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1. The figure above shows the respiratory surfaces in four different organisms.

Rajah menunjukkan permukaan pernafasan dalam empat organisma berbeza.

(a) Name the respiratory surfaces in


Namakan permukaan pernafasan di dalam

plants
tumbuhan

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
fishes
ikan

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
frogs
katak

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
mammals
mamalia

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(b) Name three characteristics of the respiratory surfaces which are shown by the four
organisms above.
Namakan tiga ciri permukaan pernafasan yang ditunjukkan oleh keempat-empat
organisma di atas.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(c) Name an extra characteristic which exists in the respiratory surfaces of mammals,
fishes and frogs.
Namakan satu ciri tambahan yang wujud dalam permukaan pernafasan mamalia,
ikan dan katak.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(d) How does the thin and flat surface of a leaf ease the exchange of gases?
Bagaimana permukaan daun yang nipis dan rata memudahkan pertukaran gas-gas?

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(e) Why would a fish die due to a lack of oxygen when it is taken out of the water?
Mengapa ikan akan mati disebabkan oleh kekurangan oksigen apabila ia dikeluarkan
dari air?

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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2. The figure shows the arrangement of some organs in the thoracic region of the human
body.
Rajah menunjukkan susunan beberapa organs di dalam rantau torasik tubuh badan
manusia.

Name the part labelled P and state its function.


Namakan bahagian berlabel P dan nyatakan fungsinya.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
Name the hard tissue found in the trachea and state its function.
Namakan tisu keras yang terdapat di dalam trakea dan nyatakan fungsinya.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
Name the part labelled and state its function.
Namakan bahagian berlabel dan nyatakan fungsinya.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

Name the process by which the exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli.
Namakan proses di mana pertukaran gas-gas berlaku di dalam alveoli.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
State two characteristics of the alveoli which enable the exchange of gases to
occur.
Nyatakan dua ciri alveoli yang membolehkan pertukaran gas berlaku.

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[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(c) State two ways in which smoking can decrease the efficiency of the human
respiratory system.
Nyatakan dua cara di mana merokok boleh mengurangkan keberkesanan sistem
pernafasan manusia.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(d) Which part of the human brain controls the rate of breathing?
Bahagia otak manusia yang manakah mengawal kadar pernafasan?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

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3. Cell respiration occurs in both plants and animals. This process can generally be
represented by the following equation.
Pernafasan sel berlaku di dalam kedua-dua tumbuhan dan haiwan. Proses ini pada
asasnya boleh diwakili oleh persamaan berikut.

C6 H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H 2O + Energy


Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C H O + 6O + 6CO + 6H O + Tenaga
6 12 6 2 2 2

Glukosa + Oksigen = Karbon Dioksida + Air + Tenaga

(a) The above equation shows that oxygen is used for cell respiration. So, when an
animal is actively running, its rate of inhalation and exhalation increases. Explain why
does the rate of heartbeat also increases.
Persamaan di atas menunjukkan oksigen digunakan bagi pernafasan sel. Jadi,
apabila suatu haiwan sedang aktif berlari, kadar tarikan dan hembusan nafasnya
meningkat. Jelaskan mengapa kadar denyutan jantung turut meningkat.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

Where is the energy temporarily stored during tissue respiration before it is used
by muscles?
Di manakah tenaga disimpan untuk sementara waktu semasa pernafasan tisu
sebeblum ianya digunakan oleh otot-otot?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
Besides energy, what are the end products of anaerobic respiration in
Selain tenaga, apakah hasil terakhir pernafasan anaeron dalam
- plants?
- tumbuhan?

- animals?

- haiwan?

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(c) Why does an animal continue to have a high rate of respiration even at the end of a
strenuous exercise?
Mengapa haiwan terus mempunyai kadar pernafasan yang tinggi walaupun pada

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penghujung latihan berat?

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(d) List down three features of the alveoli which ensure efficient gaseous exchange.
Senaraikan tiga ciri alveoli yang memastikan pertukaran gas secara efisien.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(e) The trachea and bronchi in mammals have rings of cartilage in their walls. Why are
these cartilage rings necessary?
Trakea dan bronki dalam mamalia mempunyai gegelang rawan di dindingnya.
Mengapa gegelang rawan ini diperlukan?

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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4.

The apparatus in the figure above was used to show the effect of a water-weed on
Bicarbonate Indicator solution under different light intensities. The results obtained are
shown in the table below.
Radas di dalam rajah di atas telah digunakan untuk menunjukkan kesan rumpai air pada
larutan penunjuk bikarbonat di bawah keamatan cahaya yang berbeza. Keputusan yang
diperoleh ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.

Tube Colour of the Bicarbonate Indicator at Colour of the Bicarbonate Indicator


Tiub the beginning of the experiment after 5 hours
Warna penunjuk bikarbonat pada Warna penunjuk bikarbonat selepas 5
permulaan eksperimen jam
A Red Yellow
A Merah Kuning
B Red Pink
B Merah Merah jambu
C Red Purple
C Merah Ungu
D Red Red
D Merah Merah

Study the apparatus and results carefully, then answer the following questions.
Kaji radas dan keputusan dengan berhati-hati, kemudian jawab soalan-soalan berikut.

(a) Why was aluminium foil wrapped around Tube A?


Mengapa kerajang aluminium dibalut di sekeliling Tiub A?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(b) Why was bandage gauge wrapped around Tube B?


Mengapa kain kasa dibalutkan disekeliling Tiub B?

[1 mark]

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[1 markah]

(c) Give one reason for surrounding the tubes in water.


Berikan satu sebab tiub-tiub dikelilingi oleh air.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(d) What was the purpose of Tube D in the experiment?


Apakah tujuan Tiub D dalam eksperimen ini?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

Which tube shows the most acidic condition at the end of the experiment?
Tiub yang manakah menunjukkan keadaan paling berasid di akhir eksperimen?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
Name the biological process in the plant that brought about this acidic condition.
Namakan proses biologi di dalam tumbuhan yang telah membawa keadaan
berasid ini.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

Which tube contained the least amount of carbon dioxide in the solution at the
end of 5 hours?
Tiub yang manakah mengandungi jumlah karbon dioksida paling sedikit di
dalam larutan selepas berakhirnya 5 jam?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
What had happened to the carbon dioxide in this tube?
Apakah yang telah berlaku kepada karbon dioksida di dalam tiub ini?

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

If all other conditions were the same except that a lamp of 200 watts was used
instead of 100 watts, at the end of the experiment, would the Bicarbonate
Indicator in Tube B give a different colour from that recorded in the table
above?

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Sekiranya keadaan-keadaan lain adalah sama kecuali lampu 200 watt telah
digunakan menggantikan 100 watt, pada akhir eksperimen, adalah penunjuk
bikarbonat di dalam Tiub B memberi warna berbeza daripada yang direkodkan
di dalam jadual di atas?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
Explain your answer in (g)(i).
Jelaskan jawapan anda dalam (g)(i).

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

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5.

The following results were obtained during the analysis of a mixture of gases using the J-
tube. The gases were collected from the apparatus shown above.
Keputusan berikut telah diperolehi semasa analisi campuran gas menggunakan tiub J.
Gas telah dikumpul daripada radas yang ditunjukkan di atas.

Original length of gas column -----------------------------------------------10 cm


Length after complete treatment with KOH solution ---------------------10 cm
Length after subsequent complete treatment with potassium pyrogallate solution -5.5 cm
Panjang asal turus gas -----------------------------------------------10 cm
Panjang selepas rawatan lengkap dengan larutan KOH ---------------------10 cm
Panjang selepas rawatan lengkap yang berikutnya dengan larutan kalium pirogalat -5.5
cm

What is the percentage proportion of the following gases?


Apakah peratusan perkadaran gas-gas berikut?

Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida

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Oxygen
Oksigen

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Nitrogen and other gases
Nitrogen dan gas-gas lain

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(b) List down three precautions you would take to ensure the accuracy of the readings.

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Senaraikan tiga langkah berjaga-jaga yang patut anda ambil untuk memastikan
ketepatan bacaan.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(c) What is the effect on the composition of gases if the distance of the light source from
the plant is increased? Give reasons for your answer.
Apakah kesan-kesan penguraian gas sekiranya jarak sumber cahaya daripada
tumbuhan ditingkatkan? Berikan sebab-sebab bagi jawapan anda.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(d) How will the results be affected if a 100 watts lamp is placed close to the beaker for
too long?
Bagaimana keputusan boleh berubah sekiranya lampu 100 watt diletakkan dekat
dengan bikar bagi tempaoh yang sangat lama?

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(e) Why is pond water used?


Mengapa air kolam digunakan?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

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