History of Apple

Inc.
Page issues

Current Apple logo introduced August 27, 1999 and

remains in use today.

Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc.,

is a multinational corporation that
creates consumer electronics, personal
computers, servers, and computer
software, and is a digital distributor of
media content. The company also has a
chain of retail stores known as Apple
Stores. Apple's core product lines are the
iPhone smart phone, iPad tablet
computer, iPod portable media players,
and Macintosh computer line. Founders
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created
Apple Computer on April 1, 1976,[1] and
incorporated the company on January 3,
1977,[2] in Cupertino, California.

For more than three decades, Apple

Computer was predominantly a
manufacturer of personal computers,
including the Apple II, Macintosh, and
Power Mac lines, but it faced rocky sales
and low market share during the 1990s.
Jobs, who had been ousted from the
company in 1985, returned to Apple in
1996 after his company NeXT was
bought by Apple.[3] The following year he
became the company's interim CEO,[4]
which later became permanent.[5] Jobs
subsequently instilled a new corporate
philosophy of recognizable products and
simple design, starting with the original
iMac in 1998.

With the introduction of the successful

iPod music player in 2001 and iTunes
Music Store in 2003, Apple established
itself as a leader in the consumer
electronics and media sales industries,
leading it to drop "Computer" from the
company's name in 2007. The company
is now also known for its iOS range of
smart phone, media player, and tablet
computer products that began with the
iPhone, followed by the iPod Touch and
then iPad. As of 30 June 2015, Apple
was the largest publicly traded
corporation in the world by market
capitalization,[6] with an estimated value
of US$695 billion as of February 9,
2017.[7] Apple's worldwide annual
revenue in 2010 totaled US$65 billion,
growing to US$127.8 billion in 2011[8]
and $156 billion in 2012.[9]

1975–1985: Jobs and

1975–1985: Jobs and
Wozniak
Pre-foundation

Garage of Steve Jobs' parents' home in Los Altos,

California

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had

withdrawn from Reed College and UC
Berkeley respectively by 1975. Wozniak
designed a video terminal that he could
use to log on to the minicomputers at
Call Computer. Alex Kamradt
commissioned the design and sold a
small number of them through his firm.
Aside from their interest in up-to-date
technology, the impetus for "the two
Steves" seems to have had another
source. In his essay From Satori to Silicon
Valley (published 1986), cultural historian
Theodore Roszak made the point that the
Apple Computer emerged from within the
West Coast counterculture and the need
to produce print-outs, letter labels, and
databases. Roszak offers a bit of
background on the development of the
two Steves' prototype models.

In 1976, Wozniak started attending

meetings of the Homebrew Computer
Club. New microcomputers such as the
Altair 8800 and the IMSAI inspired him to
build a microprocessor into his video
terminal and have a complete computer.

At the time the only microcomputer CPUs

generally available were the $179 Intel
8080 (equivalent to $797 in 2016), and
the $170 Motorola 6800 (equivalent to
$757 in 2016). Wozniak preferred the
6800, but both were out of his price
range. So he watched, and learned, and
designed computers on paper, waiting for
the day he could afford a CPU.

When MOS Technology released its $20

(equivalent to $84 in 2016) 6502 chip in
1976, Wozniak wrote a version of BASIC
for it, then began to design a computer
for it to run on. The 6502 was designed
by the same people who designed the
6800, as many in Silicon Valley left
employers to form their own companies.
Wozniak's earlier 6800 paper-computer
needed only minor changes to run on the
new chip.

Wozniak completed the machine and

took it to Homebrew Computer Club
meetings to show it off. At the meeting,
Wozniak met his old friend Jobs, who
was interested in the commercial
potential of the small hobby machines.
Steve Wozniak's Apple I design was sold as an

assembled circuit board and lacked basic features

such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of
this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.

The very first Apple Computer logo, drawn by Ronald

Wayne, depicts Isaac Newton under an apple tree.
Created by Rob Janoff in 1977, the Apple logo with

the rainbow scheme was used from April of that

year[10] until August 26, 1999. Steve Jobs has
asserted the apple logo was inspired by the story of
his childhood.

Apple I and company

formation

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had been

friends for some time, having met in
1971, when their mutual friend, Bill
Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old
Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. They began
their partnership when Wozniak, a
talented, self-educated electronics
engineer, began constructing boxes
which enabled one to make long-
distance phone calls at no cost, and sold
several hundred models.[11] Later, Jobs
managed to interest Wozniak in
assembling a computer machine and
selling it.

Jobs approached a local computer store,

The Byte Shop, who said they would be
interested in the machine, but only if it
came fully assembled. The owner, Paul
Terrell, went further, saying he would
order 50 of the machines and pay US
$500 each on delivery (equivalent to
$2,100 in 2016).[12] Jobs then took the
purchase order that he had been given
from the Byte Shop to Cramer
Electronics, a national electronic parts
distributor, and ordered the components
he needed to assemble the Apple I
Computer. The local credit manager
asked Jobs how he was going to pay for
the parts and he replied, "I have this
purchase order from the Byte Shop chain
of computer stores for 50 of my
computers and the payment terms are
COD. If you give me the parts on a net
30-day terms I can build and deliver the
computers in that time frame, collect my
money from Terrell at the Byte Shop and
pay you."[13][14]
The credit manager called Paul Terrell,
who was attending an IEEE computer
conference at Asilomar in Pacific Grove,
and verified the validity of the purchase
order. Amazed at the tenacity of Jobs,
Terrell assured the credit manager if the
computers showed up in his stores, Jobs
would be paid and would have more than
enough money to pay for the parts order.
The two Steves and their small crew
spent day and night building and testing
the computers, and delivered to Terrell on
time to pay his suppliers and have a tidy
profit left over for their celebration and
next order. Steve Jobs had found a way
to finance his soon-to-be multimillion-
dollar company without giving away one
share of stock or ownership.

The machine had only a few notable

features. One was the use of a TV as the
display system, whereas many machines
had no display at all. This was not like
the displays of later machines, however;
text was displayed at 60 characters per
second. However, this was still faster
than the teleprinters used on
contemporary machines of that era. The
Apple I also included bootstrap code on
ROM, which made it easier to start up.
Finally, at the insistence of Paul Terrell,
Wozniak also designed a cassette
interface for loading and saving
programs, at the then-rapid pace of
1200 bit/s. Although the machine was
fairly simple, it was nevertheless a
masterpiece of design, using far fewer
parts than anything in its class, and
quickly earning Wozniak a reputation as
a master designer.

Joined by another friend, Ronald Wayne,

the three started to build the machines.
Using a variety of methods, including
borrowing space from friends and family,
selling various prized items (like
calculators and a VW bus) and
scrounging, Jobs managed to secure the
parts needed while Wozniak and Wayne
assembled them. Building such a
machine was going to be financially
burdensome, and the owner of the Byte
Shop was expecting complete
computers, not just printed circuit
boards. The boards being a product for
the customers, Terrell still paid them.[15]
Jobs started looking for cash, but banks
were reluctant to lend him money; the
idea of a computer for ordinary people
seemed absurd at the time. Jobs
eventually met Mike Markkula who co-
signed a bank loan for $250,000
(equivalent to $1,050,000 in 2016), and
Jobs, Wozniak and Wayne formed Apple
Computer on April 1, 1976. Wayne was
somewhat gun-shy due to a failed
venture four years earlier, and soon
dropped out of the company.[1] The name
Apple was chosen because the company
to beat in the technology industry at the
time was Atari, and Apple Computer
came before Atari alphabetically and
thus also in the phone book. Another
reason was that Jobs had happy
memories of working on an Oregon apple
farm one summer.[16] Eventually, 200 of
the Apple I's were built.

Apple II

Wozniak had soon moved on from the

Apple I. Many of the design features of
the I were due to the limited amount of
money they had to construct the
prototype, but with the income from the
sales Wozniak was able to start
construction of a greatly improved
machine, the Apple II; it was presented to
the public at the first West Coast
Computer Faire on April 16 and 17, 1977.
On the first day of exhibition, Jobs
introduced the Apple II to a Japanese
chemist named Toshio Mizushima, who
became the first authorized Apple dealer
in Japan.

The main difference internally was a

completely redesigned TV interface,
which held the display in memory. Now
not only useful for simple text display, the
Apple II included graphics and, eventually,
color. Jobs meanwhile pressed for a
much improved case and keyboard, with
the idea that the machine should be
complete and ready to run out of the box.
This was almost the case for the Apple I
machines sold to The Byte Shop, but one
still needed to plug various parts
together and type in the code to run
BASIC.

With both cash and a new case design in

hand thanks to designer Jerry Manock,
the Apple II was released in 1977 and
was one of the three "1977 Trinity"
computers generally credited with
creating the home computer market (the
other two being the Commodore PET and
the Tandy Corporation TRS-80).[17]
Millions were sold well into the 1980s. A
number of different models of the Apple
II series were built, including the Apple IIe
and Apple IIGS, which continued in public
use for nearly two decades thereafter.

Apple III

Apple III
While the Apple II was already
established as a successful business-
ready platform because of Visicalc,
Apple was not content. The Apple III was
designed to take on the business
environment. The Apple III was released
on May 19, 1980.

The Apple III was a relatively

conservative design for computers of the
era. However, Steve Jobs did not want
the computer to have a fan; rather, he
wanted the heat generated by the
electronics to be dissipated through the
chassis of the machine, forgoing the
cooling fan.
However, the physical design of the case
was not sufficient to cool the
components inside it. By removing the
fan from the design, the Apple III was
prone to overheating. This caused the
integrated circuit chips to disconnect
from the motherboard. Customers who
contacted Apple customer service were
told to "raise the computers six inches in
the air, and then let go", which would
cause the ICs to fall back into place.

Thousands of Apple III computers were

recalled. A new model was introduced in
1983 to try and rectify the problems, but
the damage was already done.
Apple IPO

In the July 1980 issue of Kilobaud

Microcomputing, publisher Wayne Green
stated that "the best consumer ads I've
seen have been those by Apple. They are
attention-getting, and they must be
prompting sale."[18] In August, the
Financial Times reported that

Apple Computer, the fast

growing Californian
manufacturer of small
computers for the consumer,
business and educational
markets, is planning to go
 public later this year. [It] is the
largest private manufacturer in
the U.S. of small computers.
Founded about five years ago as
a small workshop business, it
has become the second largest
manufacturer of small
computers, after the Radio
Shack division of the Tandy
company.[19]

On December 12, 1980, Apple launched

the Initial Public Offering of its stock to
the investing public. When Apple went
public, it generated more capital than any
IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956
and instantly created more millionaires
(about 300) than any company in
history.[20] Several venture capitalists
cashed out, reaping billions in long-term
capital gains.

In January 1981, Apple held its first

shareholders meeting as a public
company in the Flint Center, a large
auditorium at nearby De Anza College
(which is often used for symphony
concerts) to handle the larger numbers
of shareholders post-IPO. The business
of the meeting had been planned so that
the voting could be staged in 15 minutes
or less. In most cases, voting proxies are
collected by mail and counted days or
months before a meeting. In this case,
after the IPO, many shares were in new
hands.

Steve Jobs started his prepared speech,

but after being interrupted by voting
several times, he dropped his prepared
speech and delivered a long, emotionally
charged talk about betrayal, lack of
respect, and related topics.

The IBM PC

By August 1981 Apple was among the

three largest microcomputer companies,
perhaps having replaced Radio Shack as
the leader.[21] IBM entered the personal
computer market that month with the
IBM PC,[22] but Apple had many
advantages. While IBM began with one
microcomputer, little available hardware
or software, and a couple of hundred
dealers, Apple had five times as many
dealers in the US and an established
international distribution network. The
Apple II had an installed base of more
than 250,000 customers, and hundreds
of independent developers offered
software and peripherals; at least ten
databases and ten word processors were
available, while the PC had no databases
and one word processor.[23] The
company's customers gained a
reputation for devotion and loyalty. BYTE
in 1984 stated that[24]

There are two kinds of people in

the world: people who say Apple
isn't just a company, it's a cause;
and people who say Apple isn't a
cause, it's just a company. Both
groups are right. Nature has
suspended the principle of
noncontradiction where Apple
is concerned.

Apple is more than just a

company because its foundin g
has some of the qualities of
myth ... Apple is two guys in a
garage undertaking the mis sion
of bringing computing power,
once reserved for big
corporations, to ordinary
individuals with ordinary
budgets. The company's growth
from two guys to a billion-dollar
corporation exemplifies the
American Dream. Even as a
large corporation, Apple plays
David to IBM's Goliath, and
thus has the sympathetic role in
that myth.
The magazine noted, however, that the
loyalty was not entirely positive for Apple;
customers were willing to overlook real
flaws in its products, even while
comparing the company to a higher
standard than for competitors.[24] The
Apple III was an example of the
company's reputation among dealers
that one described as "Apple
arrogance".[25][26] After examining a PC
and finding it unimpressive, Apple
confidently purchased a full-page
advertisement in The Wall Street Journal
with the headline "Welcome, IBM.
Seriously". Microsoft head Bill Gates was
at Apple headquarters the day of IBM's
announcement and later said "They didn't
seem to care. It took them a full year to
realize what had happened".[22] By 1983
the PC surpassed the Apple II as the
best-selling personal computer.[27] By
1984 IBM had $4 billion in annual PC
revenue, more than twice that of Apple
and as much as the sales of it and the
next three companies combined.[28] Most
Apple II sales had been to companies,[29]
but a Fortune survey found that 56% of
American companies with personal
computers used IBM PCs, compared to
16% for Apple.[30] Small businesses,
schools, and some homes became the
II's primary market.[29]
Xerox PARC and the Lisa

Lisa

Apple Computer’s business division was

focused on the Apple III, another iteration
of the text-based computer.
Simultaneously the Lisa group worked on
a new machine that would feature a
completely different interface and
introduce the words mouse, icon, and
desktop into the lexicon of the computing
public. In return for the right to buy
US$1,000,000 of pre-IPO stock, Xerox
granted Apple Computer three days
access to the PARC facilities. After
visiting PARC, they came away with new
ideas that would complete the
foundation for Apple Computer's first GUI
computer, the Apple Lisa.[31][32][33][34]

The first iteration of Apple's WIMP

interface was a floppy disk where files
could be spatially moved around. After
months of usability testing, Apple
designed the Lisa interface of windows
and icons.

The Lisa was introduced in 1983 at a

cost of US $9,995 (equivalent to $24,000
in 2016). Because of the high price, Lisa
failed to penetrate the business market.

Macintosh and the "1984"

commercial

The Macintosh 128k was announced to

the press in October 1983, followed by an
18-page brochure included with various
magazines in December.[35] Its debut,
however, was announced by a single
national broadcast of the now famous
US$1.5 million television commercial,
"1984" (equivalent to $3,500,000 in
2016). It was directed by Ridley Scott,
aired during the third quarter of Super
Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984,[36] and is
now considered a "watershed event"[37]
and a "masterpiece."[38] 1984 used an
unnamed heroine to represent the
coming of the Macintosh (indicated by
her white tank top with a Picasso-style
picture of Apple’s Macintosh computer
on it) as a means of saving humanity
from "conformity" (Big Brother).[39] These
images were an allusion to George
Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-
Four, which described a dystopian future
ruled by a televised "Big Brother."

For a special post-election edition of

Newsweek in November 1984, Apple
spent more than US$2.5 million to buy all
39 of the advertising pages in the
issue.[40] Apple also ran a “Test Drive a
Macintosh” promotion, in which potential
buyers with a credit card could take
home a Macintosh for 24 hours and
return it to a dealer afterwards. While
200,000 people participated, dealers
disliked the promotion, the supply of
computers was insufficient for demand,
and many were returned in such a bad
shape that they could no longer be sold.
This marketing campaign caused CEO
John Sculley to raise the price from
US$1,995 (equivalent to $4,600 in 2016)
to US$2,495 (equivalent to $5,800 in
2016).[41]
Two days after the 1984 ad aired, the
Macintosh went on sale. It came bundled
with two applications designed to show
off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint.
Although the Mac garnered an
immediate, enthusiastic following, it was
too radical for some, who labeled it a
mere "toy". Because the machine was
entirely designed around the GUI, existing
text-mode and command-driven
applications had to be redesigned and
the programming code rewritten; this
was a challenging undertaking that many
software developers shied away from,
and resulted in an initial lack of software
for the new system. In April 1984
Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from
MS-DOS, followed by Microsoft Word in
January 1985.[42] In 1985, Lotus Software
introduced Lotus Jazz after the success
of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it
was largely a flop.[43] Apple introduced
Macintosh Office the same year with the
lemmings ad, infamous for insulting
potential customers. It was not
successful.[41]

Macintosh also spawned the concept of

Mac evangelism which was pioneered by
Apple employee, and later Apple Fellow,
Guy Kawasaki.

Despite initial marketing difficulties, the

Macintosh brand was eventually a
success for Apple. This was due to its
introduction of desktop publishing (and
later computer animation) through
Apple's partnership with Adobe Systems
which introduced the laser printer and
Adobe PageMaker. Indeed, the
Macintosh would become known as the
de facto platform for many industries
including cinema, music, advertising,
publishing and the arts.

1985: Jobs leaves Apple

Sculley and Jobs' visions for the

company greatly differed. The former
favored open architecture computers like
the Apple II, sold to education, small
business, and home markets less
vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the
company to focus on the closed
architecture Macintosh as a business
alternative to the IBM PC. President and
CEO Sculley had little control over
Chairman of the Board Jobs' Macintosh
division; it and the Apple II division
operated like separate companies,
duplicating services.[44] Although its
products provided 85% of Apple's sales in
early 1985, the company's January 1985
annual meeting did not mention the
Apple II division or employees. Many left,
including Wozniak, who stated that the
company had "been going in the wrong
direction for the last five years" and sold
most of his stock.[45]
The Macintosh's failure to defeat the PC
strengthened Sculley's position in the
company. In June 1985, the board of
directors sided with Sculley and Jobs
was stripped of all duties. Jobs, while
taking the position of Chairman of the
firm, had no influence over Apple's
direction and subsequently resigned.
Sculley reorganized the company,
unifying sales and marketing in one
division and product operations and
development in another.[46][44] In a show
of defiance at being set aside by Apple
Computer, Jobs sold all but one of his 6.5
million shares in the company for $70
million. Jobs then acquired the visual
effects house, Pixar for $5M (equivalent
to $10,900,000 in 2016). He also went on
to found NeXT Inc., a computer company
that built machines with futuristic
designs and ran the UNIX-derived
NeXTstep operating system. NeXTSTEP
would eventually be developed into Mac
OS X. While not a commercial success,
due in part to its high price, the NeXT
computer would introduce important
concepts to the history of the personal
computer (including serving as the initial
platform for Tim Berners-Lee as he was
developing the World Wide Web).[47]

1985–1997: Sculley, Spindler,

Amelio
Macintosh SE

Corporate performance

Under leadership of John Sculley, Apple

issued its first corporate stock dividend
on May 11, 1987. A month later on June
16, Apple stock split for the first time in a
2:1 split. Apple kept a quarterly dividend
with about 0.3% yield until November 21,
1995. Between March 1988 and January
1989, Apple undertook five acquisitions,
including software companies Network
Innovations,[48] Styleware,[49] Nashoba
Systems,[50] and Coral Software,[51] as
well as satellite communications
company Orion Network Systems.[52]

Apple continued to sell both lines of its

computers, the Apple II and the
Macintosh. A few months after
introducing the Mac, Apple released a
compact version of the Apple II called the
Apple IIc. And in 1986 Apple introduced
the Apple IIgs, an Apple II positioned as
something of a hybrid product with a
mouse-driven, Mac-like operating
environment. Even with the release of the
first Macintosh, Apple II computers
remained the main source of income for
Apple for years.[53]

The Mac family

At the same time, the Mac was becoming

a product family of its own. The original
model evolved into the Mac Plus in 1986
and spawned the Mac SE and the Mac II
in 1987 and the Mac Classic and Mac LC
in 1990. Meanwhile, Apple attempted its
first portable Macs: the failed Macintosh
Portable in 1989 and then the more
popular PowerBook in 1991, a landmark
product that established the modern
form and ergonomic layout of the laptop.
Popular products and increasing
revenues made this a good time for
Apple. MacAddict magazine has called
1989 to 1991 the "first golden age" of the
Macintosh.

On February 19, 1987, Apple registered

the "Apple.com" domain name, making it
one of the first hundred companies to
register a .com address on the nascent
Internet.[54]

Early-mid-1990s

In the late 1980s, Apple's fiercest

technological rivals were the Amiga and
Atari ST platforms. But computers based
on the IBM PC were far more popular
than all three, and by the 1990s, they
finally had a comparable GUI thanks to
Windows 3.0, and were out-competing
Apple.

Apple's response to the PC threat was a

profusion of new Macintosh lines such
as Quadra, Centris, and Performa.
However, these new lines were marketed
poorly by what was now "arguably one of
the worst-managed companies in the
industry".[55] For one, there were too
many models, differentiated by very
minor graduations in their tech specs.
The excess of arbitrary model numbers
confused many consumers and hurt
Apple's reputation for simplicity. Apple's
retail resellers like Sears and CompUSA
often failed to sell or even competently
display these Macs. Compounding
matters was the fact that, although the
machines were cheaper than a
comparable PC (when taken into account
all the components built-in which had to
be added to the 'bare bones PC'), the
poor marketing gave the impression that
the machines were more expensive.
Inventory grew as Apple consistently
underestimated demand for popular
models and overestimated demand for
others.[55]

In 1991, Apple partnered with long-time

competitor IBM and Motorola to form the
AIM alliance. The ultimate goal was to
create a revolutionary new computing
platform, known as PReP, which would
use IBM and Motorola hardware and
Apple software. As the first step toward
the PReP platform, Apple started the
Power Macintosh line in 1994, using
PowerPC processors from Motorola and
IBM. These processors used a RISC
architecture, which differed substantially
from the Motorola 680X0 series that
were used by all previous Macs. Parts of
Apple's operating system software were
rewritten so that most software written
for older Macs could run in emulation on
the PowerPC series. Apple also refused
IBM's offer to purchase the company, but
later unsuccessfully sought another offer
from IBM,[56] and at one point was "hours
away" from an acquisition by Sun
Microsystems.[55][57]

In addition to computers, Apple has also

produced consumer devices. In 1993,
Apple released the Newton, an early
personal digital assistant (PDA). It
defined and launched the PDA category
and was a forerunner and inspiration of
devices such as Palm Pilot and Pocket
PC.

In 1994 Apple launched eWorld, an online

service providing email, news and a
bulletin board system to replace
AppleLink. It was shut down in 1996.
During 1995, a decision was made to
(officially) start licensing the Mac OS and
Macintosh ROMs to 3rd party
manufacturers who started producing
Macintosh “clones”. This was done in
order to achieve deeper market
penetration and extra revenue for the
company. This decision lead to Apple
having over a 10% market share until
1997 when Steve Jobs was re-hired as
interim CEO to replace Gil Amelio. Jobs
promptly found a loophole in the
licensing contracts Apple had with the
clone manufacturers and terminated the
Macintosh OS licensing program, ending
the Macintosh clone era. The result of
this action was that Macintosh computer
market share quickly fell from 10% to
around 3%.

In 1996, the struggling NeXT company

beat out Be Inc.'s BeOS in its bid to sell its
operating system to Apple. Apple
purchased Steve Jobs' company, NeXT
on December 10, 1996, and its NeXTstep
operating system. This would not only
bring Steve Jobs back to Apple's
management, but NeXT technology
would become the foundation of the Mac
OS X operating system.

1997–2001: Apple's
comeback
Return of Steve Jobs
On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted
as CEO of Apple by the board of
directors. Jobs stepped in as the interim
CEO to begin a critical restructuring of
the company's product line. He would
eventually become CEO and served in
that position until August 2011. On
August 24, 2011 Steve Jobs resigned his
position as chief executive officer of
Apple before his long battle with
pancreatic cancer took his life on
October 5, 2011.[58]

On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced

the Apple Store, an online retail store
based upon the WebObjects application
server the company had acquired in its
purchase of NeXT. The new direct sales
outlet was also tied to a new build-to-
order manufacturing strategy.[59][60]

Microsoft deal

At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs

announced that Apple would be entering
into a partnership with Microsoft.
Included in this was a five-year
commitment from Microsoft to release
Microsoft Office for Macintosh as well as
a US$150 million investment in Apple. As
part of the deal Apple and Microsoft
agreed to settle a long-standing dispute
over whether Microsoft's Windows
operating system infringed on any of
Apple's patents.[61] It was also
announced that Internet Explorer would
be shipped as the default browser on the
Macintosh, with the user being able to
have a preference. Microsoft chairman
Bill Gates appeared at the expo on-
screen, further explaining Microsoft's
plans for the software they were
developing for Mac, and stating that he
was very excited to be helping Apple
return to success. After this, Steve Jobs
said this to the audience at the expo:

If we want to move forward and

see Apple healthy and
prospering again, we have to let
go of a few things here. We have
to let go of this notion that for
Apple to win, Microsoft has to
lose. We have to embrace a
notion that for Apple to win,
Apple has to do a really good
job. And if others are going to
help us that's great, because we
need all the help we can get, and
if we screw up and we don't do a
good job, it's not somebody
else's fault, it's our fault. So I
think that is a very important
perspective. If we want
Microsoft Office on the Mac, we
better treat the company that
puts it out with a little bit of
gratitude; we'd like their
software.

So, the era of setting this up as a

competition between Apple and
Microsoft is over as far as I'm
concerned. This is about getting
Apple healthy, this is about
Apple being able to make
incredibly great contributions
to the industry and to get
healthy and prosper again. [62]
The day before the announcement Apple
had a market cap of $2.46 billion,[63] and
had ended its previous quarter with
quarterly revenues of US$1.7 billion and
cash reserves of US$1.2 billion,[64]
making the US$150 million amount of
the investment largely symbolic. Apple
CFO Fred Anderson stated that Apple
would use the additional funds to invest
in its core markets of education and
creative content.[61]

iMac, iBook, and Power Mac

G4
The original iMac

While discontinuing Apple's licensing of

its operating system to third-party
computer manufacturers, one of Jobs's
first moves as new acting CEO was to
develop the iMac, which bought Apple
time to restructure. The original iMac
integrated a CRT display and CPU into a
streamlined, translucent plastic body.
The line became a sales smash, moving
about one million units each year. It also
helped re-introduce Apple to the media
and public, and announced the
company's new emphasis on the design
and aesthetics of its products.

In 1999, Apple introduced the Power Mac

G4, which utilized the Motorola-made
PowerPC 7400 containing a 128-bit
instruction unit known as AltiVec, its
flagship processor line. Also that year,
Apple unveiled the iBook, its first
consumer-oriented laptop that was also
the first Macintosh to support the use of
Wireless LAN via the optional AirPort
card that was based on the 802.11b
standard; it helped popularize the use of
Wireless LAN technology to connect
computers to networks.

Mac OS X

Company headquarters on Infinite Loop in Cuper tino

In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X (now

known as macOS), an operating system
based on NeXT's NeXTSTEP and
incorporating parts of the FreeBSD
kernel.[65] Aimed at consumers and
professionals alike, Mac OS X married
the stability, reliability and security of
Unix with the ease of a completely
overhauled user interface. To aid users in
transitioning their applications from Mac
OS 9, the new operating system allowed
the use of Mac OS 9 applications through
the Classic environment. Apple's Carbon
API also allowed developers to adapt
their Mac OS 9 software to use Mac OS
X's features.

Retail stores

In May 2001, after much speculation,

Apple announced the opening of a line of
Apple retail stores, to be located
throughout the major U.S. computer
buying markets. The stores were
designed for two primary purposes: to
stem the tide of Apple's declining share
of the computer market and to respond
to poor marketing of Apple products at
third-party retail outlets.

2001–2007: iPods, iTunes

Store, Intel transition
iPod
A 2nd generation iPod

iPod mini with the user interface set to German

In October 2001, Apple introduced its
first iPod portable digital audio player.
Then iPod started as a 5 gigabyte player
capable of storing around 1000 songs.
Since then it has evolved into an array of
products including the Mini (now
discontinued), the iPod Touch, the
Shuffle (now discontinued), the iPod
Classic (also discontinued), the Nano
(now discontinued), the iPhone and the
iPad. Since March 2011, the largest
storage capacity for an iPod has been
160 gigabytes.[66] Speaking to software
developers on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs
said the company's share of the entire
portable music device market stood at
76%.
The iPod gave an enormous lift to Apple's
financial results.[67] In the quarter ending
March 26, 2005, Apple earned US$290
million, or 34¢ a share, on sales of
US$3.24 billion. The year before in the
same quarter, Apple earned just US$46
million, or 6¢ a share, on revenue of
US$1.91 billion.

Moving on from colored

plastics and the PowerPC G3

In early 2002, Apple unveiled a

completely redesigned iMac, using the
G4 processor and LCD display. The new
iMac G4 design had a white
hemispherical base and a flat panel all-
digital display supported by a swiveling
chrome neck. After several iterations
increasing the processing speed and
screen sizes from 15" to 17" to 20" the
iMac G4 was discontinued and replaced
by the iMac G5 in the summer of 2004.

In 2002, Apple also released the Xserve

1U rack mounted server. Originally
featuring two G4 chips, the Xserve was
unusual for Apple in two ways. It
represented an earnest effort to enter the
enterprise computer market and it was
also relatively cheaper than similar
machines released by its competitors.
This was due, in no small part, to Apple's
use of Fast ATA drives as opposed to the
SCSI hard drives used in traditional rack-
mounted servers. Apple later released
the Xserve RAID, a 14 drive RAID which
was, again, cheaper than competing
systems.

In mid-2003, Steve Jobs launched the

Power Mac G5, based on IBM's G5
processor. Its all-metal anodized
aluminum chassis finished Apple's
transition away from colored plastics in
their computers. Apple claims this was
the first 64-bit computer sold to the
general public. The Power Mac G5 was
also used by Virginia Tech to build its
prototype System X supercomputing
cluster, which at the time garnered the
prestigious recognition of the third
fastest supercomputer in the world. It
cost only US$5.2 million to build, far less
than the previous No. 3 and other ranking
supercomputers. Apple's Xserves were
soon updated to use the G5 as well. They
replaced the Power Mac G5 machines as
the main building block of Virginia Tech's
System X, which was ranked in
November 2004 as the world's seventh
fastest supercomputer.[68]

A new iMac based on the G5 processor

was unveiled August 31, 2004 and was
made available in mid-September. This
model dispensed with the base
altogether, placing the CPU and the rest
of the computing hardware behind the
flat-panel screen, which is suspended
from a streamlined aluminum foot. This
new iMac, dubbed the iMac G5, was the
"world's thinnest desktop computer",[69]
measuring in at around two inches
(around 5 centimeters).[70]

2004, however, was a turning point for

Apple. After creating a sizable financial
base to work with, the company began
experimenting with new parts from new
suppliers. As a result, Apple was able to
produce new designs quickly over a short
amount of time, with the release of the
iPod Video, then the iPod Classic, and
eventually the iPod touch and iPhone.
On April 29, 2005, Apple released Mac OS
X v10.4 "Tiger" to the general public.

Apple's wildly successful PowerBook and

iBook products relied on Apple's previous
generation G4 architecture which were
produced by Freescale Semiconductor, a
spin-off from Motorola. Engineers at IBM
had minimal success in making their
PowerPC G5 processor consume less
power and run cooler but not enough to
run in iBook or PowerBook formats. As of
the week of October 24, 2005 Apple
released the Power Mac G5 Dual that
features a Dual-Core processor. This
processor contains two cores in one
rather than have two separate
processors. Apple has also developed
the Power Mac G5 Quad that uses two of
the Dual-Core processors for enhanced
workstation power and performance. The
new Power Mac G5 Dual cores run
individually at 2.0 GHz or 2.3 GHz. The
Power Mac G5 Quad cores run
individually at 2.5 GHz and all variations
have a graphics processor that has 256-
bit memory bandwidth.[71]

Retail store expansion

Initially, the Apple Stores were only

opened in the United States, but in late
2003, Apple opened its first Apple Store
abroad, in Tokyo's Ginza district. Ginza
was followed by a store in Osaka, Japan
in August 2004. In 2005, Apple opened
stores in Nagoya, the Shibuya district of
Tokyo, Fukuoka, and Sendai. Another
store was opened in Sapporo in 2006.
Apple's first European store opened in
London, on Regent Street, in November
2004. A store in the Bullring shopping
centre in Birmingham opened in April
2005, and the Bluewater shopping centre
in Dartford, Kent opened in July 2005.
Apple opened its first store in Canada in
the middle of 2005 at the Yorkdale
Shopping Centre in North York, Toronto.
Later on in 2005 Apple opened the
Meadowhall Store in Sheffield and the
Trafford Centre Store in Manchester
(UK). Recent additions in the London
area include the Brent Cross Apple Store
(January 2006), the Apple Store in
Westfield in Shepherd's Bush (September
2008) and the Apple Store in Covent
Garden (August 2010), which is currently
the largest store[72] in the world.

Also, in an effort to court a broader

market, Apple opened several "mini"
stores in October 2004 in an attempt to
capture markets where demand does not
necessarily dictate a full scale store. The
first of these stores was opened at
Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto,
California. These stores follow in the
footsteps of the successful Apple
products: iPod mini and Mac mini. These
stores are only one half the square
footage of the smallest "normal" store
and thus can be placed in several smaller
markets.

Apple and "i" Web services

In 2000, Apple introduced its iTools

service, a set of free web-based tools
that included an email account, internet
greeting cards called iCards, a service
called iReview that gave internet users a
place to read and write reviews of Web
sites, and a tool called KidSafe which
promised to prevent children from
browsing inappropriate portions of the
web. The latter two services were
eventually canceled because of lack of
success, while iCards and email became
integrated into Apple's .Mac subscription
based service introduced in 2002 and
discontinued in mid-2008 to make way
for the release of the new MobileMe
service, coinciding with the iPhone 3G
release. MobileMe, which carried the
same US$99.00 annual subscription
price as its .Mac predecessor, featured
the addition of "push" services to
instantly and automatically send emails,
contacts and calendar updates directly to
users' iPhone devices. Some controversy
surrounded the release of MobileMe
services to users resulting in expected
downtime and a significantly longer
release window. As a result of this, Apple
extended the subscriptions of existing
MobileMe subscribers by an additional
30 days free-of-charge.[73] At the WWDC
event in June 2011, Apple announced its
most up to date cloud service, iCloud,
replacing MobileMe. This service kept
most of the core services that MobileMe
offered, however dropping iDisk, Gallery,
and iWeb. Additionally, it added a number
of other features to the group, including
Find my Mac, iTunes Match, Photo
Stream, Documents & Data Backup, and
iCloud backup for iOS devices. The
service requires users to be running iOS
5 and OS X 10.7 Lion.
iTunes Store

The iTunes Music Store was launched in

April 2003, with 2 million downloads in
the first 16 days. Music was purchased
through the iTunes application, which
was initially Macintosh-only; in October
2003, support for Windows was added.
Initially, the music store was only
available in the United States due to
licensing restrictions.

In June 2004 Apple opened their iTunes

Music Store in the United Kingdom,
France, and Germany. A version for the
European Union version opened October
2004, but it was not initially available in
the Republic of Ireland due to the
intransigence of the Irish Recorded
Music Association (IRMA) but was
opened there a few months later on
Thursday January 6, 2005. A version for
Canada opened in December 2004. On
May 10, 2005, the iTunes Music Store
was expanded to Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, and Switzerland.

On December 16, 2004, Apple sold its

200 millionth song on the iTunes Music
Store to Ryan Alekman from
Belchertown, Massachusetts. The
download was The Complete U2, by
U2.[74] Just under three months later
Apple sold its 300 millionth song on
March 2, 2005.[75] On July 17, 2005, the
iTunes Music Store sold its 500 millionth
song.[76] At that point, songs were selling
at an accelerating annualized rate of
more than 500 million.

On October 25, 2005, the iTunes Store

went live in Australia, with songs selling
for A$1.69 each, albums at (generally)
A$16.99 and music videos and Pixar
short films at A$3.39. Briefly, people in
New Zealand were able to buy music off
the Australian store. However, that
loophole was quickly closed.

On February 23, 2006, the iTunes Music

Store sold its 1 billionth song.[77]
The iTunes Music Store changed its
name to iTunes Store on September 12,
2006 when it began offering video
content (TV shows and movies) for sale.
Since iTunes' inception it has sold over 2
billion songs, 1.2 billion of which were
sold in 2006. Since downloadable TV and
movie content was added 50 million TV
episodes and 1.3 million movies have
been downloaded.

In early 2010, Apple celebrated the 10

billionth song downloaded from the
iTunes Music Store.[78]

Intel transition
In a keynote address on June 6, 2005,
Steve Jobs officially announced that
Apple would begin producing Intel-based
Macintosh computers beginning in
2006.[79] Jobs confirmed rumors that the
company had secretly been producing
versions of its current operating system
Mac OS X for both PowerPC and Intel
processors over the past 5 years, and
that the transition to Intel processor
systems would last until the end of 2007.
Rumors of cross-platform compatibility
had been spurred by the fact that Mac OS
X is based on OpenStep, an operating
system that was available for many
platforms. In fact, Apple's own Darwin,
the open source underpinnings of Mac
OS X, was also available for Intel's x86
architecture.[80][81][82]

On January 10, 2006, the first Intel-based

machines, the iMac and MacBook Pro,
were introduced.[83][84] They were based
on the Intel Core Duo platform. This
introduction came with the news that
Apple would complete the transition to
Intel processors on all hardware by the
end of 2006, a year ahead of the
originally quoted schedule.

2007–2011: Apple Inc.,

iPhone, iOS, iPad
On January 9, 2007, Apple Computer, Inc.
shortened its name to simply Apple Inc.
In his Macworld Expo keynote address,
Steve Jobs explained that with their
current product mix consisting of the
iPod and Apple TV as well as their
Macintosh brand, Apple really wasn't just
a computer company anymore. At the
same address, Jobs revealed a product
that would revolutionize an industry in
which Apple had never previously
competed: the Apple iPhone. The iPhone
combined Apple's first widescreen iPod
with the world's first mobile device
boasting visual voicemail, and an internet
communicator able to run a fully
functional version of Apple's web
browser, Safari, on the then-named
iPhone OS (later renamed iOS).
iOS evolution: iPhone and
iPad

The first version of the iPhone became

publicly available on June 29, 2007 in
selected countries/markets. It was
another 12 months before the iPhone 3G
became available on July 11, 2008. Apple
announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8,
2009, along with plans to release it later
in June, July, and August, starting with
the U.S., Canada and major European
countries on June 19. This 12-month
iteration cycle has continued with the
iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion
in 2010, a Verizon model was released in
February 2011, and a Sprint model in
October 2011, shortly after Jobs' death.

On February 10, 2011, the iPhone 4 was

made available on both Verizon Wireless
and AT&T. Now two iPod types are multi-
touch: the iPod nano and the iPod touch,
a big advance in technology. Apple TV
currently has a 2nd generation model,
which is 4 times smaller than the original
Apple TV. Apple has also gone wireless,
selling a wireless trackpad, keyboard,
mouse, and external hard drive. Wired
accessories are, however, still available.

The Apple iPad was announced on

January 27, 2010 with retail availability
commencing in April and systematically
growing in markets throughout 2010. The
iPad fits into Apple's iOS product line,
being twice the screen size of an iPhone
without the phone abilities. While there
were initial fears of product
cannibalisation the FY2010 financial
results released in Jan 2011 included
commentary of a reverse 'halo' effect,
where iPad sales were leading to
increased sales of iMacs and
MacBooks.[85]

Resurgence compared to
Microsoft

Since 2005, Apple's revenues, profits, and

stock price have grown significantly. On
May 26, 2010, Apple's stock market value
overtook Microsoft's,[86][87][88] and Apple's
revenues surpassed those of Microsoft
in the third quarter of 2010.[89][90] After
giving their results for the first quarter of
2011, Microsoft's net profits of $5.2
billion were lower for the quarter than
those of Apple, which earned $6 billion in
net profit for the quarter.[91][92] The late
April announcement of profits by the
companies marked the first time in 20
years that Microsoft's profits had been
lower than Apple's,[93] a situation
described by Ars Technica as
"unimaginable a decade ago".[91]
The Guardian reported that one of the
reasons for the change was because PC
software, where Microsoft dominates,
has become less important compared to
the tablet and smartphone markets,
where Apple has a strong presence.[93]
One reason for this was a surprise drop
in PC sales in the quarter.[93] Another
issue for Microsoft was that its online
search business had lost a lot of money,
with a loss of $700 million in the first
quarter of 2010.[93]

2011–present: Restructuring
and Apple Watch
On March 2, 2011, Apple unveiled the
iPad's second generation model, the iPad
2. Like the 4th generation iPod Touch and
iPhone, the iPad 2 comes with a front-
facing camera as well as a rear-facing
camera, along with three new apps that
utilize these new features: Camera,
FaceTime, and Photo Booth.

On August 24, 2011, Steve Jobs resigned

from his position as CEO[94] with Tim
Cook taking his place. On October 29,
2012, Apple announced structural
changes to increase collaboration
between hardware, software and
services.[95] This involved the departure
of Scott Forstall, responsible for the
launch of iOS (iPhone OS at the time of
launch), who was replaced with Craig
Federighi as head of iOS and OS X
teams. Jony Ive became head of HI
(Human Interface), whilst Eddy Cue was
announced as head of online services
including Siri and Maps. The most
notable short term difference of this
restructuring was the launch of iOS 7, the
first version of the operating system to
use a drastically different design to its
predecessors, headed by Jony Ive.,[96]
followed by OS X Yosemite a year later
with a similar design.

During this time, Apple released the

iPhone 5, the first iPhone to have a
screen larger than 3.5",[97] the iPod Touch
5, also with a 4" screen, the iPhone 5S
with fingerprint scanning technology in
the form of Touch ID, and iPhone 6 and
iPhone 6 Plus, with screens at 4.7" and
5.5". They released the iPad 3rd
generation with Retina Display, followed
by the iPad (4th generation) just half a
year later. The iPad Mini was announced
alongside the iPad 4th gen, and was the
first to feature a smaller screen than 9.7".
This was followed by the iPad Mini 2 with
Retina Display in 2013, alongside the
iPad Air, a continuation of the original
9.7" range of iPads, which was
subsequently followed by the iPad Air 2
with Touch ID in 2014. Apple also
released various major Mac updates,
including the MacBook Pro with Retina
Display,[98] whilst also discontinuing the
original MacBook range for a short
period, before reintroducing it in 2015
with various new features, a Retina
Display and a new design that
implemented USB-C, while removing all
other ports.[99] Apple also updated the
Mac Pro and iMac lines with a drastically
different smaller/thinner, but more
powerful designs.

On November 25, 2013, Apple acquired a

company called PrimeSense.[100] On May
28, 2014, Apple acquired Beats
Electronics, producers of the popular
Beats by Dre headphone and speaker
range, as well as streaming service Beats
Music.

On September 9, 2014, Apple announced

the Apple Watch, the first new product
range since the departure of Steve
Jobs.[101] The product cannot function
beyond basic features without being
within Bluetooth or WiFi range to an
iPhone, and contains basic applications
(many acting as a remote for other
devices, such as a music remote, or a
control for an Apple TV) and fitness
tracking. The Apple Watch received
mixed reviews, with critics suggesting
that whilst the device showed promise, it
lacked a clear purpose, similar to many
of the devices already on the market.[102]
The Apple Watch was released on April
24, 2015.[103]

On September 9, 2015, Apple announced

the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus with
3D Touch, the iPad Pro, and the fourth-
generation Apple TV, along with the
fourth-generation iPad Mini. On March
21, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone
SE and the smaller iPad Pro.

On September 7, 2016, Apple announced

the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus with an
improved camera and a faster processor
than the previous generation. The iPhone
7 and iPhone 7 Plus have high storage
options. On October 27, 2016, Apple
announced the new 13 and 15 inch
Macbook Pro with a retina Touch Bar. On
March 21, 2017, Apple announced the
iPad (2017). This is the iPad Air 2
successor, equipped with a faster
processor, and starts at $329. Apple also
announced the (Product)RED iPhone 7
and iPhone 7 Plus.

On June 5, 2017, Apple announced iOS

11 as well as new versions of macOS,
watchOS, and tvOS. Apple also released
updated versions of the iMac, MacBook
Pro, and MacBook. Apple also released
the new 10.5 and 12.9 inch iPad Pro.
Apple also released a Siri speaker similar
to the Amazon Echo called HomePod.

On September 12, 2017 at the

Steve Jobs Theater, Apple introduced the
iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus with better
camera features, more improvements in
product design, user experience,
performance and more, and announced
the iPhone X with facial recognition
technology and wireless charging. Apple
also announced the 4K Apple TV with 4K,
HDR and Dolby Vision experience, and
the Apple Watch Series 3, supporting a
cellular connection, running watchOS 4.

Financial history
As cash reserves increased significantly
in 2006, Apple created Braeburn Capital
on April 6, 2006 to manage its assets.[104]
 Financial Net sales (Million Net profits (Million Revenue Return on net
period USD) USD) growth sales

FY 1977[105] 0.773 n/a --- ---

FY 1978 7.856 0.793 920% 10%

FY 1979 47.867 5.073 508% 11%

FY 1980 117.126 11.698 146% 10%

FY 1981[106] 335 39.420 184% 12%

FY 1982 583 61 74% 10%

FY 1983 983 77 69% 8%

FY 1984 1,516 64 54% 4%

FY 1985 1,918 61 27% 3%

FY 1986 1,902 154 -1% 8%

FY 1987 2,661 218 40% 8%

FY 1988 4,071 400 53% 10%

FY 1989 5,284 454 30% 9%

FY 1990 5,558 475 5% 9%

FY 1991 6,309 310 12% 5%

FY 1992 7,087 530 12% 7%

FY 1993 7,977 87 13% 1%

FY 1994 9,189 310 15% 3%

FY 1995 11,062 424 20% 4%

FY 1996 9,833 -816 -11% -8%

FY 1997 7,081 -1,045 -28% -15%

FY 1998 5,941 309 -16% 5%

FY 1999 6,134 601 3% 10%

FY 2000 7,983 786 30% 10%

FY 2001 5,363 -37 -33% -1%

FY 2002 5,724 65 7% 1%

FY 2003 6,207 57 8% 1%

FY 2004 8,279 266 33% 3%

FY 2005 13,931 1,328 68% 10%

FY 2006 19,315 1,989 39% 10%

FY 2007 24,006 3,496 24% 15%

FY 2008 32,479 4,834 35% 15%

FY 2009[107] 42,905 8,235 32% 19%

FY 2010 65,225 14,013 52% 21%

FY 2011 108,249 25,922 66% 24%

FY 2012 156,508 41,733 45% 27%

FY 2013 170,910 37,037 9% 22%

FY 2014 182,795 39,510 7% 22%

FY 2015 233,715 53,394 28% 23%

FY 2016 215,639 45,687 -8% 21%

Stock

'AAPL' is the stock symbol under which

Apple Inc. trades on the NASDAQ stock
market. Apple originally went public on
December 12, 1980, with an initial public
offering at US$22.00[108] per share. The
stock has split 2 for 1 three different
times on June 15, 1987, June 21, 2000
and February 28, 2005. Apple initially
paid dividends from June 15, 1987 to
December 15, 1995. On March 19, 2012,
Apple announced that it would again
start paying a dividend of $2.65 per
quarter (beginning in the quarter that
starts in July 2012) along a $10 billion
share buyback which would commence
September 30, 2012, the start of its fiscal
2013 year.

Gene Munster and Michael Olson of

Piper Jaffray are the main analysts who
track Apple stock. Piper Jaffray estimate
future stock and revenue of Apple
annually, and have been doing so for
several years.[109]
Timeline of Apple Inc.
products

Products on this timeline indicate

introduction dates only and not
necessarily discontinued dates, as new
products begin on a contiguous product
line.

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Further reading
Edwards, Jim. These Pictures Of
Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely
Wonderful - Business Insider,
December 26, 2013. Contains vintage
photos from the early days of Apple.

Apple Inc. | Complete Documentation

since 1976. These Pictures Of Apple's
First Employees Are Absolutely
Wonderful

Gruman, Galen; Jim Heid (Feb 1994).

"Macintosh Innovation". MacWorld:
86–98..

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Apple Inc..

Welcome to Macintosh – 2008

documentary film about Apple history
and innovation.
25 Years of Mac: From Boxy Beige to
Silver Sleek – 2008 Wired on the 25th
anniversary of the Macintosh.
 The Apple Products That Totally Failed
In The Market

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title=History_of_Apple_Inc.&oldid=812901768"

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