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TO SKETCH OUT THE NEED TO BONE-UP IRREGULARITIES IN


BUILDINGS
Rushikesh S. Pimpale1, Pratik S. Chilka2,Yogesh B. Jagtap3, and Prof. S R. Gholve4
1
Student (B.E Civil), Universal College of Engineering & Research, Pune-412205
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Student (B.E Civil), Universal College of Engineering & Research, Pune-412205
3
Student (B.E Civil), Universal College of Engineering & Research, Pune-412205
4
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universal College of Engineering & Research, Pune-412205

In today’s unexpected happening world the necessity of seismic analysis of structures is increasing. From past earthquakes it is
observed that if the structures are not properly analyze and constructed with required quality, then it may lead great destruction and
loss to human lives. It has been proved that many of structures are fully or partially damaged due to earthquake. This fact was never
ignored while designed of multi-storied buildings by the structural engineers, researchers to ensure safety against earthquake forces
while erection. So, there is need to determine seismic responses of such buildings.

Index Terms— Introduction, Literature Overview, IS-Code Specification, Discussion, Acknowledgement, References.

I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE OVERVIEW

A sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing


great destruction, as a result of movements within the
Before designing of model and its analysis, we need some
theoretical support to start our work of project. To get some
earth’s crust or volcanic action. They result from the sudden more knowledge about irregularities of structures, the effect of
release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic irregularities on building structures, methods of analysis we
waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area have refer some published literature papers and other
refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes references related to study of irregularities by different
experienced over a period of time. authors. We have carried our reviews for these published
Large strain energy released during an earthquake travels as literature papers which is very helpful for our project work.
seismic waves in all directions through the Earth’s layers, Mr. Gururaj B. Katti et. al. [1] introduced that the effect of
reflecting and refracting at each interface. These waves are of different seismic zone on the performance of G+10 residential
two types – body waves and surface waves; the latter are multistory RC building. The main characteristics are
restricted to near the Earth’s surface. Body waves consist of considered in this study to compare the seismic performance
Primary Waves (P-waves) and Secondary Waves (S-waves), of base shear, storey shear and storey displacement with
and surface waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves. different methods of seismic analysis, i.e. equivalent static,
In the past, several major earthquakes have exposed the response spectrum and time history. They had taken a G+10
shortcomings in buildings, which had caused them to damage building with mass irregularity. They considered different
time histories of Bhuj earthquake time history and Koyna
or collapse. It has been found that regular shaped buildings
earthquake time history.
perform better during earthquakes. The structural irregularities
Authors illustrate different methods of seismic analysis and
cause non-uniform load distribution in various members of a
specially mention about the time history method. In time
building. There must be a continuous path for these inertial
history method they took Bhuj and Koyna time history for
forces to be carried from the ground to the building weight
reference. They mentions about bhuj earthquake that, in
locations.
Ahmedabad two buildings were found to be serious damaged
A gap in this transmission path results in failure of the
due to mass irregularity, and the building was designed as per
structure at that location.
IS 1893-1984. So IS 1893-2002 is updated which differs the
The analysis of reinforced concrete structure with
intensities in zones. They concludes that for irregular
irregularities helps to design a structure in such a way that the
structure, too see the non linear behavior of structure time
damage to the structure and its structural component during an
history analysis should be performed. From graph of storey
earthquake is minimized. Building should have four main
displacement it is observed that the displacement obtained by
attributes, namely simple and regular configuration, adequate
equivalent static analysis is higher than Dynamic analysis.
lateral strength, stiffness and ductility. Building having simple
Equivalent static analysis is not sufficient when buildings are
regular geometry and uniformly distributed mass and stiffness
irregular buildings and it is essential to provide Dynamic
in plan as well as in elevation, suffer much less damage than
analysis due to non-linear distribution of force.
building with irregular configurations.

Prof. Sarita Singlaet. al. [2] introduced about floating


column. It is provided to more-space at ground floor and
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architectural beauty and also increases FSI. Floating column exist where the effective mass of any storey is more than
may result in concentration of force or deflection in 150% of effective mass of an adjacent storey.
undesirable load path in vertical lateral force resisting system. c. Vertical Geometric Irregularity: Geometric irregularity
For the analysis purpose, two models are used 1-the floating exists, when the horizontal dimension of the lateral force
column at ground floor and 2- at first floor and for each model resisting system in any storey is more than 150% of that in an
three different cases were used. Two earthquake analysis adjacent storey.
methods were used 1.Equivalent static analysis and 2. d. Discontinuity in capacity: Weak Storey A weak storey is
Response spectrum analysis. one in which the storey lateral strength is less than 80% of that
They concluded that, by introducing floating column in the in the storey above, the storey lateral strength is the total
building base shear and spectral acceleration decreases and the
strength of all seismic force resisting elements sharing the
storey displacement increases. Finally author suggested that
storey shear in the considered direction.
floating columns should be avoided as far as possible in
e. In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting
seismic region and if they are unavoidable, then the structure
should be strengthened by adopting some futures. Lateral Force: An in-plane offset of the lateral force resisting
Ashvin G. Soniet. al. [3] introduces in paper that to overcome elements greater than the length of those elements.
the earthquake’s effects issues on structure. We need to built B. Plan irregularities:
environment through analytical procedures to withstand a. Torsion Irregularity: Torsional irregularity to be
during frequent minor earthquakes. On second part, all the considered to exist when the maximum storey drift, computed
irregularities from IS: 1893 (part-I) 2002 are explained. For with design eccentricity, at one end of the structures transverse
analysis author had taken five frames, frame 1- base frame, to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the storey
frame 2- swimming pool, frame 3- heavy loading at 4th and drifts at the two ends of the structure.
7th floor, frame 4- there is no floor slab at 1st and 2nd floor, b. Re-entrant Corners: Plan configurations of a structure and
frame 5- no floor slab at 4th and 5th storey. its lateral force resisting system contain re-entrant corners,
At last authors concluded that frame 1st i.e. base shear frame where both projections of the structure beyond the re-entrant
develops least storey drift. Frame 2nd shows maximum storey corner are greater than 15 percent of its plan dimension in the
drift. Also they concluded that irregularities are harmful for given direction.
the structures and it is important to have simpler and regular c. Diaphragm Discontinuity: Diaphragms with abrupt
shape of frames. discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those
Mario De Stefano et. al. [4] authors extract three areas of having cut-out or open areas greater than 50 percent of the
research, first is the study of the effects of plan irregularity by gross enclosed diaphragm area, or changes in effective
means of single storey and multi storey building models. The diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 percent from one storeyto
second area encompasses passive control as a strategy to the next
mitigate tortional effects, by means of base isolation and other d. Out-of-Plane Offsets: Discontinuities in a lateral force
type of devices. Lastly, the third area concerns vertically resistance path, such as out-of-plane offsets of vertical
irregular structures and setback buildings. They concludes the elements
paper results are affected by large dispersions arising in the e. Non-parallel Systems: The vertical elements resisting the
nonlinear range of behavior, significant conclusions have been lateral force are not parallel to or symmetric about the major
drawn regarding magnitude of rotational response, bi- orthogonal axes or the lateral force resisting elements.
directional eccentricity and input ground motion, and
optimized strength distributions. IV. DISCUSSION

III. IS-CODE SPECIFICATION Real structures are almost always irregular as perfect
regularity is an idealization that very rarely occurs. Structural
There are various types of irregularities in the buildings irregularities may vary dramatically in their nature and, in
depending upon their location and scope, but mainly, they are principle, are very difficult to define.
divided into two groups―plan irregularities and vertical Literature review teaches us that an irregular structure
irregularities. In the present paper, the irregularities are needs a more careful structural analysis to reach a suitable
considered and described as follows. earthquake system. For this reason, small mistakes, caused by
A. Vertical irregularities: incorrect analysis simplifications of these structures, could
a. Stiffness Irregularity Soft storey: A soft storey is one in cause important damages during earthquakes and represent
which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the storey vulnerability conditions that are not quantified correctly in all
above or less than 80% of the average lateral stiffness of the occasions by some simplified methods.
three storeys above.
Extreme Soft Storey: An extreme soft storey is one in which Acknowledgment
the lateral stiffness is less than 60% of that in the storey above
Research Paper is a task, which lights on our
or less than 70% of the average stiffness of the three storeys perception and provides us with practical exposure required
above. For example, buildings on stilts will fall under this for facing the construction field. It is a fine blend of
category. imagination, hard work and guidance.
b. Mass Irregularity: Mass irregularities are considered to
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We would like to take this opportunity to express our


sincere gratitude towards our H.O.D (Civil) & guide Prof. M.
D. Kevadkar, and our project co- guide Prof. S. R. Gholve.
Without their considerate approach and insight, this report
would ever have been possible.
No words would be good enough to express our deep
gratitude to all department staff members and our college
library staff for their valuable support and concern, without
them, this work would have been distant reality.

References
[1] Mr. Gururaj B. Katti, Dr. Basavraj S. Balapgol, “Seismic
Analysis of Multistoried RCC Building Due to Mass
Irregularity By Time History Analysis”, International
Journal of Engineering & Research (ISSN : 2278-018 )
Volume No. 3 Issue 7, July-2014
[2] Prof. Sarita Singla, Mr.Ashfi Rahman, “Effect of Floating
Column on Seismic Response of Multi-Storied RC
Framed Building”, International Journal of Engineering &
Research (ISSN : 2278-0181) Volume No. 4 Issue 06,
June-2015
[3] Ashvin G. Soni, Prof. D. G. Agrawal, Dr. A. M. Pande
“Effect of Irregularity in Building and their
Consequences”, International Journal of Modern Trends
in Engineering and Research (ISSN : 2349-9745),
@IJMTER – 2015
[4] Mario de Stefeno, Barbara Pintucchi, “A Review of
research on seismic behavior of irregular building
structures” Bull Earthquake Eng. (2008) 6: 285-308
DOI 10.1007/s10518-007-9052-3
[5] IS1893 (Part 1):2002, Criteria for Earthquake Resistance
Design of Structures.
[6] Agrawal Pankaj, Shrikhande Manish (2009), Earthquake
resistant design of structures, PHI learning limited, New
Delhi.

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