Test 6

INSIGHTS MOCK TEST – 2015 TEST – 6 SOLUTIONS
1. Solution: a)
Formation of coral reefs depends on temperature conditions, and not the meeting of warm
or cold currents.
Mangroves exist near coasts, so no cold and warm currents can meet there.
Sea grass is also found in shallow areas where the meeting of cold and warm currents is not
possible.
2. Solution: c)
Mechanism of tropical cyclones
Heating of ocean water creates a low pressure area to fill which wind from several high
pressure areas converge at high speeds. Due to the presence of coriolis force, they start
circulating around the low pressure zone.
The evaporated moisture from the ocean's low pressure area condenses above in the form of
cumulonimbus clouds. This latent heat of condensation from the moisture feeds more heat
to the cyclone and intensifies it.
On reaching the land, the cyclone dissipates as its moisture supply is cut off.
Extra-tropical cyclones
 Formed in mid and high latitudes, beyond the tropics
 Forms along polar fronts - Derives its energy from a meeting and circulation of
warm and cold air fronts
Mechanism
Initially the front is stationary. Then, Cold air blows from the North of the front; and warm
air blows from the south of the front.
When the pressure drops along the front, warm air moves northwards and cold air
southwards. Due to this movement across the front, an anti-clockwise cyclonic circulation
starts. This leads to the formation of the well developed extra-tropical cyclone with a warm
and cold front.
3. Solutions: c)
The Rh antigen similar to one present in Rhesus monkeys (hence Rh), is also observed on the
surface of RBCs of majority (nearly 80 per cent) of humans. Such individuals are called Rh
positive (Rh+ve) and those in whom this antigen is absent are called Rh negative (Rh-ve).
An Rh-ve person, if exposed to Rh+ve blood, will form specific antibodies against the Rh
antigens. Therefore, Rh group should also be matched before transfusions. A special case of
http://insightsonindia.com INSIGHTS Page 1

Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the Rh-ve blood of a pregnant
mother with Rh+ve blood of the foetus. Rh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the
Rh-ve blood of the mother in the first pregnancy as the two bloods are well separated by the
placenta. However, during the delivery of the first child, there is a possibility of exposure of
the maternal blood to small amounts of the Rh+ve blood from the foetus. In such cases, the
mother starts preparing antibodies against Rh antigen in her blood. In case of her
subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood
of the foetus (Rh+ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs. This could be fatal to the foetus or could
cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby. This condition is called erythroblastosis
foetalis. This can be avoided by administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately
after the delivery of the first child
4. Solution: d)
Transpiration is affected by several external factors: temperature, light, humidity, wind

speed. Plant factors that affect transpiration include number and distribution of stomata, per
cent of open stomata, water status of the plant, canopy structure etc.
The transpiration driven ascent of xylem sap depends mainly on the following physical
properties of water:
• Cohesion – mutual attraction between water molecules.
• Adhesion – attraction of water molecules to polar surfaces (such as the surface of

tracheary elements).
• Surface Tension – water molecules are attracted to each other in the liquid phase more
than to water in the gas phase.
These properties give water high tensile strength, i.e. , an ability to resist a pulling force,
and high capillarity, i.e., the ability to rise in thin tubes. In plants capillarity is aided by the
small diameter of the tracheary elements – the tracheids and vessel elements.
5. Solution: a)
The insolation received at the surface varies from about 320 Watt/m2 in the tropics to about
70 Watt/m2 in the poles. Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts,
where the cloudiness is the least. Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the
tropics. Generally, at the same latitude the insolation is more over the continent than over
the oceans. In winter, the middle and higher latitudes receive less radiation than in summer.
6. Solution: a)
Explanation for Q 2 and 3 are given together. The phenomena of formation of red haze is
complex and chemical, hence only the information given is important.

7. Solution: c)
Atmospheric Aerosols:
What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?
Aerosols are minute particles suspended in the atmosphere. When these particles are
sufficiently large, we notice their presence as they scatter and absorb sunlight. Their
scattering of sunlight can reduce visibility (haze) and redden sunrises and sunsets.
Aerosols interact both directly and indirectly with the Earth's radiation budget and climate.
As a direct effect, the aerosols scatter sunlight directly back into space. As an indirect effect,
aerosols in the lower atmosphere can modify the size of cloud particles, changing how the
clouds reflect and absorb sunlight, thereby affecting the Earth's energy budget.
Aerosols also can act as sites for chemical reactions to take place (heterogeneous chemistry).
The most significant of these reactions are those that lead to the destruction of stratospheric
ozone. During winter in the polar regions, aerosols grow to form polar stratospheric clouds.
The large surface areas of these cloud particles provide sites for chemical reactions to take
place. These reactions lead to the formation of large amounts of reactive chlorine and,
ultimately, to the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere. Evidence now exists that shows
similar changes in stratospheric ozone concentrations occur after major volcanic eruptions,
like Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, where tons of volcanic aerosols are blown into the atmosphere
(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 The dispersal of volcanic aerosols has a drastic effect on the Earth's atmosphere.
Following an eruption, large amounts of sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrochloric acid (HCL)
and ash are spewed into the Earth's stratosphere. Hydrochloric acid, in most cases,
condenses with water vapor and is rained out of the volcanic cloud formation. Sulphur
dioxide from the cloud is transformed into sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The sulphuric acid
quickly condenses, producing aerosol particles which linger in the atmosphere for long
periods of time. The interaction of chemicals on the surface of aerosols, known as
heterogeneous chemistry, and the tendency of aerosols to increase levels of chlorine which

can react with nitrogen in the stratosphere, is a prime contributor to stratospheric ozone
destruction.
Rivers
Air POLLUTION can lead to increase in the water flowing through rivers. Pollutants known
as aerosols reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's atmosphere. This reduces
evaporation, thus increasing river flow. During the 1980s, river flow in the central European
river basin went up by 25 per cent when aerosol levels in the region were at their peak. The
study might help in dealing with water shortage, which is likely to be one of the biggest
impacts of climate change.
For More information:
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Aerosols/
8. Solution: d)
For a comprehensive understanding refer to:
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012021623388/what-are-the-harmful-effects-of-
hydrocarbons.html
9. Solution: d)
This question is important as these gases can combine and become sources of tropospheric
pollution. Dinitrogen and dioxygen are the main constituents of air.
These gases do not react with each other at a normal temperature. At high altitudes when
lightning strikes, they combine to form oxides of nitrogen. NO2 is oxidised to nitrate ion, 3
NO− which is washed into soil, where it serves as a fertilizer. In an automobile engine, (at
high temperature) when fossil fuel is burnt, dinitrogen and dioxygen combine to yield
significant quantities of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ).
10. Solution: a)
Humid Sub-tropical
 Eastern parts of continents in sub-tropical latitudes (under the infleuence of

easterlies)
 Air masses unstable and cause rainfall throughout the year of 75-150 cm annually
 Temp max 27* C in summer, winter 5-12*C

 Daily range of temperature is small
 Found in
o NE Argentina
o South and East China
o Southern Japan
o Eastern Coasts Of Australia
o Eastern part of N-America
o Coastal South Africa
Marine West Coast climate
 Located polewards from Mediterrenean climate
 Under the influence of westerlies so rainfall varies greatly 50-250 cm annually
 Moderate summer in summer (15-20* C) and in winter it is warmer than its latitude
because of sea effect (4-10*C)
 Found in
o West coast of N-America
o SE Australia
o Southern Chile
o NW Europe
o North of California
o New Zealand
11. Solution: d)
Auxins (from Greek ‗auxein‘ : to grow) was first isolated from human urine. The term
‗auxin‘ is applied to the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and to other natural and synthetic
compounds having certain growth regulating properties. They are generally produced by
the growing apices of the stems and roots, from where they migrate to the regions of their
action. Auxins like IAA and indole butyric acid (IBA) have been isolated from plants. NAA
(naphthalene acetic acid) and 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic) are synthetic auxins. All
these auxins have been used extensively in agricultural and horticultural practices. They
help to initiate rooting in stem cuttings, an application widely used for plant propagation.

Auxins promote flowering e.g. in pineapples. They help to prevent fruit and leaf drop at
early stages but promote the abscission of older mature leaves and fruits.
12. Solution: c)
Americans consume too much sodium, according to current guidelines, and much of the
excess may be hidden in our sandwiches, researchers say.
Based on national survey data depicting American eating habits over the course of a single
day, the study found that half of all adults had a sandwich. And those who did took in more
calories and sodium overall than those who didn‘t.
The study team calculates that sandwiches, on average, contribute about a fifth of the entire
day‘s sodium intake for people who eat them.
High sodium intake has been linked to worsening high blood pressure, a condition that can,
in turn, increase the risk of heart disease, congestive heart failure and kidney disease,
according to the USDA‘s 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
The USDA recommends that everyone, including children, should limit their sodium intake
to no more than 2,300 milligrams per day, or about one teaspoon of salt.
13. Solution: a)
The optic nerves leave the eye and the retinal blood vessels enter it at a point medial to and
slightly above the posterior pole of the eye ball. Photoreceptor cells are not present in that
region and hence it is called the blind spot. At the posterior pole of the eye lateral to the
blind spot, there is a yellowish pigmented spot called macula lutea with a central pit called
the fovea. The fovea is a thinned-out portion of the retina where only the cones are densely
packed. It is the point where the visual acuity (resolution) is the greatest
14. Solution: d)
Acid rain refers to the ways in which acid from the atmosphere is deposited on the earth‘s
surface. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which are acidic in nature can be blown by wind
along with solid particles in the atmosphere and finally settle down either on the ground as
dry deposition or in water, fog and snow as wet deposition.
Acid rain is a byproduct of a variety of human activities that emit the oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Burning of fossil fuels (which contain sulphur and nitrogenous matter) such as coal and oil
in power stations and furnace or petrol and diesel in motor engines produce sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides. SO2 and NO2 after oxidation and reaction with water are major

contributors to acid rain, because polluted air usually contains particulate matters that
catalyse the oxidation.
15. Solution: a)
It has been observed that some plants require a periodic exposure to light to induce
flowering. It is also seen that such plants are able to measure the duration of exposure to
light. For example, some plants require the exposure to light for a period exceeding a well
defined critical duration, while others must be exposed to light for a period less than this
critical duration before the flowering is initiated in them. The former group of plants are
called long day plants while the latter ones are termed short day plants. The critical
duration is different for different plants. There are many plants, however, where there is no
such correlation between exposure to light duration and induction of flowering response;
such plants are called day-neutral plants. It is now also known that not only the duration of
light period but that the duration of dark period is also of equal importance. Hence, it can be
said that flowering in certain plants depends not only on a combination of light and dark
exposures but also their relative durations. This response of plants to periods of day/night is
termed photoperiodism.
16. Solution: c)
Agent Orange was a powerful mixture of chemical defoliants used by U.S. military forces
during the Vietnam War to eliminate forest cover for North Vietnamese and Viet Cong
troops, as well as crops that might be used to feed them. The U.S. program of defoliation,
codenamed Operation Ranch Hand, sprayed more than 19 million gallons of herbicides over
4.5 million acres of land in Vietnam from 1961 to 1972. Agent Orange, which contained the
chemical dioxin, was the most commonly used of the herbicide mixtures, and the most
effective. It was later revealed to cause serious health issues–including tumors, birth defects,
rashes, psychological symptoms and cancer–among returning U.S. servicemen and their
families as well as among the Vietnamese population.
17. Solution: a)
Cars driven by polluting fuels should run on less polluting fossil fuels. If not, then catalytic
converters must be used in cars to reduce the effect of exhaust fumes on the atmosphere. The
main component of the converter is a ceramic honeycomb coated with precious metals —
Pd, Pt and Rh. The exhaust gases containing unburnt fuel, CO and NOx, when pass through
the converter at 573 K, are converted into CO2 and N2.
18. Solution: b)
Explanation for Q10 and 11 are given together.
19. Solution: c)

The word smog is derived from smoke and fog.
This is the most common example of air pollution that occurs in many cities throughout the
world. There are two types of smog:
(a) Classical smog occurs in cool humid climate. It is a mixture of smoke, fog and sulphur
dioxide. Chemically it is a reducing mixture and so it is also called as reducing smog.
(b) Photochemical smog occurs in warm, dry and sunny climate. The main components of
the photochemical smog result from the action of sunlight on unsaturated hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides produced by automobiles and factories.
Photochemical smog has high concentration of oxidising agents and is, therefore, called as
oxidising smog.
20. Solution: a)
La Nina is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as

part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña
originates from Spanish, meaning "the girl", analogous to El Niño meaning "the boy". It has
also in the past been called anti-El Niño, and El Viejo (meaning "the old man").[1] During a
period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern CentralPacific
Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an appearance of La Niña
happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. It has extensive effects on the
weather in North America, even affecting the Atlantic Hurricane Season. La Niña often,
though not always, follows an El Niño.
21. Solution: a)
In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is
intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in
the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under
colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together. But each class
and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their
notions of freedom were not always the same.
Though anti-colonial struggle led to unity among masses, it was not absolute. There was
disunity among different communities and between people with different political
ideologies.
22. Solution: d)
Effects of photochemical smog
The common components of photochemical smog are ozone, nitric oxide, acrolein,
formaldehyde and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).

Photochemical smog causes serious health problems. Both ozone and PAN act as powerful
eye irritants. Ozone and nitric oxide irritate the nose and throat and their high concentration
causes headache, chest pain, dryness of the throat, cough and difficulty in breathing.
Photochemical smog leads to cracking of rubber and extensive damage to plant life. It also
causes corrosion of metals, stones, building materials, rubber and painted surfaces.
23. Solution: a)
Coriolis force: The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is
directly proportional to the angle of latitude. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the
equator. The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. The pressure
gradient force is perpendicular to an isobar. The higher the pressure gradient force, the more
is the velocity of the wind and the larger is the deflection in the direction of wind.
24. Solution: d)
Effects of Depletion of the Ozone Layer
With the depletion of ozone layer, more UV radiation filters into troposphere. UV radiations
lead to ageing of skin, cataract, sunburn, skin cancer, killing of many phytoplanktons,
damage to fish productivity etc. It has also been reported that plant proteins get easily
affected by UV radiations which leads to the harmful mutation of cells. It also increases
evaporation of surface water through the stomata of the leaves and decreases the moisture
content of the soil. Increase in UV radiations damage paints and fibres, causing them to fade
faster.
25. Solution: d)
Out of the nine planets, mercury, venus, earth and mars are called as the inner planets as they
lie between the sun and the belt of asteroids the other five planets are called the outer planets.
Alternatively, the first four are called Terrestrial, meaning earth-like as they are made up of

rock and metals, and have relatively high densities. The rest five are called Jovian or Gas
Giant planets. Jovian means jupiter-like.
The difference between terrestrial and jovian planets can be attributed to the following
conditions:
(i) The terrestrial planets were formed in the close vicinity of the parent star where it was too
warm for gases to condense to solid particles. Jovian planets were formed at quite a distant
location.
(ii) The solar wind was most intense nearer the sun; so, it blew off lots of gas and dust from
the terrestrial planets. The solar winds were not all that intense to cause similar removal of
gases from the Jovian planets.
(iii) The terrestrial planets are smaller and their lower gravity could not hold the escaping
gases.
26. Solution: d)
During the cooling of the earth, gases and water vapour were released from the interior
solid earth. This started the evolution of the present atmosphere. The early atmosphere
largely contained water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and very little
of free oxygen. The process through which the gases were outpoured from the interior is
called degassing.
27. Solution: a)
There are three stages in the evolution of the present atmosphere. The first stage is marked
by the loss of primordial atmosphere. In the second stage, the hot interior of the earth
contributed to the evolution of the atmosphere. Finally, the composition of the atmosphere
was modified by the living world through the process of photosynthesis.
The early atmosphere, with hydrogen and helium, is supposed to have been stripped off as a
result of the solar winds. This happened not only in case of the earth, but also in all the
terrestrial planets, which were supposed to have lost their primordial atmosphere through
the impact of solar winds.
28. Solution: d)
Refer to page 22 of 11th physical NCERT – Chapter 2. A detailed explanation is provided

there.
29. Solution: d)
Sources of earthquakes
 Tectonic earthquakes - sliding of plates along a fault plane

 Volcanic earthquakes

 Collapse of roofs of underground mines

 Explosions by chemicals
 Reservoir induced earthquakes in areas where large reservoirs are located
30. Solution: a)
Refer to a comprehensive explanation here with diagrams
http://loki.stockton.edu/~hozikm/geol/Courses/The%20Earth/Content%20Web%20Page
s/Bugielski/webpage.htm
31. Solution: d)
Earthquake Prone regions in the world
The Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series
of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements.
It has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant
volcanoes. It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or the circum-Pacific seismic belt.
About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur
along the Ring of Fire.
The next most seismically active region (5–6% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's largest
earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through
the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt.
The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions
of lithospheric plates
32. Solution: d)
Concept of Sea Floor Spreading
The mapping of the ocean floor and palaeomagnetic studies of rocks from oceanic regions
revealed the following facts:
(i) It was realised that all along the midoceanic ridges, volcanic eruptions are common and
they bring huge amounts of lava to the surface in this area.
(ii) The rocks equidistant on either sides of the crest of mid-oceanic ridges show remarkable
similarities in terms of period of formation, chemical compositions and magnetic properties.
Rocks closer to the mid-oceanic ridges are normal polarity and are the youngest. The age of
the rocks increases as one moves away from the crest.

(iii) The ocean crust rocks are much younger than the continental rocks. The age of rocks in
the oceanic crust is nowhere more than 200 million years old. Some of the continental rock
formations are as old as 3,200 million old.
(iv) The sediments on the ocean floor are unexpectedly very thin.
(v) The deep trenches have deep-seated earthquake occurrences while in the mid-oceanic
ridge areas, the quake foci have shallow depths. It means lava is in close vicinity.
These facts and a detailed analysis of magnetic properties of the rocks on either sides of the
mid-oceanic ridge led Hess (1961) to propose his hypothesis, known as the ―sea floor
spreading‖.
Hess argued that constant eruptions at the crest of oceanic ridges cause the rupture of the
oceanic crust and the new lava wedges into it, pushing the oceanic crust on either side. The
ocean floor, thus spreads.
The younger age of the oceanic crust as well as the fact that the spreading of one ocean does
not cause the shrinking of the other. Instead the ocean floor sinks down and is consumed.
33. Solution: a)
Major elements of earth‘s crust
34. Solution: c)
Igneous rocks are classified based on texture. Texture depends upon size and arrangement
of grains or other physical conditions of the materials. If molten material is cooled slowly at
great depths, mineral grains may be very large. Sudden cooling (at the surface) results in
small and smooth grains. Intermediate conditions of cooling would result in intermediate
sizes of grains making up igneous rocks. Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt, volcanic breccia
and tuff are some of the examples of igneous rocks.
Depending upon the mode of formation, sedimentary rocks are classified into three major
groups: (i) mechanically formed — sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc. Are

examples; (ii) organically formed— geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc. are some examples;
(iii) chemically formed — chert, limestone, halite, potash etc. are some examples.
35. Solution: d)
Refer to http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_pgr.html
Or refer to the section 15.3 in Chapter 15 – Bio Class 11th NCERT
36. Solution: d)
The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic
processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and
primordial heat from the origin of the earth. This energy due to geothermal gradients and
heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. Due to
variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness and
strength, the action of endogenic forces are not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled
original crustal surface is uneven.
37. Solution: d)
Physical or mechanical weathering processes depend on some applied forces. The applied
forces could be:
(i) Gravitational forces such as overburden pressure, load and shearing stress;
(ii) Expansion forces due to temperature changes, crystal growth or animal activity;
(iii) Water pressures controlled by wetting and drying cycles.
Many of these forces are applied both at the surface and within different earth materials
leading to rock fracture. Most of the physical weathering processes are caused by thermal
expansion and pressure release. These processes are small and slow but can cause great
damage to the rocks because of continued fatigue the rocks suffer due to repetition of
contraction and expansion.
38. Solution: c)
In our country, debris avalanche and landslides occur very frequently in the Himalayas.
There are many reasons for this. One, the Himalayas are tectonically active. They are mostly
made up of sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated and semi-consolidated deposits. The
slopes are very steep. Compared to the Himalayas, the Nilgiris bordering Tamilnadu,
Karnataka, Kerala and the Western Ghats along the west coast are relatively tectonically
stable and are mostly made up of very hard rocks; but, still, debris avalanches and
landslides occur though not as frequently as in the Himalayas, in these hills. Why? Many
slopes are steeper with almost vertical cliffs and escarpments in the Western Ghats and
Nilgiris. Mechanical weathering due to temperature changes and ranges is pronounced.
They receive heavy amounts of rainfall over short periods. So, there is almost direct rock fall
quite frequently in these places along with landslides and debris avalanches.

39. Solution: a)
Temperature acts in two ways — increasing or reducing chemical and biological activity.
Chemical activity is increased in higher temperatures, reduced in cooler temperatures (with
an exception of carbonation) and stops in freezing conditions. That is why, tropical soils
with higher temperatures show deeper profiles and in the frozen tundra regions soils
contain largely mechanically broken materials.
EXTRA Question – (1) Solution: d)
Macronutrients are generally present in plant tissues in large amounts (in excess of 10
mmole Kg –1 of dry matter). The macronutrients include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Of these, carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen are mainly obtained from CO2 and H2O, while the others are
absorbed from the soil as mineral nutrition.
40. Solution: d)
Difference Alluvial fans and Deltas
Alluvial fans
 Water flowing from a higher level breaks down into foot slope plains of low gradient
 Normally very coarse load is carried by streams in the upper reaches
 It becomes too heavy to carry and is deposited in low to high cone shaped deposit called
alluvial fan
 No stratification of river load a all the material (fine and coarse) is dumped together
 Streams making alluvial fans eventually shifts course forming many channels called
distributaries
Deltas
 They are like alluvial fans but are formed at different location i.e. near the sea
 Water is flowing at a very low slope and is at the lowest reaches
 Very fine sediment load is being carried; if not carried into the sea, then deposited as a
low cone called delta.
 Delta deposits are well stratified with coarser material settling first and the finer
 As Delta grows distributaries also grow in size
41. Solution: c)
Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and emit infrared radiation, but not radiation in
or near the visible spectrum. In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's
atmosphere are:
 Water vapor (H2O)
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Methane (CH4)
 Nitrous oxide (N2O)

 Ozone (O3)
 CFCs
Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between

sources (emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems) and sinks (the
removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound).
42. Solution: a)
Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha
‗It is said of ―passive resistance‖ that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is
the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance;
indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active
…
‗ Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he
does not seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.
‗ Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force
is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love.
…non- violence is the supreme dharma …
‗It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship
the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The
hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-
violence their own ...‘
43. Solution: a)
Refer to http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/carbon/efculprits3.html
44. Solution: a)

The figure above shows that there is a surplus of net radiation balance between 40 degrees
north and south and the regions near the poles have a deficit. The surplus heat energy from
the tropics is redistributed pole wards and as a result the tropics do not get progressively
heated up due to the accumulation of excess heat or the high latitudes get permanently
frozen due to excess deficit.
45. Solution: d)
The temperature distribution is generally shown on the map with the help of isotherms. The
Isotherms are lines joining places having equal temperature.
In general the effect of the latitude on temperature is well pronounced on the map, as the
isotherms are generally parallel to the latitude. The deviation from this general trend is more
pronounced in January than in July, especially in the northern hemisphere. In the northern
hemisphere the land surface area is much larger than in the southern hemisphere.
Hence, the effects of land mass and the ocean currents are well pronounced. In January the
isotherms deviate to the north over the ocean and to the south over the continent. This can
be seen on the North Atlantic Ocean. The presence of warm ocean currents, Gulf Stream and
North Atlantic drift, make the Northern Atlantic Ocean warmer and the isotherms bend
towards the north. Over the land the temperature decreases sharply and the isotherms bend
towards south in Europe.
This is shown in the diagram below.

46. Solution: a)
In 1980s atmospheric scientists working in Antarctica reported about depletion of ozone

layer commonly known as ozone hole over the South Pole. It was found that a unique set of
conditions was responsible for the ozone hole.
In summer season, nitrogen dioxide and methane react with chlorine monoxide and chlorine
atoms forming chlorine sinks, preventing much ozone depletion, whereas in winter, special
type of clouds called polar stratospheric clouds are formed over Antarctica. These polar
stratospheric clouds provide surface on which chlorine nitrate formed
47. Solution: c)
The higher the pressure gradient force, the more is the velocity of the wind and the larger is
the deflection in the direction of wind. As a result of these two forces operating
perpendicular to each other, in the low-pressure areas the wind blows around it. At the
equator, the Coriolis force is zero and the wind blows perpendicular to the isobars. The low
pressure gets filled instead of getting intensified. That is the reason why tropical cyclones
are not formed near the equator.
48. Solution: a)
The hypothalamus – a part of forebrain- contains a number of centres which control body
temperature, urge for eating and drinking. It also contains several groups of neurosecretory
cells, which secrete hormones called hypothalamic hormones. The inner parts of cerebral
hemispheres and a group of associated deep structures like amygdala, hippocampus, etc.,
form a complex structure called the limbic lobe or limbic system. Along with the
hypothalamus, it is involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, expression of emotional
reactions (e.g., excitement, pleasure, rage and fear), and motivation.
49. Solution: a)
Warming and cooling of the Pacific Ocean is most important in terms of general atmospheric
circulation. The warm water of the central Pacific Ocean slowly drifts towards South
American coast and replaces the cool Peruvian current. Such appearance of warm water off
the coast of Peru is known as the El Nino.
The El Nino event is closely associated with the pressure changes in the Central Pacific and
Australia. This change in pressure condition over Pacific is known as the southern
oscillation.
50. Solution: d)
The irritant red haze in the traffic and congested places is due to oxides of nitrogen.
Higher concentrations of NO2 damage the leaves of plants and retard the rate of
photosynthesis. Nitrogen dioxide is a lung irritant that can lead to an acute respiratory

disease in children. It is toxic to living tissues also. Nitrogen dioxide is also harmful to
various textile fibres and metals.
51. Solution: a)
The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were
rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor – the
spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). To defend the Khalifa‘s temporal powers, a
Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. A young generation of Muslim
leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma
Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an
opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the
Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need
to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.
52. Solution: a)
More than 200 Cm per annum
 Equatorial belt (also evenly distributed)
 Windward sides of mountain
 Western coasts of cool temperate zones (also evenly distributed)
 Coastal areas of monsoon land
100-200 Cm per annum
 Interior continental areas
 Coastal area of the continents
50-100 cm per annum
 Central parts of tropical land
 Eastern and interior parts of temperate zones like Ukraine
 Rainshadow zone and interior of continents at high latitudes
53. Solution: b)
Species which are not the natural inhabitants of the local habitat but are introduced into the
system, are called exotic species. There are many examples when a natural biotic community
of the ecosystem suffered extensive damage because of the introduction of exotic species.

54. Solution: a)
In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the
villagers, and trying to understand their grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was
set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Within a month,
over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. So when the Non-
Cooperation Movement began the following year, the effort of the Congress was to integrate
the Awadh peasant struggle into the wide struggle. The peasant movement, however,
developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with. As the movement
spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted,
and grain hoards were taken over. In many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji
had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all action and aspirations.
55. Solution: d)
56. Solution: a)
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was
established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this

cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a
year, and swaraj would come.
How could non-cooperation become a movement? Gandhiji proposed that the movement
should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government
awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils,
schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil
disobedience campaign would be launched.
Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively,
mobilising popular support for the movement. Many within the Congress were, however,
concerned about the proposals. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections
scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular
violence. In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle
within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and
the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December
1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.
57. Solution: c)
Against this background the new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory
Commission under Sir John Simon. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the
commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and
suggest changes. The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian
member. They were all British.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‗Go
back Simon‘. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the
demonstrations. In an effort to win them over, the viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in
October 1929, a vague offer of ‗dominion status‘ for India in an unspecified future, and a
Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress
leaders.
58. Solution: a)

59. Solution: d)
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods
were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import
of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57
crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported
clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms
went up.
But this movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons. Khadi cloth
was often more expensive than mass- produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford
to buy it. How then could they boycott mill cloth for too long? Similarly the boycott of
British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian
institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These
were slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools
and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
60. Solution: c)
Continental Shelf
The continental shelf is the extended margin of each continent occupied by relatively
shallow seas and gulfs. It is the shallowest part of the ocean showing an average gradient of
1° or even less. The shelf typically ends at a very steep slope, called the shelf break.
It can be narrow or even wide upto 1,500 Km like Siberian shelf.
The continental shelves are covered with variable thicknesses of sediments brought down by
rivers, glaciers, wind, from the land and distributed by waves and currents. Massive
sedimentary deposits received over a long time by the continental shelves, become the
source of fossil fuels.
Oceanic Deeps or Trenches
These areas are the deepest parts of the oceans. The trenches are relatively steep sided,
narrow basins. They are some 3-5 km deeper than the surrounding ocean floor. They occur
at the bases of continental slopes and along island arcs and are associated with active
volcanoes and strong earthquakes. That is why they are very significant in the study of plate
movements.
61. Solution: c)
Salinity changes with depth, but the way it changes depends upon the location of the sea.
Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation, or decreased by
the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers. Salinity at depth is very much fixed,

because there is no way that water is ‗lost‘, or the salt is ‗added.‘ There is a marked
difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. The
lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water. Salinity, generally, increases
with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline, where salinity increases sharply.
Other factors being constant, increasing salinity of seawater causes its density to increase.
High salinity seawater, generally, sinks below the lower salinity water. This leads to
stratification by salinity.
62. Solution: b)
Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call of the civil dispobedience movement and
entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji
consented to participate in a Round Table Conference (the Congress had boycotted the first
Round Table Conference) in London and the government agreed to release the political
prisoners. In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the
negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. Back in India, he discovered that
the government had begun a new cycle of repression. Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru
were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been
imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. With great apprehension,
Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement. For over a year, the
movement continued, but by 1934 it lost its momentum.
63. Solution: d)
The primary forces that influence the currents are: (i) heating by solar energy; (ii) wind; (iii)
gravity; (iv) coriolis force.
Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. That is why, near the equator the ocean
water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight
gradient and water tends to flow down the slope. Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean
pushes the water to move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the
movement of the water body in its course. Gravity tends to pull the water down to pile and
create gradient variation. The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the
right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
64. Solution: d)
Movement by diffusion is passive, and may be from one part of the cell to the other, or from
cell to cell, or over short distances, say, from the intercellular spaces of the leaf to the
outside. No energy expenditure takes place.
In diffusion, molecules move in a random fashion, the net result being substances moving
from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. Diffusion is a slow
process and is not dependent on a ‗living system‘. Diffusion is obvious in gases and liquids,
but diffusion in solids rather than of solids is more likely. Diffusion is very important to plants
since it is the only means for gaseous movement within the plant body. Diffusion rates are

affected by the gradient of concentration, the permeability of the membrane separating

them, temperature and pressure.
Active transport uses energy to pump molecules against a concentration gradient. Active
transport is carried out by membrane-proteins. Hence different proteins in the membrane
play a major role in both active as well as passive transport. Pumps are proteins that use
energy to carry substances across the cell membrane. These pumps can transport substances
from a low concentration to a high concentration (‗uphill‘ transport). Transport rate reaches
a maximum when all the protein transporters are being used or are saturated. Like enzymes
the carrier protein is very specific in what it carries across the membrane. These proteins are
sensitive to inhibitors that react with protein side chains.
65. Solution: a)
During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and
become powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial
policies that restricted business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign
goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. To
organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in
1920 and the Federation of the Indian
Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. Led by prominent industrialists like
Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over
the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first
launched. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most
businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no
longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. But after the failure
of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.
They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged
disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger
members of the Congress. The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil
Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. As the
industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof.
66. Solution: a)
Osmosis is the term used to refer specifically to the diffusion of water across a differentially-
or semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis occurs spontaneously in response to a driving force.
The net direction and rate of osmosis depends on both the pressure gradient and
concentration gradient. Water will move from its region of higher chemical potential (or
concentration) to its region of lower chemical potential until equilibrium is reached. At
equilibrium the two chambers should have the same water potential.
67. Solution: d)
Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water by plants. It occurs mainly through the
stomata in the leaves. Besides the loss of water vapour in transpiration, exchange of oxygen

and carbon dioxide in the leaf also occurs through pores called stomata (sing. : stoma).
Normally stomata are open in the day time and close during the night. The immediate cause
of the opening or closing of the stomata is a change in the turgidity of the guard cells. The
inner wall of each guard cell, towards the pore or stomatal aperture, is thick and elastic.
When turgidity increases within the two guard cells flanking each stomatal aperture or pore,
the thin outer walls bulge out and force the inner walls into a crescent shape. The opening of
the stoma is also aided due to the orientation of the microfibrils in the cell walls of the guard
cells.
68. Solution: a)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v295/n5851/abs/295683a0.html
69. Solution: c)
It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India
came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‗Vande Mataram‘ as a hymn to the
motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the
Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore
painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an
ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of
Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was
painted by different artists. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of
one‘s nationalism.
70. Solution: a)
High Rocky coast
The west coast of our country is a high rocky retreating coast. Erosional forms dominate in
the west coast. Whereas, the east coast of India is a low sedimentary coast. Depositional
forms dominate in the east coast.
Features:
 Highly indented
 Formation of wave-cut platforms in front of the sea cliff due to constant water
erosional action
 Material eroded in such manner, deposits along the off-shore forming wave terraces.
 Several depositions like this results in the formation of barrier bars and spits that
break block the sea water forming a lagoon.
Low Sedimentary coast
Features:

 Lagoons, deltas etc. found
 Lagoons eventually turn into swamps which turn into coastal plains
 Storm and tsunami waves cause darastic changes in the supply of depositional
material
71. Solution: d)
Transpiration has more than one purpose; it
• creates transpiration pull for absorption and transport of plants
• supplies water for photosynthesis
• transports minerals from the soil to all parts of the plant
• cools leaf surfaces, sometimes 10 to 15 degrees, by evaporative cooling
• maintains the shape and structure of the plants by keeping cells turgid
An actively photosynthesising plant has an insatiable need for water. Photosynthesis is

limited by available water which can be swiftly depleted by transpiration. The humidity of
rainforests is largely due to this vast cycling of water from root to leaf to atmosphere and
back to the soil.
72. Solution: c)
The example of indentured labour migration from India also illustrates the two-sided nature
of the nineteenth-century world. It was a world of faster economic growth as well as great
misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others, technological advances in some
areas and new forms of coercion in others.
In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to
work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the
world. In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts which promised return
travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer‘s plantation.
Most Indian indentured workers came from the present-day regions of eastern Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. In the mid-nineteenth
century these regions experienced many changes – cottage industries declined, land rents
rose, lands were cleared for mines and plantations. All this affected the lives of the poor:
they failed to pay their rents, became deeply indebted and were forced to migrate in search
of work.
73. Solution: a)

Thunderstorms are caused by intense convection on moist hot days. A thunderstorm is a

well-grown cumulonimbus cloud producing thunder and lightening. When the clouds
extend to heights where sub-zero temperature prevails, hails are formed and they come
down as hailstorm. If there is insufficient moisture, a thunderstorm can generate duststorms.
A thunderstorm is characterised by intense updraft of rising warm air, which causes the
clouds to grow bigger and rise to greater height. This causes precipitation.
74. Solution: a)
In 1860, Julius von Sachs, a prominent German botanist, demonstrated, for the first time, that
plants could be grown to maturity in a defined nutrient solution in complete absence of soil.
This technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution is known as hydroponics. Since then,
a number of improvised methods have been employed to try and determine the mineral
nutrients essential for plants. The essence of all these methods involves the culture of plants
in a soil-free, defined mineral solution. These methods require purified water and mineral
nutrient salts.
75. Solution: b)
In the early 1930‘s religious and social movement called Rastafarianism evolved in
Jamaica. Rastas sought to provide a voice for the poor Blacks in Jamaica by encouraging
resistance to oppressive societal structures. At the core of their belief is the re-interpretation
of the Hebrew Bible with a focus on Blacks as God‘s chosen race, and the belief that the true
Messiah comes to us as Emperor Haile Selassie I (Ras Tafari) of Ethiopia. Through
extensive spoken discourse, the Rastafarians aim to clarify the Western misinterpretation of
the Bible, so as to spread the true word and fight against the unjust hierarchy of Western
culture (collectively called Babylon). In the meantime, Rastafarians await a time of
repatriation of Blacks and a return to Ethiopia, qua Africa, of its rightful ruling status.

76. Solution: c)
Micronutrients or trace elements, are needed in very small amounts (less than 10 mmole Kg
–1 of dry matter). These include iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron,
chlorine and nickel. In addition to the 17 essential elements named above, there are some
beneficial elements such as sodium, silicon, cobalt and selenium. They are required by
higher plants.
77. Solution: d)
Iron: Plants obtain iron in the form of ferric ions (Fe3+). It is required in larger amounts in
comparison to other micronutrients. It is an important constituent of proteins involved in
the transfer of electrons like ferredoxin and cytochromes. It is reversibly oxidised from Fe2+
to Fe3+ during electron transfer. It activates catalase enzyme, and is essential for the
formation of chlorophyll.
78. Solution: a)
Over the nineteenth century, British manufactures flooded the Indian market. Food grain
and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. But the
value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from
India. Thus Britain had a ‗trade surplus‘ with India. Britain used this surplus to balance its
trade deficits with other countries – that is, with countries from which Britain was importing
more than it was selling to. This is how a multilateral settlement system works – it allows
one country‘s deficit with another country to be settled by its surplus with a third country.
By helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late-nineteenth-
century world economy.
79. Solution: d)

In nature, lightning and ultraviolet radiation provide enough energy to convert nitrogen to
nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N 2O). Industrial combustions, forest fires, automobile exhausts
and power-generating stations are also sources of atmospheric nitrogen oxides.
80. Solution: b)
The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China. From the late
eighteenth century, as you have read in your book last year, the British in India began
exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians became junior
players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments.
Having earned through trade, some of these businessmen had visions of developing
industrial enterprises in India.
In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to
industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore‘s
enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later
in the nineteenth century many of the China traders became successful industrialists.
81. Solution: a)
Several types of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixing associations are known. The most
prominent among them is the legume-bacteria relationship. Species of rod-shaped Rhizobium
has such relationship with the roots of several legumes such as alfalfa, sweet clover, sweet

pea, lentils, garden pea, broad bean, clover beans, etc. The most common association on
roots is as nodules. These nodules are small outgrowths on the roots. The microbe, Frankia,
also produces nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of nonleguminous plants (e.g., Alnus).
Both Rhizobium and Frankia are freeliving in soil, but as symbionts, can fix atmospheric
nitrogen.
82. Solution: d)
The average salinity of the Indian Ocean is 35 o/oo. The low salinity trend is observed in the
Bay of Bengal due to influx of river water by the river Ganga. On the contrary, the Arabian
Sea shows higher salinity due to high evaporation and low influx of fresh water.
83. Solution: c)
The Bengal Renaissance refers to a socio-cultural and religious reform movement during
the nineteenth and early twentieth century in undivided India's Bengal province, though the
impact of it spread in the whole of India. The Bengal Renaissance is said to have begun
with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775–1833) and continued until the death of Rabindranath
Tagore in 1941.The Renaissance was a revival of the positives of India's past and
appreciation of the impact of the Modern West, as it had emerged since the Fifteenth-
century European Renaissance.
84. Solution: d)
An understanding of the factors that affect photosynthesis is necessary. The rate of

photosynthesis is very important in determining the yield of plants including crop plants.
Photosynthesis is under the influence of several factors, both internal (plant) and external.
The plant factors include the number, size, age and orientation of leaves, mesophyll cells
and chloroplasts, internal CO2 concentration and the amount of chlorophyll. The plant or
internal factors are dependent on the genetic predisposition and the growth of the plant.
The external factors would include the availability of sunlight, temperature, CO2
concentration and water. As a plant photosynthesises, all these factors will simultaneously
affect its rate. Hence, though several factors interact and simultaneously affect
photosynthesis or CO2 fixation, usually one factor is the major cause or is the one that limits
the rate. Hence, at any point the rate will be determined by the factor available at sub-
optimal levels.
85. Solution: a)
There are plants for which flowering is either quantitatively or qualitatively dependent on
exposure to low temperature. This phenomenon is termed vernalisation. It prevents
precocious reproductive development late in the growing season, and enables the plant to
have sufficient time to reach maturity. Vernalisation refers specially to the promotion of

flowering by a period of low temperature. Some important food plants, wheat, barley, rye
have two kinds of varieties: winter and spring varieties. The ‗spring‘ variety are normally
planted in the spring and come to flower and produce grain before the end of the growing
season. Winter varieties, however, if planted in spring would normally fail to flower or
produce mature grain within a span of a flowering season. Hence, they are planted in
autumn.
86. Solution: a)
A polar vortex is a persistent, large-scale cyclone that circles either of the

planet's geographical poles. OnEarth, the base of the polar vortices are located in the middle
and upper troposphere and extend into thestratosphere. They surround the polar highs and
lie in the wake of the polar front. These cold-core low-pressure areas strengthen in the
winter and weaken in the summer due to their dependence upon the temperature
differential between the equator and the poles.[1] They usually span less than
1,000 kilometers (620 miles) in diameter within which the air circulates in a counter-
clockwise fashion in the Northern Hemisphere, and in a clockwise fashion in the Southern
Hemisphere. As with other cyclones, their rotation is caused by the Coriolis effect.
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/polar-vortex-may-freeze-parts-us-again-winter
87. Solution: a)
88. Solution: c)

89. Solution: c)
Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
Act (1919). This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council
despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous
powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without
trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such
unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.
90. Solution: d)
The wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. The wind at the surface experiences
friction. In addition, rotation of the earth also affects the wind movement. The force exerted
by the rotation of the earth is known as the Coriolis force. Thus, the horizontal winds near
the earth surface respond to the combined effect of three forces – the pressure gradient force,
the frictional force and the Coriolis force. In addition, the gravitational force acts downward.
91. Solution: b)
Over India, a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season which is replaced by
the tropical easterly jet in the summer season. The high temperature over the Tibetan Plateau,
as well as over Central Asia in general, during the summer is believed to be the critical
factor leading to the formation of the tropical easterly jet over India in summer. The
mechanism affecting monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern
parts of the subcontinent during the winter. This results in the north to south flow of the
winds in the form of the NE Monsoon. With the northwards shift of the vertical sun, this jet
shifts northwards too. The intense heat over the Tibetan Plateau, coupled with
associated terrain features of high altitude of the plateau, etc. generate the tropical easterly
jet over central India. This jet creates a low pressure zone over the northern Indian
plains influencing the wind flow towards these plains, assisting the establishment of the SW
Monsoon.

http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/20140430-22pdfl.pdf
92. Solution: d)
The movability at body joints vary depending on different factors. Joints have been classified
into three major structural forms, namely, fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
Fibrous joints do not allow any movement. This type of joint is shown by the flat skull
bones which fuse end-to-end with the help of dense fibrous connective tissues in the form of
sutures, to form the cranium.
In cartilaginous joints, the bones involved are joined together with the help of cartilages.
The joint between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column is of this pattern and it
permits limited movements.
Synovial joints are characterised by the presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between
the articulating surfaces of the two bones. Such an arrangement allows considerable
movement. These joints help in locomotion and many other movements. Ball and socket
joint (between humerus and pectoral girdle), hinge joint (knee joint), pivot joint (between
atlas and axis), gliding joint (between the carpals) and saddle joint (between carpal and
metacarpal of thumb) are some examples.
93. Solution: d)
Excessive phytoplankton growth within water is also a cause of water pollution. The large
population of bacteria decomposes organic matter present in water. They consume oxygen
dissolved in water. The amount of oxygen that water can hold in the solution is limited.
94. Solution: a)
The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the west
coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru. Also called the Peru
Current, it is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator, and can
extend 1,000 kilometers offshore.

95. Solution: d)
Dry Climates - Group B
 Very low rainfall inadequate for the growth of plants
 Large areas of the earth extending 15-60* N-S of the equator
 At low latitudes they occur in 15-30*N-S areas of subtropical high where subsidence
and inversion of temperature do not produce rainfall
 Also found on the western margin of continents adjoining cold current like the west
coast of South America
 In middle latitudes 35-60* N-S, they are confined to the interior of the continents
where moisture laden winds do not reach e.g. Libya
96. Solution: d)
After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized satyagraha movements in

various places. In 1916 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
against the oppressive plantation system.Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support
the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic,
the peasants of Kheda coul not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue
collection be relaxed. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a
satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
97. Solution: d)
Just as the glass in a greenhouse holds the sun‘s warmth inside, atmosphere traps the sun‘s
heat near the earth‘s surface and keeps it warm. This is called natural greenhouse effect
because it maintains the temperature and makes the earth perfect for life. In a greenhouse,
visible light passes through the transparent glass and heats up the soil and the plants. The
warm soil and plants emit infrared radiations. Since glass is opaque to infrared (heat)
radiations, it partly reflects and partly absorbs these radiations. This mechanism keeps the
energy of the sun trapped in the greenhouse. Similarly, carbon dioxide molecules also trap
heat as they are transparent to sunlight but not to the heat radiation.
98. Solution: a)
Self-explanatory. As the total evaporation and moisture content is lesser in the subtropical
and polar areas, winds are dry; and dust particles are more.

99. Solution: b)
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/stem-cells-can-heal-damages-caused-parkinson-
s-disease-finds-study
Dopamine (contracted from 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is

a hormone and neurotransmitter of the catecholamine andphenethylamine families that
plays a number of important roles in the human brain and body. Its name derives from its
chemical structure: it is an amine that is formed by removing a carboxyl group from a
molecule of L-DOPA.
In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by nerve cells

to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine systems,
one of which plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior. Most types of reward
increase the level of dopamine in the brain, and a variety of addictive drugs increase
dopamine neuronal activity. Other brain dopamine systems are involved in motor control
and in controlling the release of several other important hormones.
100. Solution: c)
Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells
and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. They are found in
multicellular organisms. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic
stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells,
which are found in various tissues. In adultorganisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as
a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells
can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
(see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative
organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
There are three known accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:
1. Bone marrow, which requires extraction by harvesting, that is, drilling into bone
(typically the femur or iliac crest).
2. Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction.
3. Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the
donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the
stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth. Of all stem cell types,
autologous harvesting involves the least risk. By definition, autologous cells are obtained

from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical
procedures.

INSIGHTS ON INDIA MOCK PRELIMINARY EXAM - 2015
INSIGHTS ON INDIA MOCK TEST - 6

GENERAL STUDIES
PAPER-I
Time Allowed: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 200
INSTRUCTIONS
1. IMMEDITELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD
CHECK THAT THIS TEST BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING
PAGES OR ITEMS, ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test
Booklet in the Box provided alongside. DO NOT
Write anything else on the Test Booklet.
4. This Test Booklet contains 200 items (questions). Each item is printed only in English. Each item
comprises four responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the
Answer Sheet. In case you feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which
you consider the best. In any case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item.
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See directions in
the Answer Sheet.
6. All items carry equal marks.
7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer Sheet the response to various items in the Test Booklet, you
have to fill in some particulars in the Answer Sheet as per instructions sent to you with your
Admission Certificate.
8. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has
concluded, you should hand over to the Invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take
away with you the Test Booklet.
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.
10. Penalty for wrong answers :
THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN THE
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION PAPERS.
(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a
wrong answer has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that
question will be deducted as penalty.
(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of
the given answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that
question.
(iii) If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty
for that question.
http://insightsonindia.com
INSIGHTS ON INDIA MOCK TEST SERIES FOR CIVIL SERVICES PRELIMINARY EXAM 2015

1. The meeting of warm and cold currents in b) 2 and 3
the ocean can be beneficial for which of c) 1 and 3
the following? d) All of the above
a) Fishing
b) Formation of coral reefs 5. Equator receives comparatively less
c) Sea grass insolation than the tropics. Why?
d) Mangroves a) Because of more more cloudiness at
the equators
2. Tropical cyclones dissipate on reaching b) Because of the heat transfer by trade
the land; extra-tropical cyclones do not winds from equator to tropics
because c) Because of the presence of more
1. Tropical cyclones derive their energy vegetation at equators
from the moisture of the sea d) None of the above
2. Extra-tropical cyclones derive their
energy from polar fronts 6. You are walking on a congested traffic
lane. Suddenly you see an instant red haze
Which of these is/are true? in traffic. This can be due to the
a) 1 only a) oxides of nitrogen
b) 2 only b) hydrocarbons emitted from the pipe of
c) Both 1 and 2 vechiles
d) None c) ammonia compounds
d) oxides of sulphur
3. Complications relating to the Rh-factor
antigen (positive and negative) can occur 7. Consider the following statements:
in which of these cases? 1. Aerosols in atmosphere increase the
1. Donation of blood river flow
2. During pregnancy 2. Aerosols can also destroy stratospheric
ozone
Choose the correct answer using the codes given
below: Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only a) 1 Only
b) 2 only b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 c) Both
d) None d) None
4. Transpiration in plants depends on which 8. Hydrocarbons are formed after the

of the following properties of water? incomplete combustion of fuels in
1. Cohesion automobiles. What can be their harmful
2. Adhesion effects in the atmosphere?
3. Surface Tension 1. They are carcinogenic.
2. They can harm plants by causing
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: ageing.
3. They can lead to the shedding of
a) 1 and 2
leaves, flowers and twigs of plants.

Choose the correct answer using the codes below: Choose the correct answer using the codes
below:
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3 a) 1 and 2
c) 1 and 3 b) 2 and 3
d) All of the above c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above
9. DiNitrogen and DiOxygen are the main
constituents of air. Consider the following 12. High consumption of sandwiches results
statements about them: in intake of which of the following
1. They do not react in air at normal elements?
temperatures to cause pollution. a) Calcium
2. At high altitudes when lightning b) Potassium
strikes, they combine to form oxides of c) Sodium
nitrogen. d) Iron
3. Nitrogen converted to suitable form
after lightning can be washed to soil 13. There is a “blind spot” on the eye. It is
and act as a fertilizer. called so because
a) No photoreceptor cells are present in
Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
that region
a) 1 and 2 b) The photoreceptor cells present in the
b) 2 and 3 region do not register light
c) 1 and 3 c) The photoreceptor cells present in the
d) All of the above region register light but do not send
any signal to the brain of the light
d) The photoreceptors receive equal light
and dark spots and hence the net
10. Which of the following climate types (as
outcome is cancelled and not sent to
per Koeppen classification) is under the
the brain
influence of Westerlies?
a) Marine west coast climate
b) Humid Subtropical climate
c) Mediterrenean climate 14. Gases emitted by which of the following
d) Tropical wet and dry climate sources can cause acid rain?
1. Motor vehicle engines
2. Coal based power plants
3. Blast furnaces
11. Auxin is important to the growth and
development of plants. Consider the Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
following statements about it.
1. They are produced by stems and roots a) 1 and 2
of plants. b) 2 and 3
2. They can be helpful in plant c) 1 and 3
propogation. d) All of the above
3. They help prevent fruit and leaf drop
at early stages of plant life.

15. The property of “photo-periodism” in 18. Smog is the most common example of air
plants show that pollution that occurs in many cities. What
a) plants depend on combinations of is “classical smog” made of?
light and dark exposure for flowering 1. Smoke
b) plants depend only on light exposure 2. Fog
for flowering 3. Nitrous oxide
c) plants flower only in a certain period 4. Sulphur dioxide
of season
d) None of the above
a) All of the above
b) 1, 2 and 4
16. Consider the following statements: c) 1 and 2 only
1. Agent orange is a defoliant and a plant d) 2 and 4 only
killer – so called, because it was stored
in drums marked with an orange band
2. Agent Orange was used by USA 19. Photochemical smog is a type of smog that
during Vietnam War to clear forests to if found in polluted cities. Consider the
kill rebels following statements about it.
1. It occurs in warm, sunny and dry
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
climate.
a) 1 Only 2. Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
b) 2 Only react to form this.
c) Both
Which of these is/are true?
d) None
a) 1 only
17. Catalytic converters can be used in cars to b) 2 only
reduce the effect of exhaust fumes on the c) Both 1 and 2
atmosphere. It converts more harmul d) None of the above
exhaust gases into less harmful ones.
What are the end-product gases after
exhaust gases pass through the catalytic
20. During a period of La Niña,
converter?
a) the sea surface temperature across the
1. CO2
equatorial Eastern Central Pacific
2. N2
Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–
3. Water vapour
5 °C
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: b) the sea surface temperature across the
equatorial Eastern Central Pacific
a) 1 and 2 Ocean will be higher than normal by
b) 2 and 3 3–5 °C
c) 1 and 3 c) the sea surface temperature
d) All of the above dramatically varies between extreme
and lower than normal temperatures

21. Consider the following statements
24. Which of the following can be the harmful
1. In India the growth of nationalism is
effects of the depletion of ozone layer?
connected to the anti-colonial
1. Ageing of human skin
movement
2. Killing of phytoplanktons
2. Struggle against colonialism brought
3. Decline in fish productivity
absolute unity among masses,
4. May cause harmful mutation of cells
especially in India
a) 1 and 2 only
a) 1 Only
b) 2 and 3 only
b) 2 Only
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
c) Both
d) All of the above
d) None
25. Which of the following factors can explain

22. What can be the harmful effects of
the differences between the nature of
photochemical smog?
terrestrial (earth like) and jovian (gas
1. It is a powerful eye irritant.
giants) planets?
2. It can lead to the cracking of tyre
1. The terrestrial planets were formed in
rubber of vehicles.
the close vicinity of the parent star
3. It can cause corrosion of metals.
where it was too warm for gases to
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: condense to solid particles.
2. The solar wind was most intense
a) 1 and 2
nearer the sun; so, it blew off lots of
b) 2 and 3
gas and dust from the terrestrial
c) 1 and 3
planets.
d) All of the above
3. The terrestrial planets are smaller and
their lower gravity could not hold the
23. Consider the following statements about
escaping gases.
coriolis force.
1. It is zero at the equator and maximum Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
at the poles.
a) 1 and 2
2. It acts perpendicular to the pressure
b) 2 and 3
gradient.
c) 1 and 3
3. Deflection caused due to coriolis force
d) All of the above
will be less if the wind velocity
increases.
26. In the initial stages of evolution of earth,
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: the early atmosphere contained which of
the following gases?
a) 1 and 2
1. Water vapour
b) 2 and 3
2. Ammonia
c) 1 and 3
3. Methane
d) All of the above
4. Carbon dioxide

Choose the correct answer using the codes below: a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
a) 1 and 2 only
c) 1 and 3
b) 2 and 3 only
d) All of the above
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
d) All of the above
30. Which of the following evidences support
27. Consider the following stages in the the theory of continental drift?
1. Jigsaw fit of shorelines of Africa and
development of atmosphere on earth in
South America
the initial stages: 2. Occurrence of gold deposits in Ghana
1. Loss of primordial atmosphere coast but the absence of any sources
2. Hot interior of the earth contributed to rocks there
the evolution of the atmosphere. 3. All the east south American and west
3. Process of photosynthesis contributed African coasts are good natural
to changing the gases in the harbours.
atmosphere
Choose the correct order of evolution:
a) 1 and 2
a) 123 b) 2 and 3
b) 132 c) 1 and 3
c) 213 d) All of the above
d) 23 only
31. Which of the following regions of the
28. Through which of the following sources, world is/are NOT seismically active?
information about the material 1. Alpin-Himalayan belt
composition and state of the earth can be 2. Mid-Atlantic Ridges
obtained? 3. Central Africa
1. Gravitational field
2. Magnetic field
3. Meteors that reach the earth a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
a) 1 and 2 d) 3 only
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3 32. Which of the following evidences support
d) All of the above the hypothesis of “sea-floor spreading”?
1. Rocks on the either side of mid-
29. Earthquakes is most prone to occur in oceanic ridges have remarkable
areas where similarities.
1. There are active volcanoes 2. Earthquake foci at mid-oceanic
2. There are large reservoirs ridges are shallower than oceanic
3. There are tectonic fault planes trenches.
3. Oceanic crust rocks are younger
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: than continental rock crust.

Choose the correct answer using the codes below: Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
1. 1 and 2 a) 1 and 2
2. 2 and 3 b) 2 and 3
3. 1 and 3 c) 1, 3 and 4
4. All of the above d) All of the above
33. Arrange the following elements in the 36. Which of the following forces can be said
earth’s crust in decreasing order of their to be responsible in geomorphism
abundance. (changing forms on earth)?
1. Silicon 1. Radioactivity inside the earth
2. Iron 2. Tidal friction
3. Magnesium 3. Glacial movement
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
a) 123 a) 1 and 2
b) 132 b) 2 and 3
c) 213 c) 1 and 3
d) 231 d) All of the above
34. Consider the following statements about 37. Which of the following forces affect the
types of rocks and their nature. process of physical weathering of rocks?
1. If molten material is cooled 1. Pore water pressure in the rocks
slowly at great depths, mineral 2. Temperature changes
grains may be very large. 3. Gravitational forces
2. Sedimentary rocks can be
formed organically also.
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
a) 1 only c) 1 and 3
b) 2 only d) All of the above
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None
38. What reasons can explain more number of
debris avalanche in the Himalayas as
35. Which of the following are plant growth compared to the Western Ghats (WG)?
regulators?
1. Cytokinin 1. The Himalayas are tectonically active.
2. Gibberellins 2. Himalayas are mostly made up of
3. Ethylene metamorphic and igneous rocks which
4. Abscisic acid are not stable.

3. The slopes are very steep in Himalayas 40. Which of the following show the
as compared to WG. differences between alluvial fans and
delta?
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: 1. Fans are formed in the higher reaches
a) 1 and 2 of the river unlike Deltas which form
b) 2 and 3 at lower reaches.
c) 1 and 3 2. Fans are made of much coarser load
d) All of the above than deltas.
3. There is no clear stratification of river
load while deposition of alluvial fan
unlike deltas where there in a clear
39. Consider the following statements:
stratification.
Assertion (A): Tropical soils with higher
temperatures show deeper profiles and in the
frozen tundra regions soils contain largely a) 1 and 2
mechanically broken materials. b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
Reason (R): Chemical activity is increased in
d) All of the above
higher temperatures, reduced in cooler
temperatures (with an exception of carbonation)
and stops in freezing conditions.
41. Which of the following are greenhouse
In the context of the statements above, which of gases?
these is true? 1. Methane
2. CFCs
a) A and R both are true, and R is the
3. Ozone
correct explanation for A.
4. Water vapour
b) A and R both are true, and R is the
5. Nitrous oxide
NOT the correct explanation for A.
6. Sulphur oxide
c) A is correct, R is incorrect.
d) A and R both are incorrect. Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
1. Which of the following are macro- a) All of the above

nutrients for plants? b) All except 1, 4 and 6
1. Carbon c) All except 6
2. Sulpur d) All except 5
3. Hydrogen
Choose the correct answer using the codes

42. With reference to Gandhiji’s view on
below:
Satyagraha, consider the following
a) 1 and 2 statements
b) 2 and 3 4. According to him it meant passive
c) 1 and 3 resistance to use of force by enemies
d) All of the above 5. He called satyagraha as true soul-force
with truth as its very substance

Which of the above statements is/are
INCORRECT?
45. In the Northern hemisphere, the isotherms
a) 1 Only drawn on the map are not parallel to the
b) 2 Only latitudes at several places (unlike the
c) Both Southern Hemisphere) because of
d) None a) Continentality
b) Presence of warm ocean current in the
43. The annual insolation received by the temperate and sub-polar regions
earth in January is slightly more than the c) Higher cloudiness at several places
amount received in July. However, this like the sub-polar regions which keeps
variation in the solar output does not have the polar areas warmer than it should
great effect on daily weather changes on be on higher latitudes.
the surface of the earth. Which factors d) Both (a) and (b)
explain this?
1. Distribution of land
2. Atmospheric circulation 46. The phenomena of “Ozone hole” over the
3. Extra-tropical cyclones South Pole can be attributed to which of
the following factors?
1. Formation of polar stratospheric
a) 1 and 2 clouds over Antarctica in winter
b) 2 and 3 2. Formation of chlorine sinks in the
c) 1 and 3 summer
d) All of the above 3. Formation of sub-polar tropospheric
ozone depleting clouds in spring and
autumn
Assertion (A): Tropics do not get progressively
a) 1 and 2
heated up due to the accumulation of excess heat.
b) 2 and 3
Similarly, the high latitudes do not get
c) 1 and 3
permanently frozen due to excess heat deficit.
d) All of the above
Reason (R): The surplus heat energy from the
tropics is redistributed pole wards.
47. Tropical cyclones are not formed near the
In the context of the statements above, which of
equator. Why?
these is true?
a) Due to continentality
a) A and R both are true, and R is the b) Due to strong jet stream winds
correct explanation for A. c) Due to the absence of Coriolis force
b) A and R both are true, and R is the d) None of the above
d) A and R both are incorrect.

48. Regulation of sexual behaviour, 52. Which of the following regions are more
expression of emotional reactions (e.g., likely to receive more than 200 cm of
excitement, pleasure, rage and fear), and annual rainfall?
motivation is done by 1. Western coasts of cool temperate
a) Forebrain zones
b) Midbrain 2. Coastal areas of monsoon land
c) Hindbrain 3. Central parts of tropical land
d) No specific part of the brain produces
regulates all these activities
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
49. El-Nino event is associated with pressure c) 1 and 3
changes in d) All of the above
a) Central pacific and Australia
b) Eastern Pacific and Eastern part of 53. Exotic species are
South America a) Endemic to that particular area
c) Western pacific and Peru b) Alien to that particular area
d) Australia and southern Indian ocean c) Found in high abundance in that area
d) Carrying a special genotype that is
unique in the particular habitat
50. Oxides of nitrogen can be potent
pollutants. Which of the following effects 54. Consider the following statements
they can cause? 1. Oudh Kisan Sabha formed in 1920 was
1. Damage the leaves of plants headed by Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Retard the rate of photosynthesis 2. Oudh Kisan Sabha peacefully
3. Can be harmful to textile fibres and participated in Non-cooperation
metals movement throught the Oudh region
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 a) 1 Only
b) 2 and 3 b) 2 Only
c) 1 and 3 c) Both
d) All of the above d) None
51. A Khilafat Committee was formed in 55. Match the following regions with the soil
Bombay in March 1919 to quality in them correctly.
a) Defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers 1. Tropical Equatorial forest – Poor
b) Bring unity among Hindus and nutrient acidic soil
Muslims 2. Tropical deciduous forest – Rich in
c) Bring Khilafat in India nutrients
d) None of the above 3. Boreal forest – Acidic and poor in
nutrients

Choose the correct answer using the codes below: c) Semi-arid desert
d) Tropical deciduous forest
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
59. The Non –Cooperation movement in the
c) 1 and 3
cities gradually slowed down for a variety
d) All of the above of reasons. Which of the following are
those reasons?
1. Khadi was costlier than imported cloth
56. Consider the following statements in cities which poor people could not
1. According to Gandhiji, the British rule afford
was established in India with the 2. For students there were no alternative
cooperation of Indians schools to go, hence they went back to
2. The Congress unanimously accepted government run schools
Gandhiji’s proposal to launch Non- 3. For lawyers there was no option but to
Cooperation movement without any report back to duties in courts
tussle
Choose the correct answer using the codes below
a) 1 and 2 Only
a) 1 Only b) 2 and 3 Only
b) 2 Only c) 1 and 3 Only
c) Both d) All
d) None
57. Consider the following statements: 1. Continental shelf can be rich source of
1. The Simon Commission was formed to fossil fuels because of the river
suggest the British government steps sediment load it carries.
needed to provide more autonomy to 2. Oceanic deeps are important for the
India study of plate movement as they
2. There was only one Indian member in contain several active volcanoes.
the council
Which of the above statements is/are
INCORRECT? a) 1 only
b) 2 only
a) 1 Only c) Both 1 and 2
b) 2 Only d) None
c) Both
d) None
61. Which of the following generally
58. Grasses; trees and large shrubs absent;
increase(s) (and/or then becomes
giraffes zebras, buffalos, leopards, hyenas,
constant) with increasing depth in oceans?
elephants, mice, moles, snakes and worms
1. Salinity
etc., are features of
2. Temperature
a) Tropical Savannah
3. Density
b) Temperate Steppes

Choose the correct answer using the codes below: a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
a) 1 and 2
c) 1 and 3
b) 2 and 3
d) 1 only
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

1. During the Civil Disobedience
62. With reference to Gandhi-Irwin Pact,
Movement, the industrial class refused
consider the following statements:
to import foreign goods and provided
1. It was signed after the abrupt end of
financial assistance to the movement
Non-Cooperation movement
2. The industrial class widely
2. By this Pact, Gandhiji consented to
participated in the Civil Disobedience
participate in a Round Table
Movement all over the country
Conference
a) 1 Only
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
b) 2 Only
c) Both
c) Both
d) None
d) None
66. Osmosis is one of the ways in which
63. Which of the following factors affect ocean
plants exchange fluids across parts. Which
currents?
of the following factors affect osmosis?
1. Solar energy
1. Pressure gradient
2. Gravity
2. Concentration gradient
3. Coriolis force
3. Temperature
Choose the correct answer using the codes
a) 1 and 2 below:
b) 2 and 3
a) 1 and 2
c) 1 and 3
b) 2 and 3
d) All of the above c) 1 and 3
d) 1 only
64. Which of the following can be the means

of transport of essential minerals and
67. The stomata in plant leaves perform a
water in plants?
variety of functions. Which of the
1. Diffusion
following are them?
2. Active transport
1. Evaporative loss of water
3. Phytosensing
2. Exchange of oxygen through the pores
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: 3. Exchange of carbon dioxide through
the pores

Choose the correct answer using the codes 70. Consider the following statements:
below:
Assertion (A): Erosional forms dominate in the
a) 1 and 2 west coast; whereas, depositional forms dominate
b) 2 and 3 in the east coast.
c) 1 and 3
Reason (R): The west coast of our country is a
d) All of the above
high rocky retreating coast. Whereas, the east
coast of India is a low sedimentary coast.
Assertion (A): Rain water is generally acidic in
these is true?
nature.
Reason (R): While rain falls, it reacts with the
carbon dioxide present in the air.
In the context of the statements above, which of NOT the correct explanation for A.
these is true? c) A is correct, R is incorrect.
71. Which of the following purposes of plants
are fulfilled by transpiration?
1. Creating transpiration pull for
absorption and transport of plants.
2. Transporting minerals from the soil to
all parts of the plant
69. Consider the following statements
3. Maintains the shape and structure of
1. The image of Bharat Mata was first
the plants
created by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
2. The hymn, Vande Matram, included in
a) 1 and 2
his novel Anandamath was widely
b) 2 and 3
sung during the Swadeshi movement
c) 1 and 3
in Bengal
d) All of the above
a) 1 Only
3. During the British rule, in India,
b) 2 Only
indentured labourers were hired
c) Both
under contracts which promised
d) None
return travel to India after they had
worked five years on their employer’s
plantation
4. A person became an indentured
servant by borrowing money and then

voluntarily agreeing to work off the Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
debt during a specified term
a) 1 and 2
Which of the above statements is/are correct? b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
a) 1 Only
d) All of the above
b) 2 Only
c) Both
d) None
77. Which of the following minerals is
essential for the formation of chlorophyll
73. Thunderstorms are formed because of
in plants?
a) Intense convection on moist hot days
a) Potassium
b) Meeting of warm and cold fronts
b) Calcium
c) Induction by low-pressure cyclones
c) Magnesium
d) Iron
74. What is hydroponics?

78. India played a crucial role in the late-
a) Technique of growing plants in a
nineteenth-century world economy and
nutrient solution
the British economy by
b) Technique of growing plants rooted in
a) Helping the British have trade surplus
soil but submerged under water
and finance their trade deficit
c) Technique of growing plants using sea
b) By importing large quantities of
grass as the bed
foodgrains and cotton
d) Technique of growing plants on
c) By exporting finished goods to distant
floating soil patches on water
markets
75. Rastafarianism was

79. Which of the following are sources of
a) A movement of Muslims in British
atmospheric nitrogen oxide?
colonies
1. Industrial combustions
b) An Ethiopian-Hebrew spirituality that
2. Forest fires
arose in the 1930s in Jamaica
3. Automobile exhausts
c) A movement started by Indian
migrants in the Caribbean Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
a) 1 and 2
76. Macro and micro nutrients are essential to
b) 2 and 3
the growth and survival of plants. Other
c) 1 and 3
than that several other minerals are also
required by higher plants. They are, inter d) All of the above
alia?
1. Sodium
2. Molybdenum
3. Selenium

80. Dwarkanath Tagore was a 2. The impact of Bengal Renaissance was
a) Prominent participant in India’s limited to Bengal
freedom struggle 3. Bengal Renaissance begun with Raja
b) One of India’s first prominent Ram Mohun Roy
industrialist
c) One of India’s first economist Which of the above statements is/are correct?
d) None of the above a) 1 and 2 Only
b) 2 and 3 Only
81. Which of the following are nitrogen fixing c) 1 and 3 Only
bacteria? d) All
1. Frankia
2. Rhizobium 84. Which of the following factors affect
3. Alnus photosynthesis?
1. Concentration of CO2
2. Orientation of leaves
a) 1 and 2 3. Temperature
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
82. Bay of Bengal shows low salinity of water d) All of the above
as compared to Arabian sea due to
1. Huge influx of fresh water in Bay of 85. Vernalisation in plants specially refers to
Bengal a) Promotion of flowering by a period of
2. High evaporation in Arabian sea as low temperature
compared to Bay of Bengal b) Promotion of flowering by the help of
3. Low influx of fresh water in Arabian certain pollinators
sea c) Promotion of flowering by application
of plant growth hormones
d) Stopping of flowering by application
a) 1 and 2 of certain plant growth retarders
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above 86. Polar vortex is a
a) Persistent, large-scale cyclone that
circles either of the
83. Consider the following statements planet's geographical poles
1. The Bengal Renaissance refers to a b) Persistent large scale ocean current in
socio-cultural and religious reform either of Earth’s geographical poles
movement during the nineteenth and c) Higher atmospheric jet strems over the
early twentieth century in undivided polar regions
India's Bengal province d) None of the above

87. When you consume a medicine or drug, 2. During winter, jet streams flow over
which organ(s) of your body absorb them? the Indian plains south of Himalayas
a) Mouth and/or large intestine
b) Mouth and/or stomach Which of the above statements is/are correct?
c) Stomach and/or large intestine a) 1 Only
d) Small intestine and/or large intestine b) 2 Only
c) Both
88. Blood group AB can receive blood from d) None
which of the following groups?
a) A, B and O 92. Joints in human bodies, including the ones
b) AB and O only in the bones can be
c) A, B, AB and O 1. Fixed
d) A, B, and AB only 2. Joined with help of cartilage
3. Joined with the help of fluid
89. With reference to Rowlatt Act, consider
the following statements Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
5. It allowed detention of political
a) 1 and 2 only
prisoners without trial for two years
b) 2 and 3 only
6. It was passed by the Imperial
c) 1 and 3 only
Legislative Council
d) All of the above
93. Which of the following can contribute as a
a) 1 Only source of water pollution?
b) 2 Only 1. Excessive growth of phytoplankton
c) Both 2. Erosion of fertilizer leached soil by
d) None agriculture and strip mining
3. Mining of uranium containing
90. In addition to pressure gradient, which of minerals
the following factors affect the velocity 4. Heated water discharged by cooling
and direction of wind on earth? industries
1. Gravitation force
2. Surface friction of wind with earth Choose the correct answer using the codes below:
3. Rotation of earth
a) 1 and 2 only
Choose the correct answer using the codes below: b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
a) 1 and 2 d) All of the above
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3 94. The Humboldt Current is
d) All of the above a) A Cold ocean current
b) A Warm ocean current
91. Consider the following statements c) Also called as Brazil current
1. Jet stream affect the monsoons only d) None of the above
during the winter

95. What can be the factors behind the d) 1 only
existence of “dry climates” (as per
Koeppen classification)? 98. Consider the following statements:
1. Subtropical high where subsidence
Assertion (A): Higher concentration of dust
and inversion of temperature do not
particles is found in subtropical and temperate
produce rainfall.
regions as compared to equatorial and polar
2. Western margin of continents
adjoining cold current regions.
3. Interiority of continents Reason (R): Dry winds blow more in subtropical
and temperate areas in comparison to equatorial
and polar regions.
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
these is true?
c) 1 and 3 only
d) All of the above a) A and R both are true, and R is the
96. Following is the chronological order of b) A and R both are true, and R is the
initial satyagrahas which Gandhiji NOT the correct explanation for A.
successfully lead. Choose the correct c) A is correct, R is incorrect.
chronological order: d) A and R both are incorrect.
a) Kheda – Ahmadabad Mill Strike –
Champaran 99. Dopamine is a
b) Champaran – Ahmadabad Mill Strike a) Drug used in treatment of brain
– Kheda disorders
c) Ahmadabad Mill Strike – Champaran b) A neurotransmitter whose under-
– Kheda production causes Parkinson’s disease
d) Champaran – Kheda – Ahmadabad c) A drug frequently used by sports
Mill Strike persons to enhance their performance
97. Which of the following mechanisms is/are
a part of the glass greenhouse effect? 100. Consider the following statements
1. The warm soil and plants emit 1. Stem cells are differentiated biological
infrared radiations. cells that can produce more of similar
2. Glass partly reflects and partly stem cells
transmits (through it) heat radiation. 2. Autologous stem cells are obtained by
3. Heat radiation gets concentrated at embryonic tissue
one point to generate more heat inside
the glass house. Which of the above statements is/are
INCORRECT?
a) 1 Only
a) 1 and 2 b) 2 Only
b) 2 and 3 c) Both
c) 1 and 3 d) None


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INSIGHTS MOCK TEST – 2015 TEST – 6 SOLUTIONS

Mechanism of tropical cyclones

 Formed in mid and high latitudes, beyond the tropics

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Transpiration is affected by several external factors: temperature, light, humidity, wind

• Cohesion – mutual attraction between water molecules.

• Adhesion – attraction of water molecules to polar surfaces (such as the surface of

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For More information:

For a comprehensive understanding refer to:

 Eastern parts of continents in sub-tropical latitudes (under the infleuence of

 Temp max 27* C in summer, winter 5-12*C

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 Daily range of temperature is small

o South and East China

o Eastern Coasts Of Australia

o Eastern part of N-America

o Coastal South Africa

Marine West Coast climate

 Located polewards from Mediterrenean climate

 Under the influence of westerlies so rainfall varies greatly 50-250 cm annually

o West coast of N-America

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Explanation for Q10 and 11 are given together.

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The word smog is derived from smoke and fog.

La Nina is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as

Effects of photochemical smog

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Effects of Depletion of the Ozone Layer

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Refer to page 22 of 11th physical NCERT – Chapter 2. A detailed explanation is provided

 Tectonic earthquakes - sliding of plates along a fault plane

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 Collapse of roofs of underground mines

Earthquake Prone regions in the world

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt.

Concept of Sea Floor Spreading

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Major elements of earth‘s crust

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Or refer to the section 15.3 in Chapter 15 – Bio Class 11th NCERT

(iii) Water pressures controlled by wetting and drying cycles.

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EXTRA Question – (1) Solution: d)

Difference Alluvial fans and Deltas

 Water vapor (H2O)

 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Nitrous oxide (N2O)

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Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between

Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha

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This is shown in the diagram below.

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In 1980s atmospheric scientists working in Antarctica reported about depletion of ozone

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More than 200 Cm per annum

 Equatorial belt (also evenly distributed)

 Windward sides of mountain

 Western coasts of cool temperate zones (also evenly distributed)

 Coastal areas of monsoon land