuration ....................... 44
Figure 10.3 2 x 12/24MVA 11kV Secured Mesh Network Switchgear Configuration......... 44
Figure 10.4 2 x 20/40MVA 11kV Switchgear Configuration .............................................. 45
Figure 10.5 4 x 12/24MVA Double Busbar Feeder Substation ......................................... 46
Figure 10.6 - 2 x 60MVA Double Busbar Feeder Substation ............................................... 47
Figure 10.7 3 x 66MVA 11kV Switchgear Configuration ................................................... 48
Figure 11.1 Tee Connection from 132kV Overhead Line .................................................. 52
Figure 11.2 Loop Connection from 132kV Overhead Line ................................................ 52
Figure 11.3 New 132 kV Circuit from Super Grid Substation ............................................ 53
Figure 11.4 New 132kV Banked Circuit from GSP ........................................................... 53
Figure 11.5 New Circuit from 132kV Site.......................................................................... 54
Figure 11.6 New Circuit from 132kV site with Cross Bay .................................................. 54
Figure 11.7 Multiple 11kV Feeders from 132kV Site......................................................... 54
Figure 11.8 Tee connection to Existing Radial Underground Circuit .................................. 55
Figure 11.9 Tee Connection to Existing 33kV Radial Overhead Circuit ............................ 56
Figure 11.10 Tee Connection to Existing 33kV Radial Overhead Circuit .......................... 57
Figure 11.11 Loop Connection from an Existing Overhead or Underground Circuit .......... 57
Figure 11.12 Double Tee Connection to Existing Radial Underground Circuit .................. 58
Figure 11.13 Double Loop Connection to Existing Radial Underground Circuits using
Circuit-Breakers ................................................................................................. 59
Figure 11.14 Double Loop Connection with Bus-section Circuit-breaker to Existing
radial Underground Circuits using Circuit-breakers ............................................ 59
Figure 11.15 Double Tee Connection to Existing Radial Overhead Circuits ..................... 60
Figure 11.16 Double Overhead Tee Connection to Existing 33kV Radial Overhead
Circuits .............................................................................................................. 60
Figure 11.17 Two Circuits Provided from Local 132/33kV Grid Substation ....................... 61
Figure 11.18 Underground Teed Connection ................................................................... 63

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Figure 11.19 Preferred Arrangement Looped Connection using Extensible Circuit-

breakers ............................................................................................................ 63
Figure 11.20 Duplicate Customer Connection using Extensible Circuit-breakers with
Bus-section ........................................................................................................ 64
Figure 11.21 - Duplicate Customer Connection using Extensible Circuit-breakers .............. 64
Figure 11.22 Multiple 11kV Feeders from 132kV Site....................................................... 66
Figure 11.23 Dedicated 132/11kV Substation at Customers Premises ............................ 66
Figure 11.24 New 132/11kV Substation from GSP ........................................................... 67
Figure 11.25 New 132/11kV Substation from Open Terminal GSP Banked Circuits ...... 68
Figure 11.26 Additional 132/11kV Capacity with 132kV Cross-bay .................................. 69
Figure 11.27 Additional 132/11kV Capacity with New 132kV Circuit ................................ 69
Figure 11.28 Transformer Feeder Substation ................................................................... 70
Figure 11.29 Teed Transformer Feeder Substation .......................................................... 70
Figure 11.30 33kV Ring Network...................................................................................... 71
Figure 11.31 33kV Mesh Network .................................................................................... 71
Figure 13.1 132kV Standard and modified single-switch layout ........................................ 80
Figure 13.2 132kV Teed and modified teed transformer feeder ........................................ 80
Tables
Table 7.1 - Typical Charging Currents at 33kV .................................................................... 20

Table 7.2 Typical Charging Currents at 132kV ................................................................. 20

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1 Introduction
This standard provides guidance on the design and operation of the 132kV, 66kV, 33kV and
22kV networks. Standard network configurations and substation layouts which could be
applied across the EPN, LPN and SPN networks are not considered feasible. This is due to
the historical development of each network and the considerable differences in their
geography, load density and the nature and expectation of their customers etc. Furthermore
it is likely that such an approach would lead to over engineering and over investment.
Nevertheless, it is desirable to reduce the number and complexity of arrangements in order

to achieve an appropriate balance between cost and performance which is common and
equitable to EPN, LPN and SPN customers. Rationalisation of the current design practices
across EPN, LPN and SPN can, to a large extent, be achieved by standardisation of the
specifications for lines, cables, plant, protection, automation and earthing. These standards
dictate the building blocks from which the system is constructed and are set externally to the
design philosophy.
The purpose of this document is to provide a high level standard for the design of primary
networks so that a consistent approach can be taken across EPN, LPN and SPN, whilst
permitting designers/planners freedom for original thinking to resolve each unique network
problem with a bespoke solution which takes advantage of local circumstances.
2 Scope
This document applies to the EPN, LPN and SPN EHV networks including all voltages from
33kV up to and including 132kV.
The development of 20 and 33kV distribution networks aimed at supplying large demand
customers in the central area of London is outside the scope of this document. However
designs for the development of primary EHV networks in the areas where either 20-22kV or
33kV distribution networks exist will need to take account of these networks but their design
and specification will comply with standards that have been developed specifically for this
purpose.

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3 Abbreviations and Definitions

3.1 Abbreviations
Term Definition
AIS Air Insulated Switchgear

ASC Arc Suppression Coil
BSP Bulk Supply Point (point of supply from a transmission system to a distribution
system)
CB Circuit-Breaker
CDM Construction Design and Management Regulations (2007)
CER Continuous Emergency Rating
CHLDZ Central High Load Density Zone
CI Customer Interruption (number of occurrences in which a customer is off
supply for more than 3 minutes)
CML Customer Minutes Lost (number of minutes in which a customer is off supply
after the first 3 minutes)
CT Current Transformer
DAR Delayed Auto Reclose
DNO Distribution Network Owner
DPC Distribution Planning Code
EGS Electricity Distribution Guaranteed Standard
EHV Extra High Voltage
EMF Electric Magnetic Field
ENA Energy Networks Association
EPN Eastern Power Networks
EPR Earth Potential Rise
ER Engineering Recommendation
ESQCR Electricity Safety Quality and Continuity Regulations
GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
GSP Grid Supply Point (transformation point from super grid)
HMI Her Majestys Inspectorate
HSE Health and Safety Executive
HV High Voltage
ICP Independent Connection Provider
IDMT Inverse Definite Minimum Time (Protection)
IDNO Independent Distribution Network Owner
IIS Interruptions Incentive Scheme
IOFET Investment Optimiser Front End Tool

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Term Definition
LPN London Power Networks

LV Low Voltage
NAMP Network Asset Management Plan
NG National Grid
NMS Network Management System
ODSE Outdoor Sealing Ends
OFGEM Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
OIS Oil Immersed Sealing Ends
ONAN Oil Natural, Air Natural
PES Public Electricity Supply
PLE Planning Load Estimate
POC Point of Connection
QoS Quality of Supply
RMU Ring Main Unit
SAP Senior Authorised Person
SCADA System Control and Data Acquisition
SGT Super Grid Transformer
SPN South Eastern Power Networks
VT Voltage Transformer
vCoP Voluntary Code of Practice
XLPE Cross-linked Polyethylene
3.2 Definitions
Term Definition
A network providing the infrastructure to make supplies available to end

11/6.6kV Distribution
customers, either from distribution substations or by direct connection to
Network
11/6.6kV or LV distribution circuits
Circuit-breaker tie or busbar section at the higher voltage side of a primary or
grid substation. It allows both transformers to remain active during one circuit
Cross-bay outage/fault fed by the healthy circuit. In an n-2 situation, where a transformer
failure is concurrent with a circuit outage (or vice-versa), the remaining healthy
transformer is supplied by the healthy circuit
Embedded
Parallel generation connected to the distribution network
Generation
The term EHV as used in this document refers to AC voltages above 11kV
(nominal) up to and including 132kV, used for primary distribution or for the
Extra High Voltage
connection of large customer import or export supplies above the capacity of
the 11/6.6kV distribution network

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Term Definition
Fault Thrower Device to apply a single phase to earth fault for inter-tripping purposes
Grid Substation Transformation and switching point from an upstream voltage of 132kV
The ESQCR Regulations 2002 (3) defines HV as 'any voltage exceeding LV'.
It should be noted that HV is a term used in the UK and many legacy
High Voltage documents (including those referenced in this instruction) define 11 kV and
6.6kV as HV. This should be taken into account when cross referencing with
other documents
Low Voltage AC voltages of 1000 Volts or less
Mesh Network Group of two or more feeders running in parallel
n-1 First system outage
n-2 Second system outage
Transformation and switching point from voltages below 132kV to supply
Primary Substation
11/6.6kV distribution network or customers
A predominantly overhead system supplying a sparsely populated area with
Rural network
distributed demand clusters
Transmission system owned by National Grid Transco generally operating at
Super Grid System
275kV or 400kV
Urban/Suburban A predominantly underground system supplying a relatively densely populated
Network area with a largely homogeneous demand

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4 Infrastructure Investment Philosophy

Investment in the primary distribution infrastructure may be required for one or more of the
following reasons:
To satisfy Health and Safety legislation.

Replacement of time expired or poorly performing assets.
To manage network utilisation and account for load growth or connections activity.
To satisfy ENA standards for security of supply which have been adopted by OFGEM as
the minimum industry standards.
To satisfy UK Power Networks quality of supply targets.
To satisfy HMI pollution regulations.
To satisfy environmental legislation.
To satisfy other related statutory legislation and any revisions e.g. ESQCR.
To comply with OFGEM regulation.
In the majority of cases where network development or extension is planned there will be the
requirement for designs to comply with the provisions of the Construction Design and
Management Regulations (2007). This requires designers to consider risks at the outset of a
project and to produce designs that remove or minimise risks to the public or to employees
and contractors who will build, operate, maintain and replace the system assets. Standard
risk assessment methods shall be used for all projects even where they do not necessarily
need to comply with CDM (refer to EDS 00-0002 and EOS 09-0061). Risk assessments and
designs shall also consider the future use, possible development and the eventual removal
of the project site.
It is frequently the case that when investment is required on a network an action can be
taken that resolves other problems. For example a network requiring reinforcement may also
comprise assets which are approaching the end of their useful lives or are non-compliant
with current legislation or performance criteria. It is therefore necessary to take a holistic
view of the network such that when major investment is required the opportunity is taken to
address all issues and derive a solution which provides best value for money. Considering
each problem in isolation will inevitably lead to a more costly overall solution.
Planning load estimates (PLE) are prepared for each substation on an annual basis, in
accordance with EDP 08-0206, and estimated demands over a 15 year period are produced
taking account of summer and winter seasons, agreed new load increases and load
transfers. Embedded generation is also taken into account but is hidden on the load itself. A
load flow analysis on each network should also be carried out to confirm compliance with the
current ENA standards for security of supply and to determine by which year reinforcement
will be required.
Other performance, environmental and operational issues affecting the network should also
be addressed and solutions to these issues should be generated. Rigorous technical and
economic assessment of each solution should be carried out using UK Power Networks
approved tools for assessment. Refer to EDP 08-0309, EDP 08-0203, EDP 08-0301 and
EDP 08-0310 for further information.
Where the incidence of expenditure is phased over several years, this assessment should
include, where appropriate, an analysis of the reliability of each option such that their relative
risk versus cost ratios can be compared and consistency in investment across the networks
can be achieved.

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The option which provides the required life expectancy and satisfies the required level of
security and quality of supply targets at least cost should generally be adopted. However,
some options may have an undesirable effect on cash flow particularly if there is a high
incidence of expenditure in the early years of development where the impact upon CAPEX
may not be acceptable. Rationalisation of ageing 33kV networks by overlaying with a system
of direct 132/11kV transformation is an example of this problem.
The proposed solution should be presented in the form of a regional development plan in
which the network issues are defined, advantages and disadvantages of each option are
discussed and a detailed proposal of the preferred option and the incidence of expenditure
are provided.
The process for developing and revising strategic designs is detailed in EDP 08-0205. The
primary objective is to create a single set of standard documents based on best design
practice across all three networks.
Having established common design standards it is necessary to ensure these remain

relevant to the strategic aims of the Network Asset Management Plan (NAMP). This will be
achieved by reviews initiated as a result of major strategic decisions, or by periodic reviews.
Investment decisions should also take account of externally driven requirements where there
might not be a direct benefit on the new site but a mitigation of an issue on another site.

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5 Legacy Voltages Voltage Rationalisation

The EHV system in the LPN region utilises a range of voltages that have existed since the
time when there was significant generation capacity within London itself. The generation
capacity has progressively been replaced by grid connection points and the EHV system has
been developed by taking a holistic approach that addresses voltage rationalisation, removal
of older assets and the installation of significantly more transformer capacity.
Within the Central London area to accommodate the high load densities new substations
based on 132kV incoming circuits and 66MVA three-winding transformers have become the
standard. Whilst this design has been predominantly applied to Central London it is equally
applicable to the other high load density parts of LPN, EPN and SPN, particularly where
132kV distribution is already available.
The current infrastructure strategy for Central London involves significant reinforcement of
the 132kV system which will establish 132kV as the predominant EHV voltage within the
central area. Any proposals to invest in systems operating at the legacy voltages of 66kV,
33kV or 22kV shall be considered in the context of whether they will deliver efficient longer
term investment and the extent to which they are compatible with any future migration to
132kV. Refer to EDS 08-0116.
5.1 66kV Systems
Some 66kV systems remain in the LPN region which provide significant capacity and supply
sensitive areas of Central London and there is little possibility of this voltage level being
entirely replaced by 132kV in the medium term. However, there should be a general
presumption against extending the 66kV system or replacing the assets and opportunities for
standardisation to 132kV should be addressed when they arise. The need to replace 66kV
assets because of poor condition may become necessary. Significant expenditure on such
replacements should ideally be avoided by considering the removal of the asset as part of a
voltage rationalisation scheme. However, any such scheme shall be economically justified
and where this cannot be demonstrated like for like asset replacement may be the only
option.
Where 66kV assets are to be replaced 132kV rated switchgear and cables should be used.
Each case will ultimately be considered on its merits and the marginal additional costs
involved will be subject to formal approval as part of the capital authorisation procedure.
5.2 33kV Systems
For the purposes of providing guidelines in respect of the 33kV primary system it is
necessary to differentiate between the limited amount of 33kV primary infrastructure that
remains within the Central London area and the more extensive 33kV system that is in place
in many of the outer areas of London and within EPN and SPN. In these networks 33kV will
remain as a standard primary distribution voltage unless there are local factors that favour
the introduction of 132kV.
The 22kV and 33kV distribution systems used to provide customers with high capacity
supplies in parts of Central London area are in the process of development and will comply
with the relevant standards but are outside the scope of this standard.

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5.3 22kV Systems
The old 22kV sub-transmission systems are relatively small in extent, offer very low capacity
for modern EHV distribution and have a transformer age profile that places the bulk of the
assets in the early to mid-1950s. There is no merit in extending this system and every
endeavour should be made to remove these assets as part of any major reinforcement
scheme that either involves the assets directly, or offers the potential to decommission them
as part of an associated scheme. However, the need to replace 22kV assets because of
poor condition may become urgent and some investment may be unavoidable.
20kV systems exist mainly in south London (Bankside) for distribution purposes and are not
in the scope for this standard.

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6 Standardised Network Configurations

6.1 General Principles
To some extent schemes for development of the primary networks will be bespoke because
of the existing infrastructure, physical constraints and for technical and economic reasons.
The following sections however provide illustrations of the more common if not standard
network and switchgear configurations.
The design of primary networks shall always comply with:
Health and safety legislation.

All other applicable statutory legislation.
ENA engineering recommendations.
Codes of practice.
OFGEM Overall and Guaranteed Standards.
DNO Licence Conditions.
Planned level of redundancy.
UK Power Networks internal standards.
6.2 Complexity
Historically the networks in some areas have been designed around the simple transformer
feeder principle. This provides a robust means of distribution which is easily understood by
personnel, achieves the required level of security and presents no operational problems.
However, such networks are, nevertheless, uneconomical as generally they have a high
capital cost and the assets have a low utilisation due to inbuilt redundancy.
The advent of high tech protection, automation systems and improved SCADA
communication has made it possible to monitor networks in real time. The required levels of
security of supply can now be achieved without high levels of redundancy by remotely
changing network running arrangements to optimise security at all times. Mesh
interconnected networks, therefore, offer a positive advantage in that they optimise utilisation
of assets and provide increased security by means of load transfer. Due to increased
difficulty in protecting these networks, protection requirements shall be considered at the
initial stage of development.
As demand grows and circuit capacity becomes inadequate the networks can be
interconnected and instead of providing new circuit capacity from the source substation the
existing redundancy can be utilised. This provides a cost effective solution for each
incremental step of network reinforcement.
Complex networks may have a considerable number of credible running conditions and the
protection schemes and settings become complex. This may lead to an increased risk of
mal-operation and human error.
The number of customers per circuit is also increased which could have consequences for
quality of supply targets and IIS penalties although customer supplies should be unaffected
under (n-1) outage conditions. Furthermore, the window of opportunity for planned outages
may be restricted leading to increased risk.

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6.3 Security of Supply
6.3.1 Engineering Recommendation P2/6
It is a requirement under Condition 5 of the Electricity Distribution Licence that the licensee
shall plan and develop its distribution system in accordance with a standard not less than
that detailed in ENA ER P2/6. EDS 08-0119 Technical Guidance to ENA ER P2/6 should be
consulted to ensure compliance with ENA ER P2/6 and internal UK Power Networks
standards:
ENA ER P2/6 defines a circuit as the part of an electricity distribution system between two or
more circuit-breakers, switches or fuses inclusive. It may include transformers, reactors,
cables and overhead lines. Busbars are not considered as circuits and are to be considered
on their merits.
The probabilistic failure rate of transformers is far smaller than circuits and similarly the
failure rate of lines is greater than that of cables. When considering network design options it
is necessary to address the security afforded to substations which are supplied by long
overhead lines particularly at sites which have limited or no interconnection.
The security of supplies fed from substations supplied by dual circuit overhead lines or by
underground cables laid in a common trench is less than that of substations supplied by
circuits erected or laid on diverse routes. Although ENA ER P2/6 makes no distinction
between single and dual circuits, the practice of supplying substations with demands greater
than 60MW by means of a dual circuit overhead line should be discouraged unless a
substantial proportion of the demand can be transferred by interconnection at the lower
voltage.
When carrying out technical and economic comparison of solution options the respective
reliabilities of each arrangement should be quantified to provide a risk versus cost ratio that
can be compared and consistency in investment across the networks can be achieved.
Enhanced levels of security may be justified in certain high load density inner city areas
where, due to the nature of the environment, sensitivity of the load etc., failure of supply
might pose a risk to life, health and safety, public order, or have significant economic
consequences. London has had its secondary distribution network designed in excess of the
requirements of P2/6. Areas of Central London covered by the Central High Load Density
Zone (CHLDZ) continue to be supplied by interconnected LV networks. This is in recognition
of the high load density parts of the Central London area.
Refer to Appendix A for more information on the different categories of the P2/6 engineering
recommendation, including the CHLDZ area.

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6.3.2 Embedded Generation
Embedded generation may be used in assessing networks for ENA ER P2/6 compliance if
the generation meets the criteria in terms of number of sets, fuel type etc. Small-scale
generation embedded within the HV and LV networks and which is not assessed separately
within the planning load estimates will be reflected by way of reduced demand on the 11kV
or 6.6kV busbars at primary and grid substations. Embedded generation that is outside UK
Power Networks control shall not be considered as it may not be available at times of need.
6.3.3 Resilience
Resilience is defined as the ability of the network to recover the load lost following a major
loss of network capacity due to simultaneous outages. Although compliant with
ENA ER P2/6 many of the Companys networks would be unable to maintain all customer
supplies following a second circuit outage condition. A standard network configuration
having the potential for major loss of supply is that of the 132/33kV BSP where two 90MVA
132/33kV transformers are supplied by two 132kV circuits often via dual circuit overhead line
and at 33kV the network has no interconnection. Frequently, the risk is compounded by teed
132kV networks supplying two BSPs as shown in Figure 6.1.
Group demand
GSP 2 GSP 2
< 100MW
BSP A Group demand BSP A
< 100MW
Group demand BSP D
< 100MW BSP D
Group demand
< 100MW
BSP B
BSP B
BSP C
GSP 1 BSP C
GSP 1
Figure 6.1 Discrete 132kV networks with two Figure 6.2 132kV networks with BSP
BSPs interconnection
ENA ER P2/6 assumes that a second circuit outage occurs as a result of a fault concurrent
with a planned outage and generally this should only occur in the outage planning window
normally between the months of April and October inclusive (however in some cases the
peak load may be in the summer period). For group demands less than 100MW
ENA ER P2/6 requires only that the demand is restored in the time taken to restore the
planned outage.
In order to improve the resilience of these networks opportunities should be taken when
developing the lower voltage networks to provide interconnection between adjacent BSPs as
shown in Figure 6.2. Interconnection between BSPs fed from the same 132kV circuits is of
lesser benefit than that between BSPs fed from discrete circuits.

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Alternatively, when considering the addition of a new BSP, options to provide 132kV
interconnection between the two grid supply points should be considered as shown in Figure
6.3.
Group demand GSP 2

< 100MW
BSP A
BSP D
Group demand
< 100MW
BSP B
GSP 1
BSP C
Figure 6.3 132kV interconnection between GSPs
Development of the 132kV networks, particularly in Central London will give rise to improved
resilience due to increased interconnection at 132kV between NG Connection Points.
6.3.4 Quality of Supply Performance Targets
ENA ER P2/6 defines only the minimum security level required and details the normal levels
of security required for distribution networks classified in ranges of group demand. QoS
performance targets define the quality of supply at customer level in terms of the number
and duration of interruptions to which customers may be subjected. At the individual
customer level, failure to meet the guaranteed standard1 results in payment but for the
overall licensed area the customer targets are expressed in terms of CIs and CMLs
normalised per connected customer. These targets are set and agreed with OFGEM and
failure to meet the targets can result in significant financial penalties.
Generally, CIs and CMLs should not arise from the design and operation of the EHV
networks since they have inbuilt redundancy and the deterministic probability of joint failures
has been factored into ENA ER P2/6. Nevertheless, major incidents do occur and can result
in distortion of the CIs and CMLs to the extent that targets cannot be achieved as the result
of a single fault.
In considering network design options every effort should be made to prevent the likelihood
of these events occurring. For example, supply cables to a substation should not be carried
on a single cable bridge where there is a risk of vandalism, fire or other factors whereby total
loss could occur.
1
Refer to EGS2 (Regulation 5)

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6.4 Single Transformer Substations
The requirement to establish a single transformer primary substation may arise as a result of
voltage regulation issues on the HV system or as an economic solution where additional HV
capacity is required for reasons of load growth or to supply a single point customer load. The
maximum demand at single transformer substations supplying the HV distribution network
shall be supportable by means of 11kV or 6.6kV interconnection.
In sparsely populated rural areas where interconnection is provided by long overhead lines
between adjacent substations the maximum demand which could be supported under
transformer outage will be restricted by voltage regulation. Single transformer substations in
rural locations will not generally support maximum demands greater than 12MVA and will,
therefore, fall in class B of ENA ER P2/6. This requires that following a first circuit outage
group demand minus 1MW is restored within 3 hours and that the group demand is restored
within the repair time. Nevertheless, single transformer substations should be designed such
that all demand can be supported during prearranged outages for transformer maintenance.
In urban locations where the 11kV infrastructure is robust single transformer substation
demands are restricted only by the transfer capacity of the HV network and transformer
ratings up to 12/24MVA may be employed. To comply with ENA ER P2/6, for the first
outage, for demands between 12MVA and 60MVA it shall be possible for the smaller of:
group demand minus 12MW and 2/3 group demand to be restored within 15 minutes and the
group demand to be restored within 3 hours.
To minimise CIs and CMLs the demand supplied from single transformer substations should
be restored by automatic sequence switching regimes initiated by loss of volts at the 11kV
busbar. These systems may be of local fixed logic design or be SCADA based in
accordance with UK Power Networks standards. The employment of remotely controlled
pole top sectionalising switches or distribution ring main equipment may be necessary to
restore supplies via normally open points on the HV network.
Any HV feeder forming part of the restoration of supplies to single transformer primary
substations shall be so designated as to prevent it from being used in schemes for the
connection of new and additional customer demands etc. without the prior approval of the
distribution planning manager.
The number of customers which may be supplied from a single transformer primary
substation shall not be restricted if the network transfer capability is robust and the auto-
transfer scheme is of high reliability. However, as a general rule, the number of customers
supplied from a rural single transformer primary substation should not exceed 5,000 and the
number supplied from an urban single transformer primary substation should not exceed
10,000.

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7 Design Considerations
7.1 Overview
Notwithstanding the issues discussed in following sections, any of the arrangements shown
therein may be adopted. However, due consideration shall be given to the network risk as
part of the technical comparison process of alternative schemes. Standard risk assessment
methodology should be employed where the probability and consequences of failure are
plotted to determine a high, medium or low rating. Such factors considered should include
the:
Length of the circuits.

Performance history of existing circuits.
Number of customers supplied.
Nature of load supplied.
If an acceptable risk rating is unachievable the scheme shall be discounted and an

alternative more robust solution shall be proposed.
7.2 Maximum Cable Lengths at 33kV and 132kV
At 33kV the connection of cable tees to overhead lines shall be subject to a maximum length
of cable given by the breaking capacity of the disconnectors, though consideration shall be
given to impacts on fault levels, voltage drop, protection complexity and power quality.
Note: When replacing disconnectors, they shall be rated at least to the former rating or
higher.
The customer, prior to defining the cable route and installing it shall advise UK Power
Networks of the maximum charging current of the total length of cable to be installed and if
diversions from the initial route were made that may affect the total charging current. In the
event of a generation site connection, the total site charging current contribution shall also
be given.
Table 7.1 and Table 7.2 show typical charging currents for 33kV and 132kV underground
cables.
Table 7.1 - Typical Charging Currents at 33kV
Conductor Nominal Cross-Sectional Area [mm ]

2 300 400 500 630 800
Charging Current [A/km] 1.522 1.702 1.913 2.102 2.330
Table 7.2 Typical Charging Currents at 132kV
2
Conductor Nominal Cross-Sectional Area [mm ] 300 630 1000 1200 1600
7.938
Charging Current [A/km] 3.866 5.260 6.501 6.804 2
7.894
2
Value for a Milliken aluminium conductor.

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7.2.1 Cable Capacitance Compensation Assessment
The maximum cable length and capacitance compensation assessment process is shown in
Figure 7.1. The associated equations and an example are included below.
Start
Obtain charging current (CC)

of the upcoming cable via
customer information or Eq. 1
Obtain the CC of the existing

connected cable from the
proposed POC to the upstream
switchgear
Summate the CC of the

upcoming and existing cables
Obtain the lowest upstream

switchgear cable charging rating
Obtain max. allowed cable

length given by Eq. 2
Upcoming +
Connected cable Install cable capacitance
No
max. allowed compensation
cable length?
Yes
End
Figure 7.1 Cable Capacitance Compensation Process

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In cases where the charging current is not available, it shall be calculated using Equation 1.
The capacitance shall be obtained from the conductor specification.
-
The following Equation 2 shall then be used to calculate the maximum cable length that can
be connected. The lowest upstream switchgear cable charging rating shall be obtained from
the relevant specifications.
The 0.9 factor refers to a tolerance of 10%, which is added to account for any errors due to
approximations and also overhead line capacitance contribution (usually negligible).
Example:
Take a conductor with a nominal cross-sectional area of 630mm2 at 33kV which has a
maximum capacitance of 0.352F/km, the charging current can be obtained using the
previous equation:
The lowest cable charging rating of the upstream switchgear can be obtained from the
switchgear specification. In this example, it is the ABSD with a cable charging rating of 20A.
If the future cable length is higher than the maximum allowed, cable capacitance
compensation is required and may be provided by a shunt reactor or any other form. Apart
from reducing stress in the network, it will also provide power factor correction.
7.3 Network Complexity
When considering a teed connection at 33kV, the maximum number of points of isolation for
teed feeders shall be kept to no more than seven on a maximum of four different sites both
for underground and overhead circuits. This is to allow sufficient network flexibility in the
event of a fault or a planned outage and also to simplify operational requirements. 33kV
underground tee joints shall be avoided and a cable box looped into the circuit or an RMU at
the customers site shall be employed. The following applies:
In order to facilitate operation of an offload isolator or disconnector it may be necessary

first to open a circuit-breaker, this is to be counted as one point of isolation.
The operation of multiple busbar selection arrangements for a single circuit should also
be counted as one point of isolation.

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Multiple circuit-breakers within the same mesh system at a single site shall also be
counted as a single isolation point.
Voltage Transformers or a single transformer secondary isolation carried out at the same
site does not count as any of the main circuit points of isolation.
The maximum number of transformers to be banked to a circuit at any site shall be 3.
Any additional transformer secondary isolations within the main isolation sites or at other
locations should be counted. The maximum number of customers supplies, metered at
33kV, which may be interrupted by isolating a single circuit shall be two.
The complexity rule shall be applied to feeder / distribution circuits and not to the isolation of
33kV metal clad switchboards or open busbars at primary / grid substations.
The complexity of 132kV circuits and its normal operating procedure shall adhere to ER P18.
UK Power Networks shall apply no more than seven points of isolation both for underground
and overhead teed 132kV circuits and shall not be located on more than four different sites.
For any proposed teed connection, the impact on the existing protection scheme must be
considered. This can have a significant impact where the length of the teed connection may
approach or be greater than the length of the main line. This will affect line impedance and
hence fault levels, protection sensitivity, and even drive a change of protection system as the
existing arrangements may no longer be appropriate. An example is a teed connection into
an existing unit protection system, or a distance protection scheme. In the extreme, the
outcome of the assessment may be a teed arrangement cannot be accepted.
The above shall not be applied retrospectively but to ensure that future alterations and
extensions are operationally fit for purpose.
7.4 EHV Electric and Magnetic Fields Strategy
7.4.1 Introduction and References
The aim of this section is to provide guidance on the best-practice measures that should be
considered to reduce public exposure to electric and magnetic fields at 33kV and 132kV.
This section focuses on the electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) that may be produced by the
electricity system at the frequency of 50Hz. Other technologies working at much higher
frequencies also produce EMFs but are outside of the scope of this section.
Currently there is no legislation covering EMF exposure, all control is via voluntary codes of
practice and engineering recommendations written by the Department of Energy and
Climate Change in collaboration with the Energy Networks Association and the Stakeholder
Advisory Group for Extra Low Frequency EMF (SAGE). UK Power Networks has signed up
to the voluntary codes of practice and shall therefore demonstrate compliance.

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For more information please refer to the following documents:
ENA ER G92 provides guidelines for best practice in relation to EMFs

(http://www.energynetworks.org/electricity/she/emfs.html).
ENA electric and magnetic fields the facts provides a general overview of EMFs and its
consequences (http://www.energynetworks.org/electricity/she/emfs.html).
Power Lines: Demonstrating compliance with EMF public exposure guidelines (vCoP)
(https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/demonstrating-compliance-with-emf-public-
exposure-guidelines-voluntary-code-of-practice).
Optimum phasing of high voltage double-circuit power lines (vCoP)

(https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/optimum-phasing-of-high-voltage-circuit-
power-lines-voluntary-code-of-practice).
Power Lines: Control of micro-shocks and other effects of public exposure to electric
fields (vCoP) (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/power-lines-control-of-
microshocks-and-other-indirect-effects-of-public-exposure-to-electric-fields).
As part of UK Power Networks compliance via voluntary codes of practice and engineering
recommendations, accurate records shall be maintained regarding optimum phasing
compliance on 132kV overhead lines. All other DNOs including National Grid have to provide
this data as part of a submission report to the Energy Networks Association.
7.4.2 132kV Overhead Lines Double-Circuit Optimum Phasing
A magnetic field is created for each of the circuits in a double-circuit overhead line. The field
characteristics are determined by the order of the three phases that constitute the circuits
and the direction of power flow. The resultant magnetic field is comprised of the summation
of both fields.
In order for the resultant magnetic field to the sides of the lines to be as low as possible and
in compliance to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
(ICNIRP)5 guidelines, double-circuit overhead lines shall be in an optimum phasing
arrangement either being of untransposed or transposed construction as shown in the
following Figure 7.2.
5
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying
electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz).

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Figure 7.2 Optimum Phasing Construction Arrangement
Where the current flows usually in the same direction in both circuits, the optimum phasing is
transposed. If both currents flow in opposite directions, the optimum phasing becomes
untransposed.
For some double-circuit overhead lines it is difficult to have optimum phasing as the power
flows vary independently, with a change in direction in each individual circuit. In these cases,
its not possible to identify an optimum phasing, and the existing phasing should be retained
for existing circuits. Optimum phasing shall be generally defined on normal operating
conditions for that double-circuit.

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8 132kV Network Configurations

8.1 Grid Supply Points
The positioning and design of grid supply points will to a large extent be dictated by National
Grid and the unique network circumstances of the grid and 132kV networks.
Generally the lower voltage networks emanating from GSPs are operated as discrete
groups. However, in high load density areas the demand may be supplied from more than
one GSP where interconnecting 132kV circuits exist.
Whilst these arrangements provide a transfer capability and additional security to major load
centres in the event of total loss of a GSP, the benefits derived are offset by the complexity
of real time operations, protection and network analysis and the effects of excessive fault
levels and/or circulating currents. Real time analysis and control may, nevertheless, have a
role to play as communications and SCADA technologies advance and their reliability is
proven.
Under Licence Condition 9 a DNO shall comply with the Distribution Code which is designed
so as to permit the development, maintenance and operation of an efficient, coordinated
and economical system for the distribution of electricity.
DPC 4.2.1 of the Distribution Code states that DNOs shall plan and develop their DNO
Distribution Systems to a standard not less than that set out in DGD Annex 1 Item 5,
Engineering Recommendation P2/6 Security of Supply or such other standard of
planning as DNOs may, with the approval of the Authority, adopt from time to time.
More than one DNO, or DNOs and generators may share a GSP connection point. At shared
sites it is the convention that the transmission operator owns the 132kV busbar and the DNO
owns the equipment in their circuit bay up to the busbar isolator, busbar clamps (or gas
barrier for GIS switchgear).
At GSPs connecting a single DNO it is the convention for the DNO to own the 132kV busbar
and the transmission operator to own the transformer bays up to the busbar isolator busbar
clamps (or gas barrier for GIS switchgear). Operational and planning arrangements between
the DNO and the Transmission Network Operator are defined in the Grid Code.
The preferred arrangement is for the 132kV busbars to run solid where fault level constraints
permit and for all SGTs to run in parallel. A typical arrangement is shown in the figure below.
This configuration applies both to AIS and GIS switchgear designs which shall be
determined by the availability of land, physical constraints etc. at the specific location.
Typically a double busbar arrangement is employed providing main and reserve busbars
which each have a bus-section circuit-breaker thereby providing four discrete sections of
busbar to which a SGT is connected. The main and reserve busbars are coupled by means
of bus coupling circuit-breakers. Two bus-couplers are shown in Figure 8.1 although
historically a single bus-coupler may have been employed.

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4 x 240MVA
400/132kV
NGC
DNO MAIN
RESERVE
Figure 8.1 GSP arrangement
8.2 132kV Urban Underground Networks
In high load density inner city areas direct transformation from 132kV to 11kV is considered
to provide the most economic system of distribution. Schemes for major network
reinforcement and/or replacement of time expired networks should wherever possible be
based on this philosophy and opportunities for progressive diminution of the lower voltage
66kV, 33kV and 22kV networks should be pursued.
Because of the extremely high load density, Central London should be considered as an
exception where a higher voltage than 11kV is required for distribution.
It is desirable to rationalise the present number of primary voltage levels and to standardise
on 132kV and 33kV networks only.
8.3 132kV Transformer Feeder Networks
The 132kV networks emanating from grid supply points have historically developed with dual
overhead line or cable circuits supplying 132/66kV, 132/33kV and 132/11kV BSPs and this is
still a dominant feature of many 132kV networks.
This arrangement is simple, readily understood, easy to operate, and does not involve
complicated protection systems. However, such networks provide only 50% utilisation of
assets and have little resilience to second circuit outage conditions particularly when
supplying large demands at BSPs with little or no interconnection at the lower voltage.
At the 132/66kV, 132/33kV or 132/11kV substation there is minimal requirement for 132kV
switchgear. Substations supplied from overhead lines shall normally comprise of a
transformer disconnector and integral earth switches only to provide isolation of the
transformer and earthing of the line and transformer circuits.

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New 132kV transformer feeder substations which are supplied by means of underground
cable shall have no 132kV switchgear. The 132kV cables shall be terminated as follows in
order of preference:
a) Via cable sealing ends with a disconnector with earth switches, provided enough space
is available on site.
b) If the previous option is not considered viable by the Planner/Designer, the 132kV cables
shall be terminated instead via cable sealing ends with an earth switch and a
disconnectable copper end connecting the sealing ends to the transformer.
c) As a last option, the 132kV cables shall be terminated via cable sealing ends with a
removable busbar section.
Intertripping shall be provided by means of multi-core or fibre optic pilot cables.
However, teed transformer feeder arrangements shall have disconnectors and/or switches to
control each transformer such that under prearranged or fault outages the healthy
transformer can be kept in service.
The use of 132kV fault throwers for inter-tripping of transformer faults is no longer permitted.
New 132kV substations shall employ approved circuit-breakers as an alternative to the use
of fault throwers if there is no reliable communications channel available for inter-tripping.
This requirement shall also apply retrospectively at all existing substations where major
132kV works are carried out.
The resilience of transformer feeder arrangements which are supplied by long overhead
lines typically longer than 20km shall be enhanced by the provision of a 132kV cross-bay.
This shall in the event of a transformer failure concurrent with a circuit outage enable the
remaining healthy transformer to be supplied from the healthy circuit. These arrangements
should also be laid out to provide for a future third transformer as shown in Figure 8.2.

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Incoming
Incoming 132kV
132kV from
fromSGTs
SGTs
Grid S/S Busbars (part)
Grid S/S Busbars (part)
20 km +
20km+
Space for
Future Use
Space for
future use
132/33kV TXs
132/33kV TXs
Figure 8.2 132kV Transformer Feeder Arrangement
8.4 132kV Teed Transformer Networks
Historically the 132kV networks have been developed to the minimum level of security to
satisfy ENA ER P2/6. Investment has been prioritised on the need to develop and maintain
an efficient, co-ordinated and economical system of electricity supply. Teed 132kV networks
have developed due to their cost effectiveness and are still commonplace but have the
disadvantage of having little resilience to second circuit outage conditions. These incidents
can result in major outages incurring many CIs and CMLs leading to possible penalties.
When the need arises for a new BSP to be commissioned the resilience of the existing
network should be addressed and options should be considered to improve the connectivity
of the network.

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8.5 132kV Banked Transformers
Banked transformer arrangements are generally used at BSPs where there is a requirement
for two secondary voltages e.g. 132/33kV and 132/11kV as shown in Figure 8.3.
132/33 132/11 132/11 132/33
Figure 8.3 - Secondary Voltage Banked Transformer Arrangement
Disconnectors with integral earth switches are provided for each transformer but there is no
requirement for 132kV line disconnectors.
As seen in Figure 8.4, banked transformer arrangements may also be used for transformer
reinforcement options where it would be impossible to install a 2-switch 132kV cross-bay in
order to connect a third transformer or the existing transformers are already of the maximum
rating. The provision of an auto switching scheme including source auto reclose should be
considered to enable a healthy transformer to be reinstated in the event that one transformer
in a banked pair faults.
132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33
Figure 8.4 132kV Banked Transformer Arrangement Reinforcement

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8.6 Banked Circuits
Double banking provides certain advantages in terms of size and cost though introducing
several operational challenges that may outweigh its benefits. When considering double
banking a detailed assessment shall be made, considering its benefits and constraints
against other approaches such as having dedicated circuit-breakers.
Often due to limitation of space, specifically in London, the need to fit switchgear into a small
place is frequent. It is also less expensive to buy a double banked switch compared with a
single banked switch.
Double banking may be a cost and space effective solution but it gives rise to higher
operational complexity. Due to teed circuits having higher sized load than single circuits,
balancing loads at large Supergrid sites is more complex as there is greater load to be
transferred from one node to another. Also, for a teed circuit switch outage the load at risk is
higher when compared to a single circuit outage.
Banked teed circuits may also have different maintenance windows, increasing the
frequency of switching to release circuits at different times and also larger switching
schedules. Taking a teed circuit out for maintenance when load permits, means more than
one SAP is required to set the network at 2 or more sites depending on how many teed
circuits exist. Protection is more complex as there is a need to protect both circuits and trip
both circuits for a fault and more testing is required when compared with single circuits.
For cable faults on one GIS switchgear leg of an EHV circuit, a double teed outage is
required as the switchgear needs to be de-gassed.
Board extensions require the last circuit live at the end of the board to be de-gassed6 and
requires an outage of several days.
8.7 132kV Mesh Networks
Mesh designs are preferred for 132kV urban underground systems because they:
Provide economic and efficient designs.

Provide high levels of utilisation of network capacity.
Reduce the number of feeders emanating from GSPs.
Eliminate the need for banking connections.
Provide greater network resilience via interconnection between grid supply groups.
However, in inner city areas where land availability is an issue and land values are high the
switchgear at 132/11kV substations will invariably need to be of indoor GIS design and the
added cost of switchgear will need to be taken into account in comparison with transformer
feeder arrangements where no switchgear is required.
6
LPN 132kV GIS switchgear does not have testing points to access the cable ends, therefore the cable end box
needs to be de-gassed.

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9 33kV Network Configurations

The following section defines feeding arrangements for different EHV network
configurations. 11kV busbar arrangements are defined in Section 10.
Note: In the following diagrams, feeder and transformer circuit-breakers are distributed
between all busbar sections as required for the local network configuration dependent upon
loading, protection and fault level criteria. This will also determine which bus section /
coupler circuit-breakers are normally open and if auto switching is required.
9.1 33kV Underground Transformer Feeder Networks
The simplest and perhaps most reliable network configuration is that of the duplicate
transformer feeder shown in Figure 9.1 since it is readily understood, easy to operate and
does not involve complicated protection systems. Such systems are commonplace in
medium load density urban areas comprising mixed residential and commercial loads. At the
primary substations there is no requirement for 33kV switchgear as the 33kV circuit can
terminate directly onto the transformer providing appropriate intertripping is in place.
132/33kV
Figure 9.1 Underground Transformer Feeder Network
Generally with underground networks the inter-tripping of primary transformer faults is

achieved by multi-core or fibre optic pilot cables laid with the 33kV cables.
Transformer sizes may vary in relation to the primary substation demand with the normal
maximum capacity being provided by 2 x 20/40 MVA CER transformers which integrate with
the 2000/2500A 11kV switchgear.
All supplies remain secure for (n-1) outage conditions but under (n-2) conditions both circuits
supplying an individual primary substation supplies are lost. However, the secondary
networks emanating from each substation should be designed to interconnect thus providing
limited backfeeds under the double outage condition.
Demands of less than 100MW require only to be restored in repair time under (n-2) outage
conditions to be compliant with the ENA ER P2/6 standard. However, where a primary
substation supplies a secondary network which is islanded or has limited interconnection
the risk to customer supplies should be assessed and, where practical, steps should be
taken to mitigate the risk.

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Transformer feeder networks are unlikely to provide the most economic system due to the
high capital cost of the 33kV cables and the fact that the assets are restricted to 50%
utilisation. Both utilisation and security are enhanced where three and four feeder
arrangements are employed as shown in Figure 9.2 and Figure 9.3.
132/33kV 132/33kV
67% 67% 67% 75% 75% 75% 75%
Figure 9.2 Underground 3 x Transformer Figure 9.3 Underground 4 x Transformer

Feeder Feeder
In the three feeder arrangement shown in Figure 9.2, each circuit can run normally at 67% of
rating on the basis that under outage conditions the load on the faulted feeder divides
equally between the remaining healthy feeders such that they are loaded at 100% of rating.
The three feeder arrangement also provides greater resilience as under both (n-1) and (n-2)
outage conditions7 some of the demand can be maintained.
If the transformers are of the ONAN type, of nameplate rating of 15MVA and 12 hour
overload rating of 1.3 pu (19MVA) (commonly used in LPN), the firm capacity (n-1 condition)
is:
, therefore each transformer would be running at 12.66MVA

maximum pre-fault load (84% utilization of nameplate rating or 67% utilization of 12 hour
overload rating).
For an n-2 condition, the firm capacity is:
. As
the remaining transformer rated at 19MVA overload condition is insufficient, 6.5MVA would
need to be transferred away for an n-2 condition.
In the four feeder arrangement in Figure 9.3 utilisations of 75% can be achieved and the
network has even greater resilience. Taking the same transformers as before, the firm
capacity (n-1 condition) is:
7
Planned outages are restricted to periods when the network is secured for a n-2 condition

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, thus each transformer would be running at 14.25MVA maximum

pre-fault load (95% utilization of nameplate rating or 75% of 12 hour overload rating).
For an n-2 condition, the firm capacity is:
There would be no need to transfer load away as the remaining two transformers, rated at
19MVA would be able to hold 28MVA.
A 4 transformer substation has, therefore, the advantage of not having to transfer load away
on an n-2 condition; system assets are highly utilized; HV interconnectivity is more secured
and is more resilient for n-2 situation; on the planning load estimates, an n-1 loading of
57MVA is breached in the same year mathematically that n-2 loading of 38MVA is breached.
For further information of security of supply, refer to EDS 08-0119.
9.2 33kV Overhead Transformer Feeder Networks
The arrangement of an overhead transformer feeder network is shown in Figure 9.4.
132/33kV
Auto reclose
Fault
throwing
switch
Figure 9.4 Overhead Transformer Feeder Network
The arrangement is similar to that of the underground network and will be appropriate to
rural areas where typically a primary substation may be established in a small town or load
centre and supply surrounding villages. Generally the primary substation will comprise two
transformers having a maximum rating of 12/24MVA.
For remote source circuit-breaker operation, refer to Section 13.3.
A transformer isolator shall be fitted with an earth switch on the line side of the isolator to
protect operators against induced voltage. A circuit main earth is thus possible when
maintenance work is to be carried out on a transformer.

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9.3 33kV Underground Teed Transformer Networks
Dependent upon the geography of a particular location it may be expedient to supply two
new substations from the same feeders or to establish an additional primary substation by
extending from an existing site using the arrangement shown in Figure 9.5. In these cases
suitable means of remote isolation shall be employed such as RMUs. The use of a teed
transformer feeder network shall as a minimum include transformer isolation.
132/33kV
Figure 9.5 - Underground Teed Transformer Feeder Network
The application of this arrangement may be limited due to restricted ratings of the 33kV
cables emanating from the 132/33kV grid substation. Such arrangements may only be
possible where large cross section cables have been laid to a development area in the
anticipation of future growth, where load at a substation did not meet expectation or has
contracted due to loss of a major industrial or commercial load.
This may require that the banking connections have to be performed either at the 132/33kV
grid substation or within a primary/switching substation.

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9.4 33kV Overhead Teed Transformer Networks
Due to the distances involved and the diverse geographic location of the load centres, teed
overhead networks as shown in Figure 9.6 are commonplace in rural areas. In these cases
suitable means of remote isolation should be employed such as a pole mounted remote
controlled switch/circuit-breaker.
Auto reclose
Fault
throwing
switch
Figure 9.6 - Teed Overhead Transformer Feeder Network
The provision of local transformer isolation at the primary substations is an operational

requirement and shall be fitted to provide a visible means of isolation and the earth switch
enables a circuit main earth to be applied whilst working on the transformer. Teed
arrangement isolation has the added benefit that it is only necessary to disconnect one
transformer of the pair supplied by each circuit thereby minimising the risk of customer
outages.
For remote source circuit-breaker operation, refer to Section 13.3.

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9.5 33kV Underground Ring Networks
Figure 9.7 shows an underground ring network supplying three primary substations but in
practice such an arrangement would have limited applications.
132/33kV
Figure 9.7 Underground Ring Network
The aggregate demand of the three primary substations could not exceed the rating of the
first legs of the ring emanating from the 132/33kV grid substation and on the basis of a
single core XLPE cable design comprising three 630mm2 copper conductors the rating would
be approximately 50MVA.
Whether or not the overall 33kV circuit length and thus capital cost would be less than the
transformer feeder arrangement would depend upon the geographic relationship of the
primary substations.
Extensible indoor metalclad circuit-breaker equipment would be required at each primary

substation and each 33kV circuit shall preferably be protected by a unit protection system.
Although compliant with ENA ER P2/6 standard for security of supply, under (n-2) conditions
all supplies to the network would be lost. From a security standpoint the ring network is,
therefore, inferior to the transformer feeder arrangement.
A ring system employing two primary substations would, however, be technically acceptable
and is likely to provide an economic arrangement. However, as with the transformer feeder
arrangement only 50% utilisation is achieved.

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9.6 33kV Overhead Ring Networks
Overhead ring networks as shown in Figure 9.8 are commonplace in sparsely populated
rural areas where the primary substations may be at some considerable distance from the
132/33kV grid substation. Where ring systems cannot be avoided (extending a ring overhead
network is acceptable) suitable means of automatic isolation shall be employed (distance
protection, auto reclose or SCADA automation scripts).
132/33kV
Auto reclose
Fault throwing
switches
Primary substation A Primary substation B
Figure 9.8 Ring Overhead Network
Generally small rural substations will employ outdoor open terminal equipment subject to
environmental constraints and particularly where the lines enter the substation site directly.
Where the entry to the substation site is by means of underground cable extensible indoor
metalclad switchgear may be cost effective. A number of 33kV switchgear arrangements
may be employed.
Primary substation A in Figure 9.8 is no longer a viable option for future developments as
UK Power Networks considers fault thrower switches as a form of remote circuit-breaker
operation to be a last resort, however fault throwers may be replaced for existing sites
following failure. It is designed on the single switch principle employing a single bus-section
circuit-breaker. The transformer protection opens both the 11kV circuit-breaker and the 33kV
bus-section circuit-breaker in addition to closing the fault throwing switch. Following closure
of the fault throwing switch and after a predetermined interval during which the source
protection operates and the source circuit-breaker opens, the faulted primary transformer
auto disconnects. After a further interval the 33kV bus-section closes to restore the ring. If
the transformers at each primary substation are operated in parallel customers experience
no loss of supply.
Primary substation B employs both line and transformer circuit-breakers and although more
costly this arrangement is considerably more robust and transformer faults cause less
disturbance to the network than the single switch arrangement.

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9.7 33kV Underground Mesh Networks
Mesh networks provide a robust infrastructure and are employed mainly in high load density
areas requiring a high level of security. A typical arrangement is shown in Figure 9.9.
132/33kV
Primary Primary Primary

substation A substation B substation C
Figure 9.9 Underground Mesh Networks
Such networks employ extensible metalclad indoor switchgear and unit protection schemes
are required because the number of grading steps and alternative running arrangements
could not be catered for with IDMT over-current and earth fault or distance protection
systems.
As with the three and four transformer feeder arrangements above, mesh networks also
permit higher utilisation of the circuit assets and hence reduce circuit costs. However, it may
not be possible to achieve the theoretical utilisation as the load flows in each circuit will be
proportionate to its respective impedance.
Mesh networks also have greater resilience, as the risk of total loss of supplies resulting
from the (n-2) outage conditions are reduced when compared to simple ring or two
transformer feeder arrangements.
Mesh networks also provide a cost effective solution when network reinforcement is required
or where it is not possible to acquire new circuits and the utilisation of the existing assets
needs to be increased. In the reinforcement option shown in Figure 9.10 the proposed
reinforcement allows a maximum of 75% utilisation to be achieved when under loss of an
individual circuit the load is equally shared between the remaining three circuits.
Furthermore, under the (n-2) circuit outage scenario, supplies to both substations can be
maintained albeit only partial restoration at an individual substation may be possible at times
of system maximum demand. Loss of both circuits to a substation supplied by two
transformer feeders inevitably results in loss of supplies although there may be limited
interconnection at the lower voltage.

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25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
MVA MVA MVA MVA MVA MVA MVA MVA
Existing Proposed
Primary Primary Primary Primary

substation A substation B substation A substation B
2 x 12/24 MVA 2 x 12/24 MVA 2 x 20/40 MVA 2 x 20/40 MVA
Figure 9.10 Reinforcement Option by Improving Network Utilisation
In LPN, where substations are closer to each other when compared to EPN and SPN,
reinforcement options using existing plant are possible, thus increasing load transfer
capability, reliability, security and improving the utilization of all assets. Take the
arrangement in Figure 9.11. By having two, two transformer substations connected with an
auto close (couplers remain open and sections closed) the site has a higher resilience,
utilizes all four transformers at nearly their full capacity, HV interconnectivity is more secured
and is more resilient for an n-2 situation.
33/11kV
33/11kV
Figure 9.11 Dual 2 Transformer Substations Reinforcement via Interconnection
With a firm capacity (during n-1) of 57MVA (19MVA x 3), under pre-fault conditions, each
transformer is operating at 14MVA with each busbar at 28.5MVA.
For an n-2 situation, transfer capability is not needed as the substation would be able to hold
the load of 38MVA (19MVA x 2) for 12hours. Besides being resilient for an n-2 situation, it
also contributes with 19MVA to transfer availability during n-1 (57MVA-38MVA=19MVA).

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9.8 33kV Overhead Mesh Networks
Given the large geographic area supplied by some rural overhead networks it would be both
impractical and uneconomical in many cases for all primary substations to be connected as
transformer feeders. Wayleaves and consents may also be an issue given the number of
circuits that would be required.
The design of overhead networks will, therefore, comprise a mixture of transformer feeders,
ring and mesh networks and the configuration proposed under any investment strategy shall
be based on cost, taking account of the geography of the area, the disposition of load and
the existing network characteristics.

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10 11kV Switchgear Configurations at Primary and Grid Substations

The configuration of the 11kV switchboards at primary and grid substations is
complementary to the primary layout in maximising the available capacity and security of the
overall arrangement.
Both single and double busbar designs may be specified with busbar ratings up to 2500A.
Bus-section, bus-coupler, bus inter-connector and transformer incomer circuit breakers may
also be rated at 2500A to match the busbars.
Dependent upon the secondary network configuration feeder circuit-breakers rated at 630A,
800A, 1250A, 2000A, or 2500A may be used. Commonly feeder circuit-breakers are rated at
630A as this matches the rating of a 300mm aluminium triplex 11kV circuit.
At single busbar substations, feeders should be arranged across the switchboard such that
each separate feeder of a group or simple ring is connected to a discrete section of busbar.
This will provide security to the 11kV network and in addition facilitate the off-loading of
busbars for planned busbar outages.
In considering the switchgear arrangement at a specific site the following issues should be
addressed:
The merits of single versus double busbar designs.

Integration of transformer and 11kV switchgear ratings.
The likelihood of future transformer reinforcement.
Parallel groups of feeders on the 11kV network.
Physical layout and fire segregation between busbar sections.
Parallel operation of incoming transformers vs. automatic restoration.
Fault level constraints.
Note: In the following diagrams, feeder and transformer circuit-breakers are distributed
between all busbar sections as required for the local network configuration dependent upon
loading, protection and fault level criteria. This will also determine which bus section /
coupler circuit-breakers are normally open and if auto switching is required.
10.1 Busbar Loading Principles
The loading on busbars connected to the dual secondary windings of transformers should be
as even as possible, to within 5MVA8 to allow the common EHV winding tapchanger to
control the voltage in a reliable manner when the secondary windings are operated
interleaved and to obtain the maximum loading capability for the substation under first
outage conditions.
Where HV feeders supply an interconnected LV network, or form a unit protected HV ring,

then all HV feeders supplying the interconnected LV group or the unit protected HV ring
should normally be connected to the same busbar section. Existing arrangements may be
considered for retention provided that any bus-section or bus coupler circuit-breakers
between HV feeders, at main substations, supplying interconnected LV groups or unit
protected rings are not operated automatically by protection or sequence switching
arrangements.
8
Figure based on legacy data

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Any future proposals for connections of HV feeders supplying interconnected LV networks or

unit protected rings across busbar sections of primary substations should be avoided in
principle. If any cases arise where it is considered that there is a benefit from such an
arrangement it must first be discussed with UK Power Networks Asset Management and
agreement obtained before implementation.
10.1.1 Assessment of Load Distribution on Busbars
The general method of assessment is to:
a) Under normal running conditions, check that the currents through any section of busbars,
cables interconnecting busbars, bus-section and bus-coupler circuit-breakers and related
current transformers do not exceed the equipments rating.
b) Repeat studies for outage conditions, including HV feeder outages, envisaged in the
Security of Supply standard assuming that any auto-switching scheme or telecontrol
action operates correctly.
The initial assessment shall be done using aggregated loadings provided in the HV feeder
load files. Diversity should be taken into account if equipment ratings are seen to be
exceeded by the aggregate loads before action is taken.
The above studies should be repeated prior to the adoption of any subsequent change in
running arrangements.
10.2 11kV Switchgear Configuration 2 x 12/24MVA 33/11kV Substations
33/11kV substations comprising two transformers up to 12/24MVA ratings shall generally be

of single busbar design as shown in Figure 10.1. It is acceptable for both sections of
switchgear to be accommodated in a single switchroom and no provision shall be made for
segregation in the event of explosion or fire and smoke damage.
2 X 12/24MVA
33/11kV
1250A 1250A
1250A busbars
1250A
630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A
Figure 10.1 2 x 12/24MVA 11kV Switchgear Configuration
The maximum transformer rating of 24MVA at 11kV is equivalent to 1250A and a

switchboard comprising 1250A incomers, busbars and bus-section provides the ideal
arrangement. Transformer incomers shall be installed directly either side of the bus-section
circuit-breaker such that under transformer outage conditions the busbar loadings are
equalised by feeders to the left and right of the healthy incomer.

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Where the network comprises parallel feeders supplying a single customer or a mesh group
the feeders cannot be connected to the same section of busbar since in the event of a
busbar outage under fault or pre-planned outage conditions customer supplies would be lost.
Where transformers run in parallel it may be possible to arrange feeders of a mesh group to
either side of the bus-section as shown in Figure 10.2.
2 X 12/24MVA
33/11kV
1250A 1250A
1250A busbars
1250A
630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A
Mesh network
Figure 10.2 2 x 12/24MVA 11kV Mesh Network Switchgear Configuration
This arrangement may, however, have undesirable consequences in the event of a busbar
or 33kV network fault since the fault could be back energised via the 11kV network. This
may also be an issue with a single customer whose supply is provided by two or more
parallel circuits. Where mesh distribution or customer supply networks are required with
single busbar 11kV switchgear configured with a single bus-section switch it will however be
necessary to run primary transformers in parallel as a normal arrangement.
A second option to overcome the busbar security issue is shown in Figure 10.3.
2 X 12/24MVA
33/11kV
1250A 1250A
1250A busbars
1250A 1250A
630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A
Mesh network
Figure 10.3 2 x 12/24MVA 11kV Secured Mesh Network Switchgear Configuration

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An additional bus-section circuit-breaker is employed with feeder circuit-breakers either side.

In the event of a busbar fault or planned outage the network is supported by the feeders
which are connected to the healthy busbar. However, the possibility remains that the
customer demand cannot be supported on the remaining feeders and a more robust solution
employing double busbar switchgear would be required.
The 11kV switchgear configuration at a substation comprising either two 20/40MVA 33/11kV
or two 30MVA 132/11kV transformers is shown in Figure 10.4.
2 X 20/40 MVA
33/11kV
2000A 2000A
2000A busbars
2000A
630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A
Figure 10.4 2 x 20/40MVA 11kV Switchgear Configuration
Many existing substations are designed on the principle of four transformer feeders which
can terminate with 12/24MVA transformers. When the 11kV switchgear reaches the end of
its useful life and replacement is required, a point is reached where it is necessary to decide
whether to retain the existing infrastructure or alternatively overlay the existing feeders with
cables of greater capacity such that a two transformer arrangement can be adopted.
Dependent upon the age of the 33kV cables, whether they are of solid or gas/oil assisted
design and their condition and performance history it may be expedient to maintain the
status quo and replace the switchgear on a like for like basis.
A typical configuration of a four transformer feeder substation is given in Figure 10.5.

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4 X 12/24MVA
33/11kV
1250A 1250A 1250A 1250A
2000A
2000A busbars 2000A busbars
2000A 2000A
630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A
630A 630A
Figure 10.5 4 x 12/24MVA Double Busbar Feeder Substation
A double busbar arrangement is required to provide operational flexibility and to ensure that
under outage conditions of a single transformer the load on the remaining transformers can
be shared equally. Two bus-section switches and two bus-coupler switches are required to
provide flexible running conditions. The number and rating of the feeder circuit-breakers will
be tailored to meet the network requirements.
10.5 11kV Switchgear Configuration 2 x 60MVA 132/11/11kV Substations
The 11kV switchgear at substations comprising two 60MVA; 132/11/11kV double wound
secondary transformers shall always be of double busbar design and a typical configuration
is given in Figure 10.6.

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2 x 60MVA
132/11/11kV
2000A 2000A 2000A 2000A
2000A busbars
2000A 2000A 2000A
2000A
630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A 630A
Figure 10.6 - 2 x 60MVA Double Busbar Feeder Substation
Two bus-section circuit-breakers and two bus-coupler circuit-breakers are required to

achieve the desired level of security and operational flexibility. The switchgear shall be
divided into two sections interconnected by cables or busbar system and located within
separate switchrooms to provide full segregation against fire and smoke.

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10.6 11kV Switchgear Configuration 3 x 66MVA 132/11kV Substations
The configuration shown in Figure 10.7 is typically used in the LPN Region, in high load
density areas, where a large number of outgoing 11kV feeders is required. Typically the
outgoing circuits would be unit protected for parallel operation and would supply groups of
load in specific areas.
Figure 10.7 3 x 66MVA 11kV Switchgear Configuration
10.7 Switchboard Segregation
Substations designed for a firm capacity over a value described on EDS 07-0003 should
also be designed to provide added security to prevent total loss of supplies in the event of a
fire or explosion. Generally the sections of switchgear will be sited in separate rooms with
fire segregation barriers and will be interconnected by means of cable or busbar system.

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10.8 Fault Level Considerations
When planning the network, in order to ensure the correct IDMT protection system operates,
under normal and reasonable abnormal conditions, the network shall be planned and
arranged so that:
In special circumstances, where specialist protection functions such as voltage controlled

overcurrent and other specialist protection are used, this factor could be reduced to 1.4.
For interconnected systems, extra care shall be taken as the protection sequence of events
is more complex.
Where fault level exceeds the secondary switchgear rating at a specific site with primary
transformers running solid the following actions should be considered:
a) Open the bus section and add an auto-close scheme9:
b) Consider fault current limiter10.
c) Replace switchboard.
If the switchboard is due to be replaced in the near future, consideration should be given in
bringing that investment forward.
9
The installation of an auto-close scheme shall be regarded as a short term solution as there is a greater risk of
interruption to customers supply from a single failure.
10
Currently under trialling to gain an understanding around the technology and develop appropriate standards
and procedures around its use. For further information refer to EDS 04-0041, EAS 04-0046 and EOS 04-0047 for
the design, approval and operation respectively. Prior to connection, any fault current limiting device shall be
tested to demonstrate that it meets its specified requirements

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11 New Business Connections

11.1 General
At the point of connection, UK Power Networks shall ensure that remote load monitoring via
SCADA is implemented. This section applies to all major load connections requiring
additions, reinforcement or replacement of primary voltage networks irrespective of the
voltage at which the connection is metered.
All enquiries for generator connections or new and increased supplies shall be processed in
accordance with EDP 08-0401.
UK Power Networks shall have SCADA at the point of connection (at the customers site) for
load monitoring and ability to remotely open / close UK Power Networks circuit-breakers at
the site.
Customers expect to be offered a point of connection strategy which satisfies their capacity
and security requirements at least capital cost. No arbitrary demand limits shall be applied in
making the decision whether to connect either to the secondary 11/6.6kV distribution
networks or to primary distribution networks at higher voltages up to 132kV. The choice of
connection will depend upon the customers estimated demand and security requirements,
available network capacity and the local network topography.
Connections shall wherever possible be made to the 6.6kV and 11kV secondary distribution
networks (or 6.6kV where no 11kV distribution is available) and only in situations where this
is not technically feasible, practical or economic shall the connection be offered from the
primary networks, with due consideration from the Planner. Where a connection is offered
from the secondary distribution networks EDS 08-0141 shall apply.
Customers may opt for their connection to be provided by the host DNO, an IDNO or an ICP
but the preferred point of connection strategy shall be determined to satisfy UK Power
Networks standards, procedures and long term network development proposals in the first
instance.
UK Power Networks reserve the right to refuse to adopt or connect any system which in their
opinion is non-compliant with UK Power Networks standards or current Health and Safety
requirements.
The following sections and sub-sections describe standard connection design types that may
not be the most economical and practical solutions. In exceptional circumstances, a different
approach may be chosen at the discretion of UK Power Networks Infrastructure Planning
and subject to approval by UK Power Networks Director of Asset Management.
Overhead line connections to new sites may be considered where wayleaves and consents
are readily available. Refer to Section 7 which covers network complexity for 33kV and
132kV networks.

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11.2 Embedded Generator Connections
All generator connections shall be the subject of a network analysis study in which the
impact on system load flows, fault levels and voltage rise are assessed. Initially, a high level
study only shall be carried out to determine the most likely preferred point of connection.
ENA ER G59/2 provides detailed guidance with regard to the connection of embedded
generation to distribution systems.
For generation output to be included within the network capacity available for the purpose of
assessment for compliance with the ENA ER P2/6 all other technical issues (e.g. protection
stability, fuel supply control etc.) and commercial issues (e.g. operating regime) shall be fully
considered. Where it is agreed that distributed generation shall contribute towards system
security a point of connection strategy will be specified to meet the specific security need
which may not be the minimum cost of connection. An annual assessment of the contribution
of embedded generation is conducted in conjunction with the capital investment programme
and this procedure is detailed in EDP 08-0206. For more information on the contribution of
distributed generation to help maintain compliance with ENA ER P2/6, please refer to
ENA ETR 130 and EDS 08-0119.
In the following sections, consideration shall be given at all times to protection settings, its
sensitivity and zone reach, impedance increase, fault levels and implications to the voltage
control scheme. Schemes shall be replaced as necessary. EDS 08-0051 also contains
specific guidance information for supplies at 33kV.
In the following diagrams, feeder and transformer circuit-breakers are distributed between
both sets and all sections of busbars as required for the local network configuration
dependent upon loading, protection and fault level criteria. This will also determine which
bus section / coupler circuit-breakers are normally open and if auto switching is required.
11.2.1 Generator Connections at 132kV
It may be inappropriate to provide connection from the 33kV or 66kV primary networks for
one or more of the following reasons:
No primary infrastructure in the vicinity of the development.

The development is adjacent to an existing 132kV circuit.
The generator output cannot be accepted on the primary network by virtue of excessive
fault level, voltage rise, reverse power flow or inadequate thermal capacity.
Where it is demonstrably economic to provide the connection at 132kV such an arrangement

shall be offered irrespective of the agreed capacity requested. UK Power Networks owned
132kV switchgear and equipment shall generally be of open terminal outdoor design subject
to compliance with environmental safety standards. Refer to HSS 01-020 for more guidance.
The customer shall make the necessary land available within the development site.
Where a proposed development site is traversed by an existing 132kV overhead line a tee
connection may be the optimum technical and economic means by which the connection is
afforded as shown in Figure 11.1.

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NGC
DNO
Indicative
arrangement
only
Figure 11.1 Tee Connection from 132kV Overhead Line
Tee connections from 132kV networks shall only be provided if the resultant network meets
the required UK Power Networks operational standards; is compliant with ENA P2/6
standard; design and complexity recommendations and a satisfactory protection system can
be achieved.
Where the existing 132kV circuit is protected by a unit protection scheme this will require
that the protection be modified to provide a three ended configuration. If this cannot be
achieved it may then be necessary to provide a 132kV loop connection as in Figure 11.2.
NGC
DNO
Indicative
arrangement
only
M
``
Figure 11.2 Loop Connection from 132kV Overhead Line

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In addition to providing two discrete unit protection zones the above arrangement may,
subject to the configuration of the network, provide additional security to the customer.
Where the existing 132kV circuit is an underground cable a tee connection could only be
provided by means of a cable termination compound at or near the tee off position in which
the tee connection is achieved by means of busbar connected terminations. A loop
connection as shown in Figure 11.2 is, therefore, also the preferred means by which supply
can be afforded from a cable circuit.
Connections may also be afforded directly from an existing 132kV site. This may be from a
400kV or 275kV supergrid substation by means of extension to an existing duplicate busbar
arrangement as shown in Figure 11.3. Subject to satisfying protection, complexity and
operational constraints, the connection may be banked with an existing circuit as shown in
Figure 11.4.
NGC
NGC
DNO
DNO
Indicative
arrangement
only
Figure 11.3 New 132 kV Circuit from Super Figure 11.4 New 132kV Banked Circuit from
Grid Substation GSP

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Where the generator site is not in proximity of a GSP, a 132kV connection may be afforded
from a 132/33kV or 132/11kV grid substation as shown in Figure 11.5 and Figure 11.6. The
connection arrangement will depend upon the customers requirements for security and
available space at the substation.
132/33kV 132/33kV 132/33kV
Figure 11.5 New Circuit from 132kV Site Figure 11.6 New Circuit from 132kV site with
Cross Bay
In areas where the infrastructure is predominantly of direct 132/11kV transformation and no

lower voltage primary networks exist, generator connections of greater than 15MW will
invariably be provided with 132kV points of connection. However, where due to physical or
technical constraints it is impractical or uneconomical for a 132kV supply to be provided to
the generator site a 132/11kV transformer may be provided at an existing UK Power
Networks 132kV site. The generator connection would be afforded by employing multiple
11kV feeders as shown in Figure 11.7. Subject to the level of generation and number of
feeders the distance of the cable route to the generating station should not generally exceed
5km.
132/33kV
Figure 11.7 Multiple 11kV Feeders from 132kV Site

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11.2.2 Connections to Existing 33kV Circuits
The simplest arrangement is by means of a tee connection to an existing radial 33kV cable
circuit as shown in Figure 11.8.
132/33kV
Note:- feeder and transformer CBs are distributed
between both sets and all sections of busbars
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
customers premises
see section 12.4
33kV U/G
cable circuit Double M
cable
box
To customer
owned
equipment
Figure 11.8 Tee connection to Existing Radial Underground Circuit
As it is not normal practice to make a breech joint11 at 33kV for new connections (except
when replacing existing ones due to asset health, condition or being damaged), the
connection requires that the existing cable is cut and that both ends are extended to the
customer site where they are terminated within a double cable box of a circuit-breaker with
main and backup protection controlling the metering point switchgear for the generator
connection. The customers supply shall be controlled either by a rated disconnector or by a
non-automatic circuit breaker, provided that the metering CTs and VTs can be fitted to this
unit. Although UK Power Networks has an approved breech joint procedure and it shall only
be used for the replacement of existing joints that have failed.
However, the arrangement shown in Figure 11.8 may not be technically acceptable where
the existing circuit is protected by a distance, unit or overall transformer feeder scheme,
where the permitted number of tees will be exceeded or where the resultant network fails to
provide the required operational flexibility. Note: Some unit and distance protection schemes
may be suitable for teed connections.
11
Joint used to tee joint one cable to another, applied to both HV and LV.

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Where the underground cable connection is to be provided from an overhead line a simple
tee connection can be made as shown in Figure 11.9. The switchgear configuration shall be
similar to the underground tee connection as shown in Figure 11.8 except that surge
diverters shall be installed on the incoming cable connection. The device controlling the
customers connection may be either a rated disconnector or a non-auto circuit-breaker.
The customer shall be made aware that with a tee connection the connection cannot be
maintained during network outages, whether a fault or maintenance driven.
132/33kV
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
33kV O/H customers premises
line circuit see section 12.4
Pole mounted
disconnector M
Figure 11.9 Tee Connection to Existing 33kV Radial Overhead Circuit
Where wayleaves and consents are readily available the connection from the tee point to the
generator site may be by means of an overhead line circuit with appropriate isolation at the
tee point. In these cases open terminal switchgear may be employed for circuit and
transformer control and protection subject to environmental and safety constraints. It is
envisaged that the connection to the customers transformer will also be by means of tubular
busbar and that the customer shall provide a disconnector and earth switch controlling the
transformer. An open terminal arrangement is shown in Figure 11.10.

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132/33kV
33kV O/H
M Metering
line circuit
CT
Metering
VT
Figure 11.10 Tee Connection to Existing 33kV Radial Overhead Circuit
In instances where the 33kV circuit to which the connection is to be made is protected by
unit or distance protection or operates as a transformer feeder circuit with overall protection
additional 33kV circuit-breakers shall be required as seen in Figure 11.11. This arrangement
will also be required where the 33kV line or cable circuit is part of a 33kV mesh network or
where the circuit complexity is such that a tee connection would not be permitted.
132/33kV
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
customers premises
see section 12.4
To customer
owned
equipment
Figure 11.11 Loop Connection from an Existing Overhead or Underground Circuit
11.2.3 33kV Duplicate (firm) Connections
For reasons of economics or contractual obligation some embedded generator operators

may not wish to be constrained by network outages. They may require being available for
output at any time when called upon and the risk of a single leg connection may be
unacceptable.

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The security arrangements will need to be discussed at an early stage to quantify the
required network availability and determine the level of risk of the point of connection,
defining the strategy options that are available. Generally, this will apply to larger generating
stations, or sites comprising multiple generators and customers where generation is
powered by a bi-product of their primary process such as heat or methane.
In the event that a generating station is proposed adjacent to an existing 33kV cable route
on which two cables are laid both circuits may be extended as shown in Figure 11.12. This
arrangement may also be used for direct or banked 33kV feeders from a primary or grid
substation.
132/33kV
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
33kV U/G customers premises
cable circuit see section 12.4
2 x Double
cable box
M
Figure 11.12 Double Tee Connection to Existing Radial Underground Circuit
The arrangement shown in Figure 11.12 may not be technically acceptable where the
existing circuit is protected by a unit or overall transformer feeder scheme, where the
permitted number of tees will be exceeded or where the resultant network fails to provide the
required operational flexibility.

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In order to achieve the required network configuration or flexibility loop connections using
circuit-breakers shall be required as shown in the following Figure 11.13.
132/33kV
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
customers premises
see section 12.4
33kV U/G
cable circuits
Figure 11.13 Double Loop Connection to Existing Radial Underground Circuits using Circuit-
Breakers
The arrangement in Figure 11.13 shows that two discrete connections are afforded to the
customer and this may have undesirable consequences if due to the configuration of the
customers installation they were able to create a parallel between the supplies. Therefore, it
may be necessary to terminate all circuits on a single switchboard as seen in Figure 11.14.
A bus-section circuit-breaker is required to facilitate busbar maintenance or to cater for a

busbar fault. This arrangement also offers greater security to the customer.
132/33kV
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
customers premises
see section 12.4
33kV U/G
cable circuits
Figure 11.14 Double Loop Connection with Bus-section Circuit-breaker to Existing radial
Underground Circuits using Circuit-breakers

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In the event that a generating station is proposed adjacent to an existing 33kV dual circuit
overhead line or where two lines are in close proximity both circuits may be teed as shown in
Figure 11.15.
132/33kV
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
33kV O/H customers premises
line circuits see section 12.4
Pole mounted
disconnectors M
Figure 11.15 Double Tee Connection to Existing Radial Overhead Circuits
Figure 11.15 shows the connections provided by means of underground cable but where
wayleaves and consents are forthcoming the connection can also be afforded by overhead
lines with appropriate means of isolation at the tee point as seen in Figure 11.16.
132/33kV
33kV O/H M
line circuits
For detailed
requirements of
M switchgear at
customers premises
see section 12
Figure 11.16 Double Overhead Tee Connection to Existing 33kV Radial Overhead Circuits

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In the absence of 33kV network in the proximity of a proposed generating station or where
network analysis shows that load flow, fault level or voltage rise constraints cannot be
achieved; a duplicate connection shall be afforded from the nearest 132/33kV BSP
substation as shown in Figure 11.17. The 33kV switchgear arrangement at the customers
premises may be of either open terminal or metalclad indoor design subject to site
constraints.
132/33kV
additional circuit breakers
For detailed
requirements of
switchgear at
customers premises
see section 12.4
Figure 11.17 Two Circuits Provided from Local 132/33kV Grid Substation
Connections involving more than two 33kV circuits should generally not be offered as it is
unlikely that the level of generation requiring such a connection could be accepted on the
33kV network and neither is it likely to be the most economical solution.
11.2.4 Requirements for 33kV Switchgear at Customers Premises
It is desirable to standardise the arrangement of UK Power Networks owned switchgear at

customer substations, and to define the requirements at the interface with the customers
network. All new 33kV connections both for embedded generation and customer demand
shall, therefore, comply with the requirements of this section.
Switchgear shall be preferably of indoor metal clad design and shall be selected from the
current list of approved switchgear (refer to section 13.2.2). New equipment which has not
yet been ENA/UK Power Networks assessed may be offered for consideration but shall be
approved for use by UK Power Networks before any commitment is made to install it on the
network. Refer to EDS 08-0051.
Composite switchboards comprising a mixture of UK Power Networks and customer owned

equipment shall not be permitted. The customers switchgear shall be segregated from the
UK Power Networks equipment by a minimum of a permanent 4 hour fire rated wall without
interconnecting doors. The customer shall not be allowed access to the UK Power Networks
switchgear. Connections between the UK Power Networks and customer owned plant shall
be by means of underground cable.
For IDNO connections refer to EDS 08-0113.

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For connections provided to embedded generators the customers equipment shall include
the appropriate generator protection in accordance with ENA ER G59. The protection shall
operate a circuit-breaker(s) owned by the customer which disconnects the generator from
the incoming UK Power Networks supply. The customer shall also provide the means of
synchronising the generator with UK Power Networks network and a synchronising circuit-
breaker.
A remote trip facility shall be provided in accordance with the Electricity at Work Regulations
(Regulation 12) to enable the customer to open the UK Power Networks circuit-breaker in
the event of an emergency. Refer to EDS 08-0149 (under production as of October 2013).
Metering equipment shall be accommodated in a separate room or cubicle that is accessible

to the meter operator and data collection organisations without having to access the UK
Power Networks operational area. This facility shall be located as close as possible to the
UK Power Networks switch room to keep the connections to the metering CTs and VTs as
short as practicable and within the rating of the CTs.
The operational boundary between UK Power Networks and the customer shall be the
outgoing terminals of the metering circuit-breaker(s). The customer shall provide and install
the cables between their equipment and the UK Power Networks switchgear.
Open terminal equipment shall only be offered at the insistence of the customer and where it
is demonstrably economic, poses no risk to the environment, UK Power Networks staff or
the public and does not unduly impact upon the integrity of supplies to other users. Where
outdoor open terminal equipment is installed separately fenced and accessed compounds
shall be used for the customers equipment. The layout of compounds shall take account of
any possible risk of fire or explosion that may cause damage to equipment in the adjacent
area.
The following operational requirements shall be satisfied:
The main switching device(s) to connect/disconnect the customers installation to the UK

Power Networks network shall be a suitably rated circuit-breaker.
Separate switch disconnector device(s) may be provided in conjunction with a rated

circuit-breaker to isolate the customers network in the case of a teed connection, or to
isolate the UK Power Networks network in the case of a looped connection.
Switch disconnectors, if provided, shall be fully rated for load-break and load-make
operations.
A rated earth switch shall be provided to earth the UK Power Networks incoming
connection(s).
A rated earth switch shall be provided to earth the customers equipment.
Metering CTs and VTs shall be provided, preferably on the customer side of the
switching device controlling the customers connection.
Metering VTs shall not be busbar connected.
Disconnectors and earth switches shall be fully rated unless utilised in conjunction with a
rated circuit-breaker which performs the load/earth make operation.

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The customers switchgear shall have a rated facility to apply an earth towards the UK
Power Networks switchboard. If the cable connection from the UK Power Networks
switchboard terminates directly onto a customers transformer, the earth facility may be
provided on the LV side of the transformer.
The following schematic diagrams show the general principles of the preferred connection
arrangements. Actual arrangements may differ depending on the design and manufacturer
of the switchgear being considered but the principles shall comply with the technical and
operational requirements given above.
Figure 11.18 shows the preferred arrangement where the connection is afforded by a single
incoming 33kV underground cable and applies to cable connections teed to existing
overhead line circuits (Figure 11.9), direct from an existing 132/33kV grid substation (Figure
11.11) or from an existing 33/11kV primary substation (Figure 11.12). This arrangement may
also be used for teed connections to an underground circuit where the tee is achieved by
means of a double cable box (Figure 11.8) or double tee (Figure 11.12).
3-position
switch
Circuit
Circuit breaker
breaker (non auto)
Metering CT
Double cable Metering VT
box if required
UK Power Networks Customers cable

connection
Figure 11.18 Underground Teed Connection
Where the connection is made to a circuit which is unit protected, distance protected or
forms part of a ring or mesh network it will be necessary to provide circuit-breakers on both
of the UK Power Networks incomers as shown in Figure 11.19.
3-position 3-position 3-position

switch switch switch
Circuit
breaker
Metering CT
Metering VT
UK Power Customers cable UK Power

Networks connection Networks
Figure 11.19 Preferred Arrangement Looped Connection using Extensible Circuit-breakers

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Where the provision of a single metered supply to the customer does not provide the
required level of availability the customer may require a duplicate connection. Such
arrangements may be provided by means of extensible metalclad indoor switch panels as
seen in Figure 11.20. A bus-section switch is required to maintain supplies in the event of a
busbar fault and to facilitate busbar maintenance. Two separate teed or direct feeders may
also be used, with or without the bus-section facility, as shown in Figure 11.21.
Rated earth
switch
Circuit
breaker
Metering CT Metering CT
Metering VT
Metering VT
UK Power Customers cable Customers cable UK Power

Networks connection connection Networks
Figure 11.20 Duplicate Customer Connection using Extensible Circuit-breakers with Bus-section
Circuit Circuit
Circuit breaker Circuit
breaker
breaker Non-Auto breaker
Non-Auto
Metering CT Metering CT
Metering VT Metering VT
UK Power Customers cable Customers cable UK Power

Networks connection connection Networks
Figure 11.21 - Duplicate Customer Connection using Extensible Circuit-breakers

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11.3 Connection of Major New and Additional Loads
The method of connection of new or additional load to the system will depend to some extent
on whether the applicant chooses for the connection to be provided by the host DNO, an
IDNO or an ICP for adoption by the host DNO (UK Power Networks). The implication of
these decisions should be discussed at an early stage with the applicant and/or their agent.
Designers, as part of designing the solution, are required to consider all viable options and to
carry out detailed technical and economical comparisons which provide the best technical
and economic solution. Customers shall expect to be offered the most efficient solution
which fulfils the current requirement of ENA ER P2/6, UK Power Networks quality of supply
targets and conforms to current standard and procedure.
It is the intention to progressively reduce the 22kV and 66kV networks and extension of
these systems shall be resisted as the liability for replacing the aged assets cannot be
recovered by way of customer contribution. Where connections to these networks would
provide the least cost option UK Power Networks may at its discretion fund the additional
cost of connecting to a 33kV or 132kV source. However, it is inevitable that connection at
22kV or 66kV may be the only viable option. In these circumstances the lines, cables, plant
and equipment shall be rated to permit uprating to a higher voltage in the future.
There is no definitive demand level at which connection shall be made to a primary network
as opposed to the secondary network and in general, major new loads will be connected at
the highest economic voltage to reserve existing surplus capacity.
To some extent schemes for connection of major new or additional loads to the primary
networks will be bespoke because of the existing infrastructure, physical constraints and for
technical and economic reasons.

Networks 132kV Networks
In locations where the electricity distribution infrastructure is comprised of direct 132/11kV

transformation and no lower order primary networks exist, the point of connection strategy
will invariably require additional 132/11kV transformer capacity to be provided. Analysis of
the network will also be required to determine what if any upstream reinforcement is
required.
The nature of the customers load will also be relevant in deciding the point of common
coupling.
Options exist to provide the customers requirements either by:
Establishing a new 132/11kV substation at the customers premises.
Reinforcement of the nearest 132/11kV substation.
The preferred option can only be determined in discussion with the customer and/or their
agent, and on consideration of the availability of physical space both at the existing
132/11kV substation and at the proposed site. The POC strategy should take no account of
whether the connection is to be provided by UK Power Networks, an IDNO or ICP. If
supplies are provided by an IDNO due consideration will be required to establish the position
of the network boundary. ENA ER G88 does not allow for unnecessary duplication of
equipment at the network boundary, and in some cases the IDNO could be permitted to
place its equipment in a separate externally accessed enclosure inside the primary

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substation compound, where there is sufficient available space that is not required for
planned development of the site. In most cases there will not be sufficient space in an
existing primary substation for an IDNO to install more than a small GRP or brick built
11/6.6kV switchroom. Busbar connected equipment within an UK Power Networks primary
substation shall always be owned and operated by UK Power Networks.
Some possible alternative options for connecting large loads are shown in Figure 11.22 and
Figure 11.23.
Although Figure 11.22 and Figure 11.23 assume open terminal 132kV arrangements, the
use of GIS in high load density areas, where the value of land is at a premium, is now
commonplace. Extensions to existing GIS installations may be either impractical or cost
prohibitive but, nevertheless, there may be situations where the connection can only be
afforded in this manner.
132/33kV or 132/33kV or
132/11kV 132/11kV
M M M M M
M M M
Figure 11.22 Multiple 11kV Feeders from Figure 11.23 Dedicated 132/11kV Substation at
132kV Site Customers Premises
The above options provide the connection by means of equipment wholly dedicated to the
customer and as there are no shared assets such arrangements are suitable where the
network could be owned and operated by an IDNO. The point at which the network boundary
is set would need to be discussed and agreed with the IDNO in accordance with
ENA ER G88. Protection for this type of arrangement is complex as it may be problematic to
ensure grading between the incomer and the three feeders in parallel.
At grid and primary substations, the network operator responsible for the site (generally the
DNO) shall own and control all apparatus. The network boundary to the embedded licensed
network (generally the IDNO) shall typically be at or about the outgoing cable box gland of
the relevant feeder circuit-breaker(s). Normally, only DNO staff and direct contractors shall
have access to, and be permitted to operate in, the substation.

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Directly connecting IDNO cables restricts the use of the circuit-breakers and sterilises
valuable space in the primary substation, UK Power Networks prefers to install or adopt the
outgoing circuits and to create a Network Boundary at the remote end of the circuits. In
some cases, however, a point or points of connection may be at the outgoing cable box
glands from UK Power Networks primary equipment, where the connected load justifies this.
See EDS 08-0113 for details relating to the connection of inset networks.
Where a new development is located near to an existing grid supply point or the
reinforcement of an existing 132kV network is cost prohibitive it may be expedient to provide
a 132kV connection directly from a GSP as show in Figure 11.24.
NGC
DNO
Indicative
arrangement
only
M M M M
Figure 11.24 New 132/11kV Substation from GSP
Figure 11.24 is applicable for connections to GSPs comprising either open terminal or GIS
switchgear.

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Subject to design, complexity and protection constraints the connections may be banked as
shown in Figure 11.25. In practical terms this would only be possible in the case of existing
open terminal arrangements.
NGC
DNO
Indicative
arrangement
only
M M M M
Figure 11.25 New 132/11kV Substation from Open Terminal GSP Banked Circuits
Subject to available network capacity, options may exist either to connect an additional
transformer by means of a 132kV cross bay or to install a third circuit from the nearest GSP
as shown in Figure 11.26 and Figure 11.27.
Where the customer does not wish to opt for an embedded network owned and operated by
an IDNO, reinforcement of an existing 132/11kV substation may be the preferred option as in
addition to providing capacity for the new load it also provides additional capacity to the
existing network. However, as the assets are shared a cost apportionment factor will need to
be applied in assessing the customer contribution. The use of this type of arrangement
should only be considered where planned network reinforcement is required. Where no
reinforcement is planned or desirable sole use assets will normally be installed.

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Supplies to the new customer or development area will be provided by multiple 11kV circuits
as shown in Figure 11.26 and Figure 11.27. Metering of the customer(s) will be provided at
the UK Power Networks owned switchgear at the customers premises.
1 x 30MVA
2 x 60MVA 132/11kV
132/11kV
Feeder CBs may be selected to either 630A CBs to

busbar as required, bus couplers not shown development
Figure 11.26 Additional 132/11kV Capacity with 132kV Cross-bay
2 x 60MVA 1 x 30MVA
132/11kV 132/11kV
Feeder CBs may be selected to either 630A CBs to

busbar as required, bus couplers not shown development
Figure 11.27 Additional 132/11kV Capacity with New 132kV Circuit

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Networks 33kV Networks
In areas where the infrastructure is predominantly designed on the principle of double

transformation with a 132/33kV grid substation supplying a number of 33/11kV or 6.6kV
primary substations it will generally be economic to extend the network in a similar manner.
The 33kV networks may be designed as:
Transformer feeders.
Teed transformer feeders.
Ring networks.
Multi circuit mesh networks.
Examples of these configurations are given in Figure 11.28 to Figure 11.31 and any of these
designs may be used to provide the connection at the cheapest cost to achieve the current
ENA Security of Supply standard.
132/33kV 132/33kV
NB 33kV tee connections

made by double cable box
or open terminal sealing
end in 132/33kV substation
Overall unit protection

Figure 11.28 Transformer Feeder Substation Figure 11.29 Teed Transformer Feeder Substation

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132/33kV
132/33kV
33/11kV
Substation A 33/11kV
Substation C
33/11kV
Substation B 33/11kV 33/11kV 33/11kV
Substation A Substation B Substation C
Figure 11.30 33kV Ring Network Figure 11.31 33kV Mesh Network
Where the development which is to be supplied is located beneath or adjacent to a 132kV

circuit it may be cost effective to provide the new and/or additional capacity by means of a
new 132/11kVsubstation.
A 132/11kV option may also be appropriate in circumstances where the existing 33kV
network has insufficient spare capacity and in addition to new 33kV circuits and switchgear
additional and/or replacement 132/33kV transformers would be required. Clearly this will
depend upon the proximity of available 132kV circuits with sufficient capacity but the
decision should be based solely on economics giving regard to the requirement to connect at
the highest economic voltage to preserve existing surplus 33kV capacity.

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12 System Earthing
12.1 132kV Network
The neutral point of 400/132kV or 275/132kV transformer windings is solidly earthed (zero
impedance) at the GSP. The benefit of this arrangement is that during phase to earth faults
the healthy phases remain at a relatively constant nominal system phase to earth voltage
thus reducing insulation costs. However, earth fault currents at the busbars are relatively
high typically 20% higher than for phase to phase faults. The magnitude of earth fault
currents will attenuate more rapidly down the feeders.
The 132kV windings of all transformers at BSPs are star connected and have their neutral
points solidly bonded to earth. As a result a network phase to earth fault will result in current
flow through the neutral to earth connections of all transformer primary windings connected
into that GSP network.
High phase to earth fault currents have the potential to create excessively high earth
potential rise (EPR) at substation sites requiring particular attention when designing
substation earthing systems. It is desirable to provide a continuous earth conductor on all
132kV circuits between substations. The earth conductor is connected to the main earthing
system (metallic earth bonding system) at each substation and provides a return path for
fault currents reducing the current flow to earth and hence reducing the EPR. For steel tower
overhead lines the earthing conductor provides a means of bonding support steelwork to
earth at each tower position.
132kV overhead line systems are available using wood pole supports with no earth
conductor. Any design utilising this type of construction shall include a risk assessment
stating:
The effects on the BSP substation EPR when energised from a circuit with no continuous
earth conductor between that BSP and the source GSP;
How the EPR is maintained within limits for network phase to earth faults on any cable
sheath or metallic structure forming part of that circuit.
12.2 66kV and 33kV Windings
The secondary windings of 132/66kV and 132/33kV transformers supplying the 66kV and
33kV networks are delta connected12 and a neutral connection point is not, therefore,
available. To enable earth fault detection a neutral point is provided by a separate
earthing/auxiliary transformer in which the primary winding is star connected.
Phase to earth fault current is limited by series impedance in the fault path and can be
provided as zero sequence impedance in the earthing/auxiliary transformer primary winding
or as an external impedance connected between the earthing transformer primary winding
neutral point and the substation earth.
The position of the zero sequence impedance affects network voltages during earth faults.
12
The 66kV side of a 132/66kV transformer may be a star winding with its neutral point earthed via external
neutral impedance.

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With an external neutral earthing resistor or reactor and a zero impedance fault the
faulted phase is at earth potential with minimal volt drop in the transformer winding,
causing the healthy phases to rise in voltage to line voltage levels relative to earth
potential.
With earth fault current limited by the zero sequence impedance of the earthing /auxiliary
transformer primary winding, its neutral point solidly earthed and a zero impedance fault,
the faulted phase will be at earth potential. However, the internal volt drop in the
transformer winding will be relatively high compared with the main transformer (i.e. its
terminal volts will decrease significantly) resulting in minimal neutral to earth voltage
displacement, hence the non-faulted phases have a minimal phase to earth voltage
increase.
EDS 06-0012 lists the common earthing arrangements used across the networks.
12.3 11kV or 6.6kV Windings
The secondary windings of 132/11kV, 66/11kV and 33/11kV transformers supplying the
11kV network are either star or delta connected depending on the vector group of that
network. The earthing arrangements are as described in section 12.2 and may be earthed
solidly via impedance or via arc suppression coil. Refer to EDS 06-0012.
12.4 Arc Suppression Coils
HV neutral earthing using an arc suppression coil (ASC) is used in some areas to earth the
star point of primary transformers and will allow single phase earth faults to be held on the
11kV or 6.6kV distribution network without causing the operation of protection devices. This
has the probable effect of clearing transient faults without causing permanent damage and of
reducing the number of CIs and CMLs associated with rural networks.
ASCs are used in many locations in existing EPN rural networks. The economic case for
providing or replacing this type of earthing in EPN was based originally upon data from the
mid-1980s. With the current regulatory framework and the availability of sophisticated
electronic control and protection systems the economic position has changed. EDS 08-0147
details the current applications of ASCs.

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13 Standardised Plant and Equipment

The design of networks should be based upon a range of standard equipment building
blocks which will enable rationalisation of the number of plant items and hence strategic
spares. Additional benefits will accrue in terms of repairs and maintenance, outage durations
etc. as personnel become more familiar with the equipment.
The use of CER transformers in CHLDZ is not applicable due to temperature constraints that
require 5C ambient temperature for the higher rating. There is also a requirement for an
overload of 1.3pu in LPN, which would probably cause a CER transformer to trip. The LV
voltage in London is 11.275kV while in EPN/SPN is 11.5kV which may provide insufficient
tapping range at the lower end when the load is low. Outside of the CHLDZ, CER
transformers may be applicable depending on the load profile of the substation (not all
substations outside the CHLDZ have a winter peak). A site by site assessment is therefore
required to ensure the correct use of transformer type.
13.1 132kV Systems
The Standard building block approach shall also apply to 132kV networks using Approved
Equipment and designs to UK Power Networks Engineering Instructions and Equipment
Standards.
13.1.1 132kV Transformers
132kV and 66kV Transformers shall comply with EDS 04-8000. Refer to EOS 04-1020 for a
list of transformer ratings.
The use of 120MVA 132/33kV transformers is not recommended as the network risk under
outage conditions is unacceptable, assuming that there is no sufficient demand transfer
capacity. At 132/33kV BSPs with estimated demands greater than the firm capacity of two
90MVA transformers (117MVA) alternative arrangements employing three 60MVA or three
90MVA units should be considered.
The use of 66MVA 132/11/11kV double wound secondary transformer shall be restricted to
high load density areas which would mostly be in the LPN region but may be considered for
use elsewhere if required. New substations in high load density areas are designed to
provide the maximum possible capacity and 132kV incoming circuits with 132/11/11kV three-
winding transformers have become the standard for use in the central LPN region.
Transformers with a rating of 66MVA have a continuous 86.6MVA load capability and shall
be used with 2500A 11kV switchgear.
When specifying transformer ratings, due regard should be paid to the location and
environment in which the transformer is to be installed since this has a considerable impact
on the efficiency of cooling systems.
The nature of the demand and daily load cycle are also critical when addressing the required
rating of a transformer.
13.1.2 132kV Switchgear
For the use of outdoor open terminal equipment refer to EDS 03-6600.
For the use of GIS switchgear refer to EDS 03-6650.

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13.1.3 132kV Overhead Lines
Lines are to be constructed in accordance with ENA TS 43-1 to 43-9 for steel tower lines and
ENA TS 43-50 for wood pole lines.
13.1.4 132kV Underground Cables
132kV underground cables shall comply with the following standards:
ECS 02-0019.
EDS 02-4000.
EDS 02-4030.
EDS 02-4040.
Cable core size and material will depend upon installation conditions and required rating and
take account of possible future network development plans.
13.1.5 Protection Systems
Protection systems shall be designed in accordance with EDS 05-0001. More complex
schemes will require a protection design philosophy to be developed in conjunction with the
network design to ensure it can be adequately protected.
13.2 33kV Systems
13.2.1 33/11.5kV or 33/6.6kV Transformers
Transformers shall comply with EDS 04-7005. For low noise transformers refer to EDS 04-
7000
13.2.2 33kV Switchgear
33kV Switchgear shall be in accordance with UK Power Networks EDS 03-6510
Single and double busbar indoor metal clad options are available. Use of double busbar
switchgear shall generally be restricted to 132/33kV BSP substations but may occasionally
be necessary at major bussing points on the 33kV network.
For 33kV switchgear refer to the following approval documents:
EAS 03-0007.
EAS 03-0029.
EAS 03-0031.
EAS 03-0032.
EAS 03-0033.
Standard busbar ratings shall be 2000/2500A with circuit-breaker ratings of 800A, 2000A,
2500A.

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Date: 04/02/2014
Design fault level shall be rated at 20kA, 25kA and 31.5kA with 30% headroom above local
fault level to allow for network reconfiguration. Fault levels are currently constrained at
13.1kA (250MVA at 11kV), though efforts shall be made in adhering to a higher fault level
constraint of 16kA (300MVA) by existing switchgear until asset replacement is justified by
age or condition.
Outdoor open terminal 33kV switchgear shall, generally not be considered for 132/33kV
BSPs either for new installations or where existing assets are to be replaced. The cost
differential between indoor and outdoor alternatives is now such that generally, open
terminal outdoor arrangements no longer offer an economic solution particularly when life
time costs are taken in to account. However, the cost differential is less marked when all
outgoing circuits could otherwise be landed by overhead fandown connections without the
introduction of short cable sections.
Outdoor layouts have the added risk of failure due to environmental and/or vandalism
causes and have a considerably greater impact on environmental and visual amenity.
Furthermore, the land requirement for open terminal arrangements is considerably greater
than that of indoor switchgear and this has a considerable bearing on costs where land
values are at a premium.
When replacing switchgear at outdoor open terminal sites it is often possible to construct a
new switchroom and erect the new indoor switchgear off-line to minimise the risk of loss of
customer supplies whilst carrying out the replacement. The surplus land which becomes
available may also attract a good sale price.
The same arguments will invariably apply also to all 33/11kV or 33/6.6kV substations and
33kV switching points supplied from urban 33kV underground systems where circuit entries
to the substations are by means of underground cable. Where transformer feeder
arrangements are employed (unless connected to a teed circuit and then means of isolation
will be required) 33kV switchgear is not required as the 33kV cables should terminate
directly within the cable box of the 33/11kV or 33/6.6kV transformer.
The choice of indoor switchgear versus outdoor open terminal arrangements at remote rural
locations where the connection is provided by 33kV overhead lines is less clear cut and
minor new developments13, replacements or extensions utilising open terminal equipment
may provide solutions which are acceptable both from a technical, economic and operational
standpoint. Examples of such situations are as follows:
New substations connected by overhead lines where the transformer(s) have bushing
connections and are controlled by disconnector only.
Replacement of switchgear at substations connected by overhead lines where the

existing transformers have 33kV bushings.
Replacement of circuit-breaker at single switch site connected by overhead line or cable

where all structures and disconnectors are in good condition.
Where single switch substation layouts are required and alternative indoor switchgear
configurations cannot be achieved economically.
13
Examples of minor developments are as follow: 1 or 2 circuit-breakers, retrofit, defect rectification etc; however
it is acceptable for the Planner/Designer to use engineering judgement.

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Date: 04/02/2014
Generally, where substations are connected by cable sections, the preferred option is for
indoor switchgear even though the network may be predominantly of overhead line
construction and particularly if transformer replacement is also required.
Where the existing transformers are to be retained the connection to the transformers will be
by use of a simple heat shrink termination structure.
However, the advantages of indoor layout shall not prevent the Planner/Designer from
assessing sites on a case by case basis taking into account environmental factors, location,
potential ESQC issues and others. Where the use of new outdoor open terminal switchgear
is unavoidable, it shall comply with EDS 03-6520, or EDS 03-6501.
The use of pole mounted type 33kV high speed auto reclosing devices should also be
considered as an economic means of providing control and protection on rural 33kV
overhead networks. These may provide an economic option for control of transformers
particularly where fault throwing switches are impractical or undesirable. Where teed
networks are installed the use of automatic and telecontrolled sectionalising switches should
also be considered.
13.2.3 33kV Overhead Lines
All new 33kV overhead lines shall be of single circuit wood pole unearthed design and
comply with the UK Power Networks Overhead Line Construction Manual. All lines shall be
designed and constructed for a maximum conductor working temperature of 75C and shall
be strung with one of the following standard conductor sizes:
120mm2 covered conductor (referred to as BLX).

185 mm2 covered conductor (referred to as BLX).
150mm2 all aluminium alloy conductor (referred to as Oak).
200mm2 all aluminium alloy conductor (referred to as Poplar).
Construction of 33kV dual circuit wood pole overhead lines may be required under some
circumstances but outage and common mode failure constraints should be considered
before using this type of construction. Single circuit construction should be used wherever
possible.
Overhead line ratings shall be based upon ENA Engineering Recommendation P27.
13.2.4 33kV Underground Cables
All new 33kV cable circuits shall be of single core cable design and use the following
approved XLPE cables (refer to the approval documents EAS 02-0014, EAS 02-0013, EAS
02-0016, EAS 02-0017 and EAS 02-0018):
300mm2 aluminium conductor.

630mm2 copper conductor.
800mm2 copper conductor.

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
The cables shall be installed in ducts where necessary for future access or additional
mechanical protection. The cable shall be selected based on the required rating and
installation conditions. In assessing the required cable size, due consideration should be
given to the load cycle and nature of the load. The load cycle of cables connecting
embedded generation or supplying commercial or industrial loads where the peak demand is
sustained for eight hours or longer shall be assumed to be continuous.
Refer to EDS 02-0034 which contains cable ratings for common installation conditions and
ECS 02-0019.
The power losses in a cable circuit are proportional to the currents flowing in the metallic
sheaths of the cables. Therefore, by reducing or eliminating the metallic sheath currents
through different methods of bonding, it is possible to increase the cable rating. Refer to
ENA Engineering Recommendation C55/4, which defines the technical requirements for
cable bonding arrangements. Three methods are generally applied:
Both ends bonded under this arrangement the cable sheaths provide path for
circulating currents which create losses in the screen and reduce the cable rating.
Single point bonded under this arrangement the cable sheaths are bonded at one end
only which prevents circulating current but a voltage is induced between the screens of
adjacent phases and between the screen and earth. If the cable length is so that the
standing voltage in the open end is less than 65V14 there are no safety implications.
Otherwise, it can lead to safety issues.
Cross bonded under this arrangement the circuit provides electrically continuous
sheath runs from earthed termination to earthed termination but with the sheaths so
sectionalized and cross-connected using link boxes as to limit the sheath circulating
currents. This arrangement is generally used on long circuits where the circuit rating
would be considerably impaired by bonding at both ends.
Whilst due regard should be given to these options it is generally preferred that all cable
circuits shall be bonded at both ends and only where this would lead to unacceptable sheath
losses and thus reduced rating should single point or cross-bonded options be considered.
33kV tee connections by means of breech joints are permissible by approved method but
shall be used only for replacing existing breech joints that are damaged or if its health
condition warrants replacement. Alternatively, a tee connection can be achieved by installing
a ring main unit within a GRP or small brick housing at the tee position. This will require that
a suitable plot of land is available and that suitable approved equipment can be procured.
13.2.5 33kV Protection Systems
Protection systems shall be designed in accordance with EDS 05-0001.
14
Value taken from ENA ER C55/4

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
13.3 Remote Source Circuit-breaker Operation
Where primary transformer high voltage windings are not controlled by a local circuit-breaker
and the preferred option of installing one has been carefully considered and discounted,
some form of inter-tripping is required in order to open the remote circuit-breaker. This may
be by means of:
Inter-tripping channels provided by pilot cable or other means over which inter-trip send
and receive signals are passed. For 132kV systems, this may take the form of an overall
transformer feeder protection scheme where the circuits are short and comprised entirely
of underground cable.
Installing fibre optic and using unit protection, providing that all 33kV feeder main
protection can be converted to unit protection.
As a last resort, a fault throwing switch. The transformer protection operates a switch
which places an earth fault on one phase of the incoming circuit which is detected as a
feeder fault by the source protection. Refer to EDS 03-0014.
The earth fault currents on resistance/reactance earthed 66kV and 33kV primary networks
are restricted and the operation of a fault thrower imposes no significant risk to the network
or EPR. The 132kV systems however being solidly earthed produce earth fault currents of
significant magnitude which could cause considerable danger or damage. Fault throwers
therefore shall no longer be used for new 132kV installations and live tank circuit-breakers
shall be used for local control of transformers as shown in Figure 13.1 and in Figure 13.2 for
a teed transformer feeder.

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
Figure 13.1 132kV Standard and modified single-switch layout
Fault
throwing
switch
M
Motorised
disconnector
M
Motorised
disconnector
M M
Fault
throwing
switch
Teed transformer feeder ModifiedTeed transformer feeder
Figure 13.2 132kV Teed and modified teed transformer feeder

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
13.4 SCADA and Network Automation
Primary SCADA covers all grid and primary substations. The NMS continuously polls the
RTUs for any changes (alarms, analogues and circuit-breaker/switch indications) and to
facilitate the operation of any equipment on site (such as the operation of circuit-
breakers/switches etc.).
Secondary RTUs covers Secondary (11kV Distribution) substations where it is deemed

benefit can be gained from the remote control and monitoring functionality. Under normal
circumstances there is no communications between the NMS and RTU, or vice versa. If a
change occurs on site (alarms, analogues and circuit-breaker/switch operation) the RTU will
dial up the NMS to communicate. If the control engineer wishes to operate a control at the
remote site, or a script running on the NMS needs to operate equipment at the remote site,
the NMS will dial up the RTU. Once the NMS and RTU start to communicate, the NMS will
continually poll for any changes the RTU until the communication is terminated.
With the anticipated increase in network monitoring and control, and the introduction of
Smart Grids, a review of SCADA requirements will be carried out. The traditional voltage
split between primary SCADA and Secondary SCADA is likely to be removed. Instead,
substation sites will be assessed on their own merits and given a classification which will
identify the minimum RTU requirements and minimum communications requirements for
each site, therefore enabling the appropriate level of functionality to be installed at any site
regardless of voltage level.
For more information refer to EDS 05-9002, EDS 05-9003 (to be rewritten in the near future),
EDS 05-9005 and EDS 05-9006.
13.5 Protection and Control
UK Power Networks is currently revising its Protection and Control standards strategy.
13.6 Substation Earthing
All grid and primary substation earthing shall be in accordance with the following standards:
EDS 06-0012 Earthing Design Criteria.

EDS 06-0013 Grid and Primary Substation Earthing Design.
ECS 06-0022 Grid and Primary Earthing Construction.

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
14 Layouts and Land Requirements Customer Supplies

At the onset of the customer enquiry it shall be agreed whether the proposed connection is
to be provided by UK Power Networks, an IDNO or by an ICP contractor for adoption by UK
Power Networks.
Consideration shall be given to the environment in which any lines, cables and plant are to
be placed with particular regard to the potential future use of adjacent land and the impact of
noise from transformer forced cooling equipment.
All works shall be carried out in compliance with EDS 07-0105 or EDS 07-0020 for 33kV
sites.
Where the connection is to be provided by an ICP or embedded network, owned and

operated by an IDNO the ownership and network boundary shall be at the outgoing
terminals at the point of supply. UK Power Networks shall have no responsibility for
providing guidance or design details beyond this point. Land requirements for substations,
cable routes etc. and the detailed design of plant and equipment shall be the ICP or IDNOs
responsibility and shall be negotiated between the ICP/IDNO and their customer. See
ENA ER G81 and EDS 08-0113.
Where connections are provided by or to be adopted by UK Power Networks the customer

shall provide a suitable site and conduct environmental, soil and ground surveys to confirm
that:
The ground bearing pressure is adequate to support the proposed plant and equipment.
The site does not unduly impact on the environment of the area in which it is to be sited.
The land is not contaminated with hazardous waste.
The site is not liable to flood.
Adequate unimpeded access is available at all times.
Noise levels do not unduly impact upon the local environment.
Due regard shall also be given to the necessity to provide an earthing system to earth the
substation plant building, fence and all plant and equipment in such a manner that the
passage of current to the earth grid does not raise the touch and step potentials above the
presently recommended limits. Earthing may be the limiting factor in determining the land-
take particularly where the composition of the ground results in poor soil conductivity and/or
the site location does not benefit from a continuous underground cable network (refer to
section 12).
To comply with the requirements for operation of equipment in confined spaces, emergency
exit procedures, flooding risks, ventilation and HSE legislation, substations sited beneath
ground level or in a building basement shall not be permitted.
A 2 metre segregation fence is also required around the compound perimeter, where
outdoor air insulated equipment is installed so as to exclude access to the main substation
fence and provide a controlled environment to prevent planting, fly tipping or climbing aids
giving illegal access to the substation.
At 33kV the preferred option is for indoor metalclad 33kV switchgear and the use of open
terminal outdoor equipment shall only be considered where this provides a significant cost
advantage and the ESQCR risks are minimised.

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
At 132kV and 66kV the cost differential between open terminal and GIS is considerably
greater and open terminal shall be permitted subject to compliance with the required
environmental constraints.
Open terminal sites of any voltage shall not be permitted adjacent to schools, in public
recreational areas or where the area is prone to vandalism. Discussions regarding the
suitability of a proposed site shall be held between UK Power Networks and the customer
and/or their agent at an early stage so that local authority planning permission can be
applied for.
14.1 Substation Accommodation
The arrangements for accommodating the UK Power Networks switchgear and the
customers switchgear shall be generally in accordance with EDS 07-0105 or EDS 07-0020
for 33kV connections.
In order of preference:
1. Separate buildings for UK Power Networks and the customer with a cabled connection
between UK Power Networks and the customers equipment. The UK Power Networks
substation building will normally be provided by the customer and will contain all of UK
Power Networks connection assets. Access to this substation will be restricted to UK
Power Networks operational/authorised personnel only.
2. Separate but adjacent switch rooms within the same building owned by the customer. As
above, a cabled connection will be provided between UK Power Networks and the
customers equipment, and access to the UK Power Networks switch room will be
restricted to UK Power Networks operational/authorised personnel.
In all cases the UK Power Networks switch room shall be accessible from an external door
which has direct vehicular access suitable for plant delivery. Provision of other access and
emergency egress doors shall comply with the requirements on EDS 07-0020 for supplies
up to 33kV or EDS 07-0105 for 66kV and 132kV.
If required, the customer shall also carry out the preparatory civil works to provide an access
roadway, site fencing and a building to house plant and equipment. These shall all be
constructed in accordance with EDS 07-0020 for supplies up to 33kV or EDS 07-0105 for
66kV and 132kV.
The physical dimensions of the required accommodation at each voltage and for each
arrangement are provided in EDS 07-0020 and associated drawings for supplies up to 33kV
and EDS 07-0105 for higher voltages.
Where the connection is to be provided by an ICP contractor, all cable lines, plant and
equipment and protection schemes shall be in accordance with UK Power Networks
standards (refer to section 6).

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
15 References
15.1 Legislation
Networks shall be designed with regard to compliance with the statutory regulations set out
below:
Construction Design and Management Regulations 2007

Electricity Act 1989
Electricity Safety. Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002
Guaranteed Standards: OFGEM Guidance and Proposals on Best Practice Electricity Distribution
Health & Safety at Work Act 1974
15.2 Industry Regulation
All networks shall comply with the requirements of the Distribution Licence Conditions
specifically condition 5 (distribution system planning standard and quality of service) and
condition 9 (compliance with the Distribution Code).
Networks shall also be designed to provide the level of performance required by the Overall
and Guaranteed standards agreed with OFGEM.
15.3 Industry Standards
ENA ER C55-4 Insulated Sheath Power Cable Systems

ENA ER P27 HV OHL Current Ratings
ENA ER G59 Engineering Recommendation G59 Connection of Embedded Generation to
Public Electricity Networks
ENA TS 43-1 to 43-9 132kV Tower Line Profiling/Lattice Towers/Tower Foundations/Tower
Steelwork/Tower Line Construction/3 L4(m) Steel Tower Lines/Issue 3 OHL
Clearances/2 L7(m) Steel Tower Lines
ENA TS 43-50 132kV Wood Pole Lines
ENA ER G-54 Limits for Harmonics in the United Kingdom Electricity Supply System
ENA ER P2/6 Security of Supply
ENA ER P28 Planning Limits for Voltage Fluctuations Caused by Industrial, Commercial
and Domestic Equipment in the UK
ENA ER P29 Planning Limits for Voltage Unbalance in the UK
National Grid Grid Code for Great Britain
OFGEM Distribution Code for Great Britain

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
15.4 UK Power Networks Standards
ECS 02-0019 Installation of Underground Cables LV to 132kV

EDP 08-0203 Preparation of Infrastructure Development Plans (internal document only)
EDP 08-0205 Process for Developing and Revising Strategic Design Policy (internal
document only)
EDP 08-0206 Production of Annual Planning Load Estimates (PLE) (internal document only)
EDP 08-0301 Network Asset Management Plan (NAMP) Change Control Process (internal
document only)
EDP 08-0309 IO FET: Project Creation and Investment Scoring Process (internal document
only)
EDP 08-0310 Investment Optimisation Process (internal document only)
EDP 08-0401 Network Referral Policy and Procedure (internal document only)
EDS 00-0002 Standard Design Hazard Elimination and Management List (internal document
only)
EDS 02-4040 132kV Cables with Extruded Insulation Suitable for Use in Cable Tunnels,
Galleries and Cable Basements (internal document only)
EDS 03-6501 Pole Mounted Air Break Switch Disconnectors for Operating Voltages up to
and including 33kV (internal document only)
EDS 03-6510 Standard for Indoor 12kV, 24kV and 36kV Metal-enclosed Switchgear for Grid
Primary Substations (internal document only)
EDS 03-6520 Open Terminal Switchgear for Main Substations 36kV (internal document
only)
EDS 03-6600 Open Terminal Switchgear 72.5kV and 145kV (internal document only)
EDS 03-6650 Gas Insulated Switchgear 72.5kV and 145kV
EDS 04-0041 Pre-saturated Core Fault Current Limiter (internal document only)
EDS 04-7000 System Transformers (internal document only)
EDS 04-7005 Primary Transformer Specification (internal document only)
EDS 04-8000 Grid Transformers (internal document only)
EDS 05-0001 132kV, Grid and Primary System Protection and Control Schemes
EDS 07-0020 Generic Civil Requirements for Customer Supplies at voltages between 6.6kV
& 33kV
EDS 07-0105 Grid & Primary Substation Civil Design Standards (internal document only)
EDS 08-0051 Customer Supplies 6.6kV to 33kV Notes of Guidance for New Demand &
Generation Connections
EDS 08-0113 Guidance for the Application of ENA Engineering Recommendation G88 and
G81 Inset Networks (IDNOs and other Licensed DNOs)
EDS 08-0116 Voltage Levels Strategy (internal document only)
EDS 08-0119 Guidance for the Application of ENA Engineering Recommendation P2/6
Security of Supply (internal document only)
EDS 08-0141 Customer HV Supplies (internal document only)
EDS 08-0147 Guidance on the use of Arc Suppression Coil Earthing (internal document
only)
HSS 01 020 Undertaking Environmental Risk Assessments

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Date: 04/02/2014
EOS 09-0061 Assessing the Risk to the Public from Distribution Network Assets
EAS 03-0032 ABB ZX2 Switchgear: 36kV Single Busbar
EAS 03-0033 Siemens NXPlus Switchgear: 36kV Single Busbar
EDS 02-0034 33kV Single Core XLPE Cables
EDS 08-0149 Emergency Trip Button
EOS 04-0047 Fault Current Limiter at Newhaven Town (internal document only)
EOS 04-1020 Transformer Ratings
EAS 02-0013 Quintas & Quintas 33kV Single Core XLPE Cables (internal document only)
EAS 02-0014 Tele-Fonica Cable 33kV Single Core XLPE Cables (internal document only)
EAS 02-0016 Prysmian Cables 33kV Single Core XLPE Cables (internal document only)
EAS 02-0017 Synergy Cables 33kV Single Core XLPE Cables (internal document only)
EAS 02-0018 Plastic Cable Guards and Ducts Supplied by Polypipe (internal document
only)
EAS 03-0007 Schneider WS 33kV Top Entry (internal document only)
EAS 03-0029 ABB ZX1.2 Switchgear: 36kV Single Busbar
EAS 03-0031 ABB ZX2 Switchgear: 36kV Double Busbar
EAS 04-0046 GridON Fault Current Limiter (internal document only)
EDS 06-0012 Earthing Design Criteria
EDS 07-0003 Enclosed Major Substation Civil Engineering Standard
EDS 02-4000 132kV Cables with Extruded Insulation Suitable for Direct Burial or Ducted
Installations (internal document only)
EDS 02-4030 132kV Cable System Accessories (internal document only)
ETR 130 Engineering Technical Report 130 Application Guide for Assessing the
Capacity of Networks Containing Distributed Generation

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
Appendix A P2/6 Security of Supply Table17

NORMAL LEVEL CENTRAL HIGH LOAD DENSITY ZONE(CHLDZ)
CLASS OF MINIMUM DEMAND TO BE MET AFTER MINIMUM DEMAND TO BE MET AFTER
SUPPLY RANGE OF FIRST CIRCUIT OUTAGE SECOND CIRCUIT OUTAGE RANGE OF FIRST CIRCUIT SECOND CIRCUIT
GROUP GROUP OUTAGE OUTAGE
DEMANDS DEMANDS
1 2 In repair time: GROUP
A Up to 1MW * In repair time: GROUP DEMAND _____ Up to 1MW * DEMAND
_____
(a) Within 3hours: GROUP DEMAND

Over 1 to 3 (a) Within 60 seconds:
B 12MW
MINUS 1MW _____ Over 1 to 20MW * GROUP DEMAND
_____
(b) In repair time: GROUP DEMAND
(a) Within 15 minutes: SMALLER

Over 12 to OF(GROUP DEMAND MINUS 12MW)
C 4 _____ (b) Within three hours
60MW * and (2/3 GROUP DEMAND) (b) Within
3hours GROUP DEMAND DEMAND OF ALL
CONSUMERS AT 1/2
6 (a) Within 60 seconds:
(c) Within 3hours: FOR GROUP DEMAND Over 20 to 300MW * GROUP DEMAND
GROUP DEMAND
(a) Within 60 seconds: GROUP Within time to restore
GREATER THAN 100MW: SMALLER OF
Over 60 to DEMAND MINUS UP TO 20MW arranged outage:
(GROUP DEMAND MINUS 100MW); AND
D 5 (AUTOMATICALLY DISCONNECTED)
300MW * (b) Within three hours GROUP
(1/3 GROUP DEMAND) GROUP DEMAND
(d) Within time to restore arranged outage:
DEMAND
GROUP DEMAND
(b) Immediately: ALL

(b) Immediately: ALL CONSUMERS AT 2/3 CONSUMERS AT 2/3
Over 300 to GROUP DEMAND Over 300 to 1500MW (a) Immediately GROUP GROUP DEMAND
E 7 (a) Immediately GROUP DEMAND 7
1500MW * Within time to restore arranged outage: * DEMAND Within time to restore
GROUP DEMAND arranged outage:
GROUP DEMAND
In accordance with the relevant transmission company
In accordance with the relevant transmission company licence security standard (CEGB
F Over 1500MW
Planning Memorandum PLM-SP2)
Over 1500MW licence security standard (CEGB Planning
Memorandum PLM-SP2)
17
Extract from the ENA ER P2/6 Security of Supply (and changed accordingly to include the London Central High Load Density Zone).

Version: 2.0
Date: 04/02/2014
Security of Supply Notes:
Note Comment
*1 Where demand is supplied by a single 1000kva transformer the Range of Group Demands may be extended to cover the overload capacity of that transformer (P2/6).
*2 Where demand is supplied by a single 1000kva transformer (OR equivalent Bank) the Range of Group Demands may be extended to cover the cyclic rating of the
transformer(s).
*3 A low voltage fault in the Central High Load Density Zone may cause a loss of supply within this Range of Group Demand. Such a loss should be restricted to a maximum of
3MW and supply should be restored within three hours to all demand above 1MW, and in repair time for Group Demand.
*4 Group Demand will be normally supplied by at least two normally closed Circuits or by one Circuit with supervisory or automatic Circuits (P2/6).
*5 A loss of supply not exceeding 60 sec is considered as an immediate restoration. The Recommendation is based on the assumption that the time for restoration of Group
Demand after a Second Circuit Outage will be minimised by the scheduling and control of planned outages, and that consideration will be given to the use of rota load
shedding to reduce the effect of prolonged outages on consumers (P2/6).
*6 The time for restoration of the full Group Demand after a second circuit outage should, where applicable, be by the scheduling and control of planned outages.
*7 The provision of Class E apply to infeeds to the distribution system but not to systems regarded as part of the interconnected Super-Grid to which the
provisions of Class F apply. For the system covered by Class E consideration can be given to the feasibility of providing for up to 60MW to be lost for up to 60
seconds on First Circuit Outage if this leads to significant economies. This provision is not intended to restrict the period during which maintenance can be
scheduled. The provision for a Second Circuit Outage assumes that normal maintenance can be undertaken when demand is below 67%. Where the period
of maintenance may be restricted Para 3 of section 2 applies (P2/6).

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Document Number: EDS 08-0145

Network(s): EPN, LPN, SPN

Owner: Allan Boardman Date: 04/02/2014

Approved By: Steve Mockford Approved Date: 28/02/2014

Review Date: 28/02/2017

Version Date Details Author

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 2 of 88

9 33kV Network Configurations ............................................................................... 32

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 3 of 88

13.1 132kV Systems ....................................................................................................... 74

Figure 6.1 Discrete 132kV networks with two BSPs ......................................................... 17

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 4 of 88

Figure 9.2 Underground 3 x Transformer Feeder ............................................................. 33

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 5 of 88

Figure 11.19 Preferred Arrangement Looped Connection using Extensible Circuit-

Table 7.1 - Typical Charging Currents at 33kV .................................................................... 20

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 6 of 88

Nevertheless, it is desirable to reduce the number and complexity of arrangements in order

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 7 of 88

3 Abbreviations and Definitions

AIS Air Insulated Switchgear

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 8 of 88

LPN London Power Networks

A network providing the infrastructure to make supplies available to end

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 9 of 88

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 10 of 88

4 Infrastructure Investment Philosophy

To satisfy Health and Safety legislation.

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 11 of 88

Having established common design standards it is necessary to ensure these remain

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 12 of 88

5 Legacy Voltages Voltage Rationalisation

5.1 66kV Systems

5.2 33kV Systems

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 13 of 88

5.3 22kV Systems

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 14 of 88

6 Standardised Network Configurations

The design of primary networks shall always comply with:

Health and safety legislation.

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 15 of 88

6.3 Security of Supply

6.3.1 Engineering Recommendation P2/6

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 16 of 88

6.3.2 Embedded Generation

UK Power Networks 2014 All rights reserved 17 of 88

Group demand GSP 2

Figure 6.3 132kV interconnection between GSPs

6.3.4 Quality of Supply Performance Targets

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6.4 Single Transformer Substations

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Length of the circuits.

If an acceptable risk rating is unachievable the scheme shall be discounted and an

7.2 Maximum Cable Lengths at 33kV and 132kV

Table 7.1 - Typical Charging Currents at 33kV

Conductor Nominal Cross-Sectional Area [mm ]

Charging Current [A/km] 1.522 1.702 1.913 2.102 2.330

Table 7.2 Typical Charging Currents at 132kV

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7.2.1 Cable Capacitance Compensation Assessment

Obtain charging current (CC)

Obtain the CC of the existing