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BEE 2123

TUTORIAL 1
ERROR MEASUREMENT SOLUTION

1. A batch of resistors that each have a


nominal resistance of 330 Ω are to be
tested and classified as ±5% and ±10%
components. Calculate the maximum
and minimum absolute resistance for
each case.

Answer:
330 ± 5 % = 330 ± 16.5Ω
330 ± 10% = 330 ± 33Ω

then, 330 + 16.5 = 346.5Ω


330 – 16.5 =313.5Ω
330 + 33 = 363Ω
330 – 33 = 297Ω

2. The resistors in Problem 1 are


specified at 25°C, and their temperature
coefficient is –300ppm/°C. Calculate the
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maximum and minimum resistance for
these components at 100°C.

Answer:
T = 25° C, R = 330Ω ± 5%

R max = 346.5Ω
R min = 313.5Ω

∆R/ °C:

at R max, 346.5 x (–300/1,000,000 ) =


-0.10395 Ω /°C

at R min, 313.5 x (–300/1,000,000 ) =


-0.09405 Ω /°C

∆T = 100 –25 = 75 °C

∆R Total:

at R max, ∆ R = 0.10395 x 75 =
-7.79625ohm

at R min, ∆ R = 0.09405 x 75 =
-7.05375ohm

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R max at 100 °C: R + ∆ R = 346.5Ω
-7.79625ohm= 338.7Ω
R min at 100 °C is R + ∆ R = 313.5Ω
-7.05375ohm = 306.4Ω

3. Three of the resistors referred to in


Problem 1 are connected in series. One
has a ±5% tolerance, and the other two
are ±10%. Calculate the maximum and
minimum values of the total resistances.
Answer:

( R1 ± ∆ R1) + (R2 ± ∆ R2 ) + ( R3 ± ∆ R3 )
= ( R1 + R2 + R3 ) ± (∆ R1 + ∆ R2 +
∆ R3)
= ( 330 ± 5% ) Ω +( 330 ± 10% ) Ω +
( 330 ± 10% ) Ω
= (330 + 330 + 330) ± (16.5 + 33 + 33)

= 990 ± 82.5 Ω

RTmax= 1072.5 Ω and RTmin


= 907.5 Ω

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4. A dc power supply provides
currents to four electronic circuits. The
currents are 37 mA, 42 mA, 13 mA and
6.7 mA. The first two are measured with
an accuracy of ±3%, and the other two
are measured with ±1% accuracy.
Determine the maximum and minimum
levels of the total supply current.

Answer:
I1 = 37 ± 3% mA

I2 = 42 ± 3% mA

I3 = 13 ± 1% mA

I4 = 6.7 ± 1% mA

I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = ( I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 ) ±
(∆ I1 + ∆ I2 + ∆ I3 +∆ I4)

= 37 + 42 + 13 + 6.7 ± (1.11 + 1.26 +


0.13 + 0.067) mA

ITmax = 98.7 + 2.567 mA = 101.267 mA


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ITmin = 98.7 - 2.567 mA = 96.13 mA

5. Two currents from a different sources


flow in opposite directions through a
resistor. I1 is measured as 79 mA on a
100 mA analog instrument with an
accuracy of ±3% of full scale. I2,
determined as 31 mA, is measured on a
digital instrument with a ±100 µA
accuracy. Calculate the maximum and
minimum levels of the current in R1.

Answer:
3% FSD x 100mA = 3mA

then , I1 = 79 ± 3mA

I2 = 31 mA ± 100µ A
= 31 ± 0.1 mA

so,

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I1 – I2 = (I1 ± ∆ I1) – ( I2 ± ∆ I2 ) = ( I1 –
I2 ) ± (∆ I1 + ∆ I2) = ( 79 – 31 ) ± ( 3
+ 0.1) mA
= 48 ± 3.1 mA

ITmax = 51.1 mA ITmax = 44.9 mA

6. The voltages at opposite ends of a 470


Ω ±5% resistor are measured as V1 = 12
V and V2 = 5 V. The measuring
accuracies are ±0.5 V for V1 and ±2%
for V2. Calculate the level of current in
the resistor, and specify its accuracy.

Answer:
V1 = 12 ± 0.5 V V2 =
5 ± 2% V

R1 = 470 ± 5%

then,

V (12V ±
0.5V) – (5V ± 2%)
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I = ---- =
----------------------------------
R 470
± 5% Ω

7± ( 0.5 + 0.1) V
= -------------------
470 ± 5% Ω
7± 8.57% V
= -------------------
470 ± 5% Ω

X = A/B  % error X = ± (% error A


+ % error B)
I = 0.01489 ± ( 8.57% + 5%) A
= 14.89 ± 13.57% mA

7. A resistor R1 has a potential difference


of 25 V across its terminals, and a
current of 63 mA. The voltage is
measured on a 30 V analog instrument
with an accuracy of ±5% of full scale.
The current is measured on a digital
instrument with a ±1 mA accuracy.
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Calculate the resistance of R1 and
specify its tolerance.

Answer:
Voltage error:
5% x 30V = 1.5V
Potential difference across the resistor:
25± 1.5 V = 25 ± 6%

63 ± 1 mA

25 ± 6%
R1

V 25V ± 6%
V
R = ---- = ---------------
I 63 ±
1.59% mA

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= 396.83 ±
7.59% Ω

8. A 470 Ω ±10% resistor has a potential


difference of 12 V across its terminals. If
the voltage is measured with an
accuracy of ±6%, determine the power
dissipation in the resistor, and specify
the accuracy of the result.

Answer:

12 ± 6% V
470± 10% Ω

V2 (12V ± 6%
V)2
P = ---- = ---------------
R 470 ±
10% Ω

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V2 144
P = ---- = ---------- =
0.306 W
R 470

X=A/B, % error X= ± (% error A + %


error B)
X=AB , % error X = ± B(% error A)

% ∆ P = ± (2(6) +10) % = ±
22% W

P = 0.306 ± 22% W

9. The output voltage from a precision 12


V power supply, monitored at intervals
over a period of time, produced the
following readings: V1 = 12.001 V, V2 =
11.999 V, V3 = 11.998 V, V4 = 12.003 V,
V5 = 12.002 V, V6 = 11.997 V, V7 =
12.002 V, V8 = 12.003 V, V9 = 11.998 V
and V10 = 11.997 V. Calculate the
average voltage level, the mean
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deviation, the standard deviation, and
the probable error in the measured
voltage at any time.

Vi d= V- D2
Vi 
1 12.001 0.001 0.0000
01
2 11.999 0.001 0.0000
01
3 11.998 0.002 0.0000
04
4 12.003 0.003 0.0000
09
5 12.002 0.002 0.0000
04
6 11.997 0.003 0.0000
09
7 12.002 0.002 0.0000
04
8 12.003 0.003 0.0000
09
9 11.998 0.002 0.0000
04
1 11.997 0.003 0.0000
0 09
∑ 120.00 0.022 0.0000
0 54
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V = ∑ Vi /n = 120.00/10 = 12.000 V

D = ∑ V- Vi/n = 0.022/10 = 2.2 mV

σ = √ (∑ d2 /n) = √ 0.000054/10 =
2.32 mV

Voltage error probability = 2.32 x


0.6745 = 1.57

10. Successive measurements of the


temperature of a liquid over a period of
time produced the following data: T1 =
25.05°C, T2 = 25.02°C, T3 = 25.03°C, T4 =
25.07°C, T5 = 25.55°C, T6 = 25.06°C, T7 =
25.04°C, T8 = 25.05°C, T9 = 25.07°C, T10 =
25.03°C, T11 = 25.02°C, T12 = 25.04°C, T13
= 25.02°C, T14 = 25.03°C and T15 =
25.05°C. Determine the average
temperature, the mean deviation from
average, the standard deviation, and the
probable measurement error.

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ti d= ti- d2
t
1 25.0 0.02 0.00
5 04
2 25.0 0.05 0.00
2 25
3 25.0 0.04 0.00
3 16
4 25.0 0.00 0.00
7 00
5 25.5 0.48 0.23
5 04
6 25.0 0.02 0.00
5 04
7 25.0 0.03 0.00
4 09
8 25.0 0.02 0.00
5 04
9 25.0 0.00 0.00
7 00
1 25.0 0.04 0.00
0 3 16
1 25.0 0.05 0.00
1 2 25
1 25.0 0.03 0.00
2 4 09
1 25.0 0.05 0.00
3 2 25
1 25.0 0.04 0.00
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4 3 16
1 25.0 0.02 0.00
5 5 04
376. 0.89 0.24
∑ 12 86
t = ∑ ti / n = 376.12/15 = 25.07

D = ∑ ti- t/n = 0.89/15 = 0.059 mV

σ = √ (∑ d2 /n) = √ 0.2461/15 =
0.128

Temperature error probability = 0.128


x 0.6745 = 0.087

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