Papers without full text:

1. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Community Research Report, Energy

storage - A key technology for decentralised power, power quality and
clean transport European Communities EUR 19978; Office for Official
Publications of the European Communities, 2001, L-2985 Luxembourg.
2. HEBNER R., BENO J., WALLS A., Flywheel Batteries come around again IEEE
Spectrum, April 2002, pp. 46-51.

Abstract: Today's flywheel batteries, embody technological advances, and they are serious
contenders for a variety of important energy-storage applications. They are, for example,
competitive with chemical batteries in applications like transportation or improving power
quality, which involve many charge-discharge cycles and little in the way of long-term storage.
Progress in power electronics, particularly in high-power insulated-gate bipolar transistors
(IGBTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs), underlies higher-power flywheel operation. While
the stored energy is determined by the speed, mass, and geometry of the wheel, the limits on
input and output power are in general set by the power electronics. With these higher power
devices, fewer individual components are needed, so the power electronics package can be
comparable in size to the flywheel plus motor-generator combination. This paper describes the
main features of flywheel energy storage systems and space, hybrid electric vehicle, and combat
vehicle applications.

3. http://www.energystorage.org
4. http://www.activepower.com
5. http://www.piller.com
6. Nancy Xue., Design and Optimization of Lithium-Ion Batteries for
Electric-Vehicle Applications., University of Michigan., 2014
Abstract: Development of alternate energy storage systems for transportation use has
been driven by a combination of environmental preservation, fossil fuel price volatility
and energy security concerns. Lithium-ion battery has emerged as a favored choice,
however its energy density is still orders of magnitude lower than the fossil fuel. There is
significant room for improvement in the battery cell and electric vehicle system designs.
The objective of this thesis is to automate the design optimization of the lithium-ion
battery pack. To achieve this goal three separate optimization problems were formulated
to provide guidelines on the cell parameters at optimal solutions. The single cell design
optimization is able to quantify the variations of morphological parameters as a constant
active mass ratio; the plug in hybrid vehicle battery design demonstrates an automated
design process that considers realistic performance constraints; the multi-cell design
 approach minimizes the battery pack mass by utilizing separate cell designs to satisfy
different constraints. The usefulness of the current framework can be further enhanced by
considering various aging mechanisms and to perform a design-control coupled
multidisciplinary optimization.

7. KERZREHO C., COGNARD J.Y., Design process and optimisation of an

integrated electromechanical battery 3 rd Int. Conf. On Integrated Design
and Manufacturing in Mech. Eng., Montreal, May 2000.
Abstract:
As part of an electromechanical battery design project using flywheels, we present here
the results of a research on solutions with low cost price and high energy density. The
energetic characteristics formalisation helps us to choose and design a suited structure
integrating a motor-generator and magnetic bearings. The rotor design requires to take
into account the mechanical and electromechanical coupling as a function of the
assembly technology. The converter optimisation is based on geometric modification and
optimised numerical models.

8. David B. Clifton, Joseph F. Pinkerton, James A. Andrews, Scott R. Little.,

Energy storage flywheel apparatus and methods., Active Power Inc., 7 Aug
1997
ABSTRACT
A flywheel energy conversion device (10) provides highly efficient conversion between kinetic and
electrical energy. The flywheel (10) produces increased output by providing armature coils (44) in
an air gap (46) formed about the flywheel (both radial and axial embodiments are described). In
preferred embodiments, field coils (30, 32) of a magnetic circuit are energized with DC drive
current that creates homopolar flux within a rotating solid rotor (12) having teeth (14) cut from a
flat disk. The total reluctance of the magnetic circuit and total flux remain substantially constant as
the rotor rotates. The flux may travel radially outward and exit the flat disk through the teeth (14)
passing across an armature air gap (46). Air gap armature coils (44) are preferably utilized in
which the changing flux density (due to the rotating teeth) induces an output voltage in the coils.
The flux is diffused before returning to the rotor in one of several ways such that core losses are
effectively reduced, thereby enabling the flywheel to operate efficiently at high frequencies.

9. Takahashi et al., FLYWHEEL TYPE ENERGY STORAGE

APPARATUS., United States Patent., Nov. 12, 1997
Abstract:
A flywheel type energy storage apparatus for use in an uninterruptible power supply has
an induction motor which serves as a generator/motor, in which a rotor of the induction
motor is constituted by incorporation of a rotor core and a flywheel with a rotor shaft
vertically born by a pivot bearing and a magnetic bearing.
10. Clifton et al., ENERGY STORAGE FLYWHEEL APPARATUS AND
METHODS., United States Patent., May 18, 1999
Abstract:
A flywheel energy conversion device provides highly efficient conversion between kinetic and
electrical energy. The flywheel produces increased output by providing armature coils in an air
gap formed about the flywheel (both radial and axial embodiments are described). In preferred
embodiments, fieldcoils of a magnetic circuit are energized with DC drive current that creates
homopolar flux within a rotating solid rotor having teeth out from a flat disk. The total reluctance
of the magnetic circuit and total flux remain substantially constant as the rotor rotates. The flux
may travel radially outward and exit the flat disk through the teeth passing across an armature air
gap. Airgap armature coils are preferably utilized in which the changing flux density (due to the
rotating teeth) induces an output voltage in the coils. The flux is diffused before returning to the
rotor in one of several ways such that core losses are effectively reduced, thereby enabling the
flywheel to operate efficiently at high frequencies.

11.Christopher N. Tupper, Duncan G. Wood., Low inductance electrical

machine for flywheel energy storage., Tupper Christopher N, Wood
Duncan G., Apr 26, 2001
Abstract:
A low inductance electrical alternator or motor (1) with low armature inductance is disclosed.
Arrangements of complementary armature windings (40) are presented in which the fluxes
induced by currents in the armature windings (40) effectively cancel leading to low magnetic
energy storage within the machine (1). This leads to low net flux levels, low core losses, low
inductance and reduced tendency toward magnetic saturation. Separately excited field
arrangements are disclosed that allow rotor motion to effect brushless alternator or brushless
motor operation. An exemplary geometry includes a stator (2) including two toroidal rings
(4, 6) and a concentric field coil (8) together with a rotor structure (22, 24, 25) separated
from the stator (2) by four air gaps (54, 56). An alternate embodiment allows for counter-
rotation of two rotor elements (24) for use as a flywheel energy storage system in which the
external gyroscopic effects cancel.

12. Xia, Q. Y. Chen, K. B. Ma, C. K. McMichael, M. Lamb, R. S. Cooley, P. C.

Fowler and W. K. Chu., Design of Superconducting Magnetic Bearings
with High Levitating Force for Flywheel Energy Storage Systems., Seventh
International Symp. On Magnetic Bearings, pp. 69-73, August 23-23, 2000,
ETH, Zurich.
Abstract:
Hybrid superconducting magnetic bearing(SMB), using YBCO high temperature
superconductors(HTS) coupled with permanent magnets, has been implemented into a
 flywheel energy storage(FES) system prototype. The hybrid SMB design uses permanent
magnets to levitate the rotor weighing 19 kg and superconductors to stabilize the inherently
unstable magnet-magnet interactions. The SMB bearings are brought into action under
convenient field-cooled conditions. Spin-down performance of the constructed FES
prototype was tested under a moderate vacuum.

13.T.-H. SUNG and al., 300 Wh class superconductor flywheel energy

storage system with a horizontal axle PHYSICA C 372-376 , pp. 1451-
1456, 2002
Abstract:
A 300 Wh class flywheel energy storage system using high Tc superconductor bearings
(HTC SFES) has been under development. The HTC SFES running in a vacuum chamber
mainly consists of a composite flywheel rotor, superconductor bearings, a motor/generator
and its controller. The present HTC SFES was designed to have maximum operating speed of
33,000 rpm, which is way above two rigid body mode critical speeds of 638 and 1311 rpm. It
has been experimentally verified that the system can run smoothly up to 20,000 rpm. The
coreless Halbach magnet array motor & generator has also been proven to be effective on
transferring electrical energy to the rotating composite flywheel in kinetic form. Rotor-
dynamic analyses were performed and compared with experimental results of HTC SFES
with a horizontal axle.

14.K. MATSUNAGA and al., Fabrication and evaluation of superconducting

bearing module for 10 kWh flywheel PHYSICA C 378-381, pp. 883-887,
2002.
Abstract:
We constructed a model superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) module which will be
installed for the 10 kW h class flywheel. The bearing is a radial type in that YBCO bulks are
installed in the inner-stator and permanent magnet (PM) circuit in the outer-rotor. The PM
circuit consists of NdFeB magnets and SPCC yokes. The maximum levitation force density
of the superconducting bearing was 9.0 N/cm2 at 77 K. The rotational loss of the SMB was
8.03 W at 6000 rpm with the load of 838 N, which was mainly caused by an inhomogeneity
in magnetic field generated from the PM circuit.

15. MADEMLIS C., XYPTERAS J., MARGARIS N., Loss Minimization in

Wound-Field Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor Drives IEEE Trans.
PE, Vol. 13, N 2, 1998
Abstract:
The loss minimization problem in wound-field cylindrical rotor synchronous motor drives
(SMDs) is investigated. From the theoretical analysis, a system of two loss model controllers
 (LMCs), for determining the optimal air-gap flux and optimal excitation current that
minimizes the losses, results. The suggested LMCs are simple, and their implementation does
not affect significantly the cost and complexity of the drive. Although the conception of the
suggested LMCs is based on the loss model of the synchronous motor, it is shown that their
implementation does not require knowledge of the loss model. All the theoretical results are
verified experimentally.

16.TAKAYOSHI M., A New Control Strategy for Optimum Efficiency

Operation of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor IEEE Trans. on Industry
Application, Vol. 33, N 5, Sept-Oct 1997
Abstract:
an optimum-efficiency control scheme of synchronous reluctance motors is presented. There
exists a variety of combinations of d- and q-axis current which provides a specific motor
torque. The objective of the optimum-efficiency controller is to seek a combination of d- and
q-axis current components, which provides minimum input power, that is, minimum losses at
a certain operating point in steady state. A small amount of perturbation is added to the d-
axis current reference for the purpose of searching a minimum input power operating point.

17.CRISTIAN D.A., BOSSIO G., GARCIA G., Loss Minimization in DC

Motors Drives., IEEE Proceedings, IEMDC99, Seattle, Washington, USA,
May 9-12, 1999
Abstract:
A method to minimize DC motor drive losses is presented. It is based on a model that
includes motor and converter losses. The method is theoretically presented and experimental
results to validate the theory are shown. A controller for torque and speed is proposed.

18.http://www.uptenergy.com
19.http://www.acumentrics.com
20. http://www.afstrinity.com
21.Ahmed et al., MOTOR/GENERATOR WITH ENERGISED
RELUCTANCE AND COIL IN THE AIR GAP., Patent Application
Publication, Mar 27, 2003
Abstract:
The invention concerns a machine forming a motor or generator comprising a stator and a
rotor, characterised in that the rotor (6) is a passive rotor, consisting of two ferromagnetic
discs whereof at least one is toothed, and the stator comprises a fixed polyphase (P1,P2,P3)
field coil (13) arranged in an air gap defined by the space (12) provided between the two
discs and generating a rotating magnetic field, and a field coil (14) likewise fixed. The
 invention is likewise applicable to a cylindrical rotary machine or to a machine with linear
displacement.

22.BERNARD N., BEN AHMED H., MULTON B., Semi analytical

inductance calculation on an axial-field synchronous machine for a
flywheel storage system using surface premises IEEE IEMDC2001,
Boston, June 2001
Abstract:
Accurate knowledge of inductance windings is necessary in cases such as optimization
calculations. Knowing the right value of reluctance torque, which depends upon the saliency
ratio, is particularly important. The use of a fully-analytical calculation is straightforward and
provides quick results. While this approach proves to be efficient for electrical motors with a
small air gap, such is not true when the airgap becomes large, as is typical of axial-field
machines with air-cored windings. After recalling the principle and hypotheses necessary for
conducting the correct analytical calculation, through the example of a cylindrical reluctance
machine, this paper will propose a 2-D semi-analytical calculation using surface permeance
for an axial-field motor. It will be shown that for a discoid motor, a 2-D analysis is sufficient
in spite of 3- D effects due to its specific configuration and that the flux density in the air gap
can be written as the product of the surface permeance and the m.m.f. This method will then
be applied to a new synchronous machine designed for a flywheel accumulator developed in
our laboratory. The machine and its corresponding technology are also presented in this
paper.

23.BERNARD N., BEN AHMED H., MULTON B., Axialfield synchronous

machine with homopolar flux in the airgap for a flywheel accumulator
IEEE-IAS 2002, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Oct. 13-18, 2002.
Abstract: A new axial-field synchronous machine designed for a flywheel accumulator is
presented herein. The armature and field windings fixed in the airgap are made with double-
face printed circuits. A specific armature layout provides a sine distributed m.m.f. and solves
the problem of crossing the ends of the winding. A 2D semi-analytical model at the mean
radius, using surfacic permeances, is then developed. Afterwards, inductances, torque and
eddy current losses are calculated using this model and compared with experimental results.

24.Arnold, S.M., Saleeb, A.F., and Al-Zoubi, N.R. Deformation and life
analysis of composite flywheel disk systems. Composites., 2002
Abstract:
In this study an attempt is made to put into perspective the problem of a rotating disk, be it a
single disk or a number of concentric disks forming a unit. An analytical model capable of
perfornung an elastic stress analysis for single/multiple, annular/solid, anisotropic/isotropic
 disk systems, subjected to both pressure surface tractions, body forces (in the form of
temperature-changes and rotation fields) and interfacial nusfits is derived and discussed.
Results of an extensive parametric study are presented to clearly define the key design
variables and their associated influence. In general the important parameters were identified
as nlisfit, mean radius, thickness, material property and/or load gradation, and speed; all of
which must be simultaneously optimized to achieve the "best" and most reliable design.
Also, the important issue of defining proper performance/merit indices (based on the specific
stored energy), in the presence of multiaxiality and material anisotropy is addressed. These
merit indices are then utilized to discuss the difference between flywheels made from PMC
and TMC materials with either an annular or solid geometry. Finally two major aspects of
failure analysis, that is the static and cyclic limit (burst) speeds are addressed. In the case of
static linlit loads, upper, lower, and out-of-plane bounds for disks with constant thickness are
presented for both the case of internal pressure loading (as one would see in a hydroburst
test) and pure rotation (as in the case of a free spinning disk). The results (interaction
diagrams) are displayed graphically in designer friendly format. For the case of fatigue, a
representative fatiguellife master curve is illustrated in which the normalized limit speed
versus number of applied cycles is given for a cladded TMC disk application.

25.Chambers, A., Fitch, R.K., Halliday, B.S. Basic Vacuum Technology. 2nd
Edition. Institute of Physics Publishing, 1998.

26.Mark Siebert, Ben Ebihara,et al., A Passive Magnetic Bearing Flywheel.,

NASA Glenn Research Centre, Georgia, August 2, 2001
Abstract:
A 100 percent passive magretic bearing flywheel rig employing no active control
components was designed, constructed, and tested. The suspension of the rotor was provided
by two sets of radial permanent magnetic bearings operating in the repalsive mode. The axial
support was provided by jewel bearings on both ends of the rotor. The rig was successfully
operated to speeds of 5500 rpm, which is 65 percent above the first critical speed of 3336
rpm. Operation was not continued beyond this point because of the excessive noise generated
by the air impeller and because of inadequate containment in case of failure. Radial and axial
stiffnesses of the permanent magnetic bearings were experimentally measured and then
compared to finite element results. The natural damping of the rotor was me lsured and a
damping coefficient was calculated.

27.