Structure, Properties, Processes,

Aplication of

CONCRETE

Disusun oleh :

Samrotul Fikriyah 15612076 / T. Industri B Sore

JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH GRESIK
SEMESTER GANJIL 2015/2016
 Stucture, Properties, Processes, Application
of CONCRETE

Define of Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and
water, with or without additional mix ingredients that form a solid mass. The
concrete constituents also have many classification based on usefulness, shapes,
and sizes.
Types of concrete :

1. Concrete siklop
This same type of concrete with normal ordinary concrete, the
difference is on the concrete is used as an aggregate measure
of the relative large. concrete is used in the manufacture of the dam, the
base of the bridge, and so on. the size of coarse aggregate can be up to
20 cm, but the proportion of aggregate larger than this should usually not
more than 20 per cent of the aggregate total.
2. Concrete Masonry
This same type of concrete with normal concrete differences only
aggregate ballpark replaced with lightweight aggregate. Moreover, it
can also with concrete that was given added material capable of forming
air bubbles of concrete stirring time underway. this kind of concrete has
many pore so that its weight is lower than that of ordinary concrete.
3. Non sand Concrete
This type of concrete made without sand, so only water, cement, and
gravel only. For without sand gravel cavities cavity then not filled. So
hollow concrete and heavy kind lower than ordinary concrete. In addition
because without the sand so it is not necessary to encase the pasta2 grains
of sand so that the cement relative needs a little more.
4. Concrete hollow
As it has been known that approximately half the water that blended
course that react with cement, but the remaining half is used to thin the
mortar. This type of concrete is stirred and poured and solidified as an
ordinary concrete, concrete printed but after dense then water the rest of

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the reaction being sucked by the way. Like the way the vacuum. Thus the
water left only the water used for reaction with cement, so concrete that is
obtained is very strong.
5. Reinforced concrete
Regular concrete is very weak in the style of drag, but very strong with a
steel shaft, press the style can be inserted in the concrete that are interested
to help the concrete. Beto entered its section on steel rods is called
reinforced concrete.
6. Concrete pre-tense
This same type of concrete with reinforced concrete, the difference is that
the stem is inserted into the concrete in the strained right first. This steel
rod still has voltage to concrete poured concretebeams part hardened. If
holding bending will not happen to crack.
7. Prefabricated Concrete
Regular printed concrete/poured in place. but may also be printed
elsewhere, its function in print elsewhere in order to obtain better quality.
In addition it is used if the place of manufacture of concrete making it hard
is limited. provides for the printing of betonnya care.
8. Mass Concrete
Concrete poured in large volume that is a comparison between the volume
and the surface is large. When the dimensions are larger than 60 cm.
Massive foundations, pillars, the dam. It should be noted the
difference temeratur.

The nature and character of the mechanics of concrete in general:

1. Concrete very well with hold the style press (high compressive strength),
but not so in the style of drag (low tensile strength). Even concrete tensile
force is only about 10% of the power of focus was more style.
2. Not able to with stand the Concrete style voltage (tension), because its
elasticity.
3. Thermal conductivity of concrete is relatively low.

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4. In case of hardened concrete, like a rock with high strength

5. Reinforcement steel embedded in concrete its strength will increase.

Characteristics Of The NSC (Normal Strength Concrete)

1. Have strong press relatively high but its strong low then usually reinforced
with strong material will generally pull steel
2. The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low voltage but began
dwindling on the high voltage level
3. Generate power varies from 10 MPa (1450 psi) up to with 40 Mpa
(5800 psi)
4. All concrete structures will crack when the concrete reaches
the batasnyadikarenakan depreciation and voltage.

Material Composition of Concrete

Cement and sand ready mixed. There are many types of concrete available
made with varying proportions of main ingredients below. Mix design depends on
the type of structure being built, how will a concrete mix and delivered, and how
it will be placed to form this structure.

Cement
Portland cement is a type of cement that is generally used. This is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar, and plaster. A mixture of oxides of
calcium, siliconand aluminum. Portland cement and similar materials are
made by heating limestone (a source of calcium) with clay, and grinding
this product (called clinker) with a source of sulfate (most commonly
gypsum). The manufacture of portland cement creates about 5 percent of
human CO2 emissions.
Aggregate
The aggregate is smooth and coarse aggregate to form most of the concrete
mix. Natural sand, gravel and crushed stone are mainly used for this
purpose. Recycled aggregate (from construction, demolition and
excavation waste) is also increasingly used as a partial replacement of the

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natural aggregate, while a number of manufactured aggregates, including

air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ashes are also allowed.
Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are
sometimes added to the surface of the concrete for a decorative "exposed
aggregate" finish, popular among landscape designers. Reinforcement
Installation this market on the floor slab when pouring concrete.
Water
Combine the water with cementitious material formed pastasemen by the
process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills a
void in it, and allows it to flow more freely. Less water in the cement paste
will yield stronger, more durable concrete; more water will give you more
free-flowing concrete with a higher slump. Unclean water used to make
the concrete can cause problems when arranging or prematurely cause
failure of the structure. Hydration involves many different reactions, often
occur at the same time. As the reactions proceed, the products of
thecement hydration process gradually bond together the individual
particles of sand and gravel, and other components of the concrete, to form
a solid mass.
Chemical reaction of cement:
C3S + H C-S-H + CH
Standar notasi : Ca3SiO5 + H2O (CaO) (SiO2) (H2O) (gel) + Ca (OH) 2
Balance :2 Ca3SiO5 + 7 H2O 3 (CaO) 2 (SiO2) 4(H2O)(gel) + 3Ca(OH)2

A. STRUCTURES OF CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite. Consisting of cement, coarse and fine aggregates
and water.
a) Atomic and crystal Structures of cement
In the cement raw materials are chemical compounds Tricalcium
Silicate, Dicalcium Silicate, Calcium Aluminate, And Tetracalcium
Aluminoferat. In addition, there is a compound of clcium oxide

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(CaO), silicon Oxide (SiO2), Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3), and Iron

(III) Oxide (Fe2O3)
b) Atomic and crystal structures of fine aggregates
Fine aggregates = sand (Silica Dioxide)

c) Atomic and crystal structure of water

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B. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Physical
1. Concrete can easily be shaped according to needs of
construction
2. Capable of bearing a load of press is great/strong
3. Concrete is not able to withstand voltage (tension) style,
because its elasticity is low
4. Surface rough
5. Not solid (existing air cavity in concrete)
Mechanical
1. Concrete very well withhold the style press (high compressive
strength), but not soin the style of drag (low tensile strength). Even
concrete tensile force is only about 10% of the power of focus was
more style.
2. Concrete strength varying from 10 MPa (1450 psi) up to 40 Mpa
(5800 psi)
Electrical
Are Insulators
Thermal
1. Thermal conductivity of concrete is relatively low
2. If excessive heat up to 250 c. Due to the heat, the concrete will
have cracked
Chemical
1. Resistant to corrosion
2. Resistant to acidic fluids
Optical
It is very difficult to penetrate with the light and does not respond to
light

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 Stucture, Properties, Processes, Application
of CONCRETE

C. PROCESSES OF MAKING CONCRETE

1. PENAKARAN (WEIGHING)

2. STIRRING OR MIXING CONCRETE

Stirring in place (site mix) Stirring place or site mix often hosts are
we known by the2 methods. With manual mixing (human energy use
skope, hoe) and the secondby using the machine
3. TRANSPORT OR POURING CONCRETE
After a stirring finish, concrete mix brought to pouring or to the place
where the construction will be made
4. CONCRETE CASTING
Things that should be noticed in concrete casting to obtain a good
quality concreteis as follows:
a. Slurry concrete should be poured continuously (unbroken)
b. Surface mold that dealing with a concrete slurry must dioles oil
or oil
c. During pouring and compacting should be maintained.
d. Concrete Slurry never dropped from a height of more than one
meter
e. Foundry at a slant, it's done from a low section
f. Casting should not be done at the time of rain.
g. must be preserved in order that concrete that is still fresh don't we
step on it.

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 Stucture, Properties, Processes, Application
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h. concrete slurry must be solidified during casting.

5. CONCRETE COMPACTION
Method of compaction is done by hand and needle vibrator. The
decision making whether or not enough compaction is done with the
use of the senses of vision and hearing. To the senses of sight visible
discharge of air bubbles is great then accompanied the small bubbles.
On the sense of hearing is used to check the frequency of the vibrator.
6. TREATMENT OF CONCRETE (CURING)
Concrete treatments is a step or action to provide opportunities in
cement or concrete develops strength reasonably and perfect as
possible. The main function of concrete treatment is to avoid the
concrete from:
1. Loss of water-cement banyajpada moment time setting concrete.
2. Water loss due to evaporation in the days first.
3. The difference in temperature of concrete with an environment that
is too big.

D. APLICATION OF CONCRETE
DAM

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 Stucture, Properties, Processes, Application
of CONCRETE

HIGHWAY

THE FOUNDATION OF POWERBOATS

RAIL ROAD

TANK

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 Stucture, Properties, Processes, Application
of CONCRETE

BRIDGES

BUILDINGS

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