UNIT 3: PASSIVE

There are 4 parts passive : passive tenses , special passive , impersonal passive and some
extra-structures.

1. Passive tenses

The central point:

- Object moved up as the subject.

- Unchanged tense.

- Add tobe, continuous tense have "being".

- Subject moved up “by O” (optional).

Eg order as part tenses:

- People speak English all over the world.

-> English is spoken all over the world.

- I am reading some books.

-> Some books are being read.

- I have just lost my key. ( simple perfect tense ~ simple perfect continuous tense)

-> My key has just been lost.

- I bought this book yesterday.

-> This book was bought yesterday.

- I were repairing the TV.

-> The TV was being repaired.

- I had just lost my key.

-> My key had been lost. ( past perfect tense ~ past perfect continuous tense)

- I will wash these cups.

-> These cups will be washed.

- I will repairing the TV tomorrow.

-> The TV will being repaired tomorrow.

- future perfect tense ~ future perfect continuous tense.

Structure: SO + will have been + V-p2 ( + by OS )

- Near future ~ near future in past

Structure: SO + be going to be + V-p2 ( + by OS )

2. Special passive

Structure: Active form: To have + sb + V + smt

To get /want + sb + to + V + smt

Passive form To + have / get + sth + V-p2 (by +Sb)

Uses:

- Arrange a thing or one thing for someone to do to help

Eg: A I am going to have/get a worker paint/to paint this room

P I am going to have this room painted by a worker.

She had her hair cut.

- One thing, one unfortunate incident happened with someone or something.

Eg: The storm blew off the roof of that house

-> The roof of that house was blown off by the storm.

-> That house had the roof blown off by the storm.

3. Impersonal passive

S1 + V1 ( +that) + S2 + V2 + O. (clause 1 and clause 2)

- The first way: (V1 is plurals)

It + tobe + V1-p2 + that + S2 + V2 + O.

- The second way:

Clause 1 and clause 2 are in the same tense:

S2 + tobe (V1) + V1-p2 + to + V2-infinitive + O.

O + tobe (V1) + V1-p2 + to + be V2-p2 (+ by S2)

Clause 1 and clause 2 are not in the same tense:

S2 + tobe (V1) + V1-p2 + to + have + V2-p2 + O.

O + tobe (V1) + V1-p2 + to + have been + V2-p2 (+ by S2)

Eg:

- People believed that Jim has stolen this car.

-> It was believed that Jim has stolen this car.

-> Jim was believed to have stolen this car.

-> This car was believed to have been stolen by Jim.

- They think that China invented paper in 503A.D.

-> It is said that China invented paper in 503A.D.

-> China is thought to have invented paper in 503A.D.

-> Paper is thought to have been invented paper in 503A.D by China.

4. Several other passive

- have to/ ought to/ used to/ continue to + V + O

-> have to/ ought to/ used to/ continue to + be V-p2

Eg: They have to change the date of the meeting again.

-> The date of the meeting has to be changed again.

- make/ let/ help/ see/watch + sb + V + sth.

-> Sb + be + made/ let/ seen/watch + to V + sth.

Or Sb + be + helped + Vo + sth.

Eg: Our teacher make us do a lot of exercises.

-> We are made to do a lot of exercises.

- It + be + sb’s + duty + to V + sth.

-> Sb + be + supposed + to V + sth.

Eg: It is your duty to do these exercises at home.

-> You are supposed to do these exercises at home.

- Need + V-ing / to be V-p2. (in passive meaning)

Eg: This shoes are dirty, they need cleaning.

- want/ hope/ expect/ wish + sb + to + V + sth

-> want/ hope/ expect/ wish + sth + to be + V-p2 (by sb)

Eg: I want you to speak English in the class.

-> I want English to be spoken in the class.

- had better + V -> should be + V-p2

Eg: You had better to buy this bike

-> This bike should be bought.

- It is possible/ impossible + to + Vo + sth

-> Sth can(not) be V-p2

-> it is possible/ impossible for sth to be + V-p2

Eg: It is impossible to do these exercises.

-> This exercises can’t be done.

-> It is impossible for these execises to be done.

- Imperative passive: Do(not)+ V sth. -> Should (not) + be + V-p2.

-> Do (not) + let + to be + V-p2.

Eg: Don’t close the door!

-> The door shouldn’t be closed.

- want/ wish +sb + to + Vo + sth -> want/ expect s+ sth + to be + V-p2 (by sb)

Eg: I want her to type this letter.

-> I want this letter to be typed by her.

- Like/ hate/ love + V-ing -> Like/ hate/ love + being + V-p2

Like/ hate/ love + sb + to + Vo +sth -> Like/ hate/ love + sth + to be + V-p2 (by sb)

Eg: I like her read this book to me.

-> I like this book to be read by her

He like people to call him “sir”

-> He like to be called “sir”

-> He like being called “sir”

- S + insist/ suggest/ recommend/ propose/ advise + V-ing + sth

-> S + insist/ suggest/ recommend/ propose/ advise + that + sth + should be + V-p2.

S + agree/ arrange/ decide/ determine + to + Vo + sth

-> S + agree/ arrange/ decide/ determine + that + sth + should be + V-p2.

Eg: I decided to open a new class.

-> I decided that a new class should be opened.

- S1 + advise/ urge/ beg/ recommend + S2 + to + Vo + sth.

-> S1 + advise/ urge/ beg/ recommend + that + sth + should be + V-p2 (by S2)

-> S2 + be + advise/ urge/ beg/ recommend-ed + to + Vo + sth.

Eg: He advised me to study English.

-> He advised that English should be studied by me.

-> I was advised to study English.

EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1. Rewrite those sentences into passive ones

1.My father waters this flower every morning.

2.John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night.

3.Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.

4.We should clean our teeth twice a day.

5.Our teachers have explained the English grammar.

6.Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city.

7.Tom will visit his parents next month.

8.The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning.

9.Did Mary wear this beautiful dress?

10.I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room.

EXERCISE 2:

1.The waiter brings me this dish.

2.Our friends send these postcards to us.

3.Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week.

4.Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother.

5.You didn’t show me the special cameras.

6.She showed her ticket to the airline agent.

7.He lends his friend his new shoes.

8.She left her relatives five million pounds.

9.The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer.

10.The board awarded the first prize to the reporter.

EXERCISE 3:

1.They told that you were the best architect in this city.

2.She reported that the flowers were killed by frost.

3.Some people inform that the director is going to take a business trip to England.

4.That officer announced that the meeting was delayed until next week.

5.He discovered that this cotton was grown in Egypt.

6.They promise that the performance will start on time.

7.He recommends that we should stay at the city center.

8.We believed that Alice would pass the driving test.

9.The director notifies that they will have to work extra hard this month.

10.They have persuaded that they will go with me to the stadium.

EXERCISE 4:

1.I had my nephew paint the gate last week.

2.She will have Peter wash her car tomorrow.

3.They have her tell the story again.

4.John gets his sister to clean his shirt.

5.Anne had had a friend type her composition.

6.Rick will have a barber cut his hair.

7.I will get the dressmaker to make a new dress.

8.He had a mechanic repair his car.

9.She often gets the technician to maintain the heater.

10.They had the police arrest the shoplifter.