SHCUUEUEELEUEEEEEEEEEEEUUUVUUE ddd fteat 4 THERMODYNAMICS = p—— Heat ¢> ts energy latorekt . [eee Unit > calorie ox Joule From calontmetyy, dua to abby a for temp: vse Abs R= ms 6 “ pheve Q cab heat ts mg aubgtan ce ee / Y [aloe > Lt is Omount ef heat given te one gm. soates, temp. from (usec to SST. . 2) Specidie ent Capacity qf the substance varity with temp- Th metals, i Aes with rise og temp Brambles. AL te. pectic heat capacity ¢f-given tong. aubstanat is = chot pelt) colgte!.Pind heat supplied 1 rouge Ua temp. to 4 its ot from oc — 10'C- to solution, Jaa = [m (ro toolt)at a ° . we roroopttdt) t : fi Q= or ——— 7 bot00lt a Q c (or Cet oreo = sre Q= 100 to + 102K1077 = JoKS0 (ie + ernie PJ = 1080 coh Brompe® — Se= OF 10Pt Lgl" Find davg- for temp: variation: 0% tp (o'C. Solution, cao = Soot Mehotoae A peneceye rh. fat cea Clo-0] doug: = (o-+t02x 102 —_ a= = lo> Catoximen 1t two Bute Aand B are mixed ina vessel of 2U0 gp: heat Capnetty then at thermal _eyuilliteium. Th such Case, “pom Prinaipale Es calovimediy , Heak given = Heat Taken Heat qien =m Ss (01-8) P2ree Heat Taken= m, S, (6-62) mS, (0, -8) = mS, (0-82) OCMS,+MS) =M/S,0) tM 59> mg — heat capacity [Theamal Capacity From Q= M40 ms=Q Cl 26 °C Qz MS (8-0) =ms8 =Hoot gfven Qe Teal Heat Total Hoot Total. Heol Copacity ] Be RHE ON DHHDDDNOD OD DDD OID DNMDDIINLIOD DMgu Be } equillibrium emp- 2% | < tage.” B= 2OKO.GKBOF YOKIOKEO = 210 = Sut ~s e 20.X0- + YOK! a Find equi temp- B= —_LOKOSKIOFUOKIREO = 2oKos + 40%) 100 +2400 = 2302 = 46°C So So, —> kMTER EQUIVALENT oT tris amount. ap water vohich thermal opadty’ 8 equal te Phemot_ copay a gen object eg S bo= (calle - Bel Heat capacity a a vewel a t20 gal what 2 id= Numeicobly. thermal Capauty, given object (to cab) w= toog . GQ Thermal copacity of anokj- is 840 Toule| equivalent tox Heat (opacity (tm cal/2c) : ! Te water equiiatend "Cc. Find iQ water w= g4o “aa t VOUKLKLEULKEUE w= 200 cm 9 Tayo 0% 1d eacalorimeter ay heatt capactty 120 Cal [°C Now tog unter at 60°C Ls mixed Find difial temp B= 2D0KIKGO +200%IKB0_ - Go¥8O xyceg 200KI-+ 200X1 “—~, 200 Ko" * \ \ Meee so ty of 3009 Heat Capacity crit +400 calle watts a i find O=9 gz = 2OtTYO ~ aos oe alalione var enh 2c | no yor ote toglsd when Liquids are put int respective weasels Lee wl melt duc to cupply of heat. Jn Sample Tr Q= 20x1K20-0) Tnsompe 1: Q=lo XIX (4O-O) vice fn each sill BE 8 MRRP PRPEe errr eee eeree ci oo: etapa ae Be 5 Cr dus te rise of temp. ‘st Ne, Heating Spacity of or > Heating capacity of -L Ht enety tn gamble D move ta is melitob. RANsPORMATZON OF STATE At fe Const: pressure, clewing transformation a4 state ap matte. ane rermadns constant. reK At Latm premue siting. Polat Of Hyp Es (00%. Up duc te sipbly af & cal) ents mal ma atl es then, , (adent- hook ap latent heat, C= ot Lee = 80 coll Lotean, = S40 OH * suring transzor mation % ctate heat supplied “to the cus Fess potential energy. ap. mols CesEidon't chant ferore; temp semairs constant: —> then we * preguse, melting point eg tee yadandBn case of parggins when we freore Et , vol” (0-On Ring presure,. feving point of such type ¢f- matter 125- Tuustration > aia My 0c} da _ 4 col-const- ate wl . saeag: ee © Sr OS EE SERED Gye mak t0= 8mm violas gg Fs septs Metting = = "ML =mKeo BPI too'e bel O'e wader Qy= mx A100 =l00m5.46 my uf we SP 9 0 Soo = StBTE state transformation , Liquit 44d ate} Quy= WKE40 (phon Socal Cromple > In aioueuaitoreeto sted fatbiegat ered» bia pars vepresented bg $ DAG 8) cD wee 4) DE rable > uahich one. fs comrect? : AK OF Sacted & Sloper” sctostans3 Ch DS, < Seoted QD Bui = dapteg ws oY Bata. Taavppletent. In tranformation 4stule, : Ut= Q=mL length acurve= ime intenale aml @ length of curve oe H m) ="tanes; =4Q 4 PE eee eee ee ea ae a al i ak all [al al al ak lalInthe givin plot , Aas, { Dlg g tele a) data trsufficcent Be Heat ts supplied to an given mais ap substance at cory tant rede, Temp vartélion vith “time 1s shown tri given curve vuhich one, of He following 43, Come Q) kyolid= Suiquid ~s9ase B “Sgoid = Suquid C) Solid < Aqaay we Agauous < Bool 7? Sf thy ave kepe in ~ salvia. of BUD heat cap actly then at ery gina tretenp: < composi #1on » Salt cB) . ent) mle Woxso mize roost? = F000 Cal =syoncel msbo-= ‘took [eclo0-0) meer ew oo }eg00= m'Lgteam mie tg000- = loo S4o ae 10. os ear at (oo'e. gleam | 100 4 | (00g te ae ee . a |fe wo) + Hiral temp 1s @ @ Dae iyo'e gMo'c W soc & oe sree > &¢ (oc > STEAM — 39. at thorrialequm , max Of steam In calovimele , > OG ae Bg Mle = [xs+0 = ATsef galt LMsShO= 1X1 XMlO0-0) Rio = 642 B= SHOES: = Le.» 36p XI + Eeomblo ree 49 STtAM — Ig ot \ too" ° = MLe Qi= axe Ror = 720 Cob BGO ca} B= OC becoust hot body CSteom) aan give 640cal shone Condens + towed Us temp. ty Oc 2 Yycomplote malty tH Teo cal Ty neoded.. = CuO - Melted Te= $B =8g comp? at equ" ag wate + \g feo, coc) BARA DDG DMLMD DAD DAD AA A A AAS AS A a oat a aS: 9 _— . u T : | ~ x J 2 (Gs ed - ! wee ( * 4ie® \fy 4 3 Gi) / i y 9 3 2 § x he = ul ub £ oa + x go = T = i 3 2 ° Gi) @ gz * ge gt doe 1s. . #522 © 38 ™ ef &l al & oe a a aaa a eeneuennnanennnne renoThermal Expansion eccurs In such the of abst: In vohich User Quye % Otummetricas. Tithe ave n afome in one gute Gen sbheet 04 khown dn os Jad = L x ag] Bo Quarto rise Tntemp. & —> o+008 Ab= LK ag) zp AL |, wae et BE le Of atoms along the fongt» by Co Tb J eneipansion . Gets Le al= nlrot an) Mean Ay dovsoraly changes, d= A fe Similanty » auperticlal eapangion , AA= A BOO] volume expanion , Av= Vey AG ‘Diustiation 11> 14 =a ste Dhe Let d8 \ oy atc 1 = ey em om — ¥ = ry Ac ime _ rfl ony [| 1g —w0dy-c | om a bhe Aspe DA=p MoHEU EULEUELUEEEDEEDEGA? bbb bb VHLD Be (ry2_j2 Be lt d242K-1 Ba dt42K ys BOK Ty ue ignore u2 > [perl + in SQ) Ave Virb8 jy bv T= Qe)3_| Va [4 3K 3k? 448 -| ly Ty we Agnore, 3d andud, they ley O Dyes Ttlushation 2 > ‘ eee . Ava AAR ey ae VivbO= AaL gone PA SOHAL uy Sh YE aged Ldushation 3 > gals ave (Lot) CABAY STA ve bh + ObA OL AA . Vp be= Dit + BA + OR BA JA MS = HRNO +K06X +ALKE ae tk ts Var Og KX - ainaarenp conf Will tauExamples» (ete _ t p= 6KIoS/*¢ Ae TEL qty ee Uxios/ % Tilugtiation ¢- 3 Ave V¥ 48 =IKVKY ver > The apparent coepicient cia expansion, a. Ug: usten heotacl Ina Cu veyel i Ceiohen heated in silvey vege & 8.94 A Cony. eq Ninear expansion of Cur, then Find fre Linear txpansion tag? Ya > Keyes Mig > S Maga) ‘as Yur ath ; Wig EET ba ing = 0-844] 3 i lustrolion S °- at OC Jam at (6+ac > A= MPM Lm Vi VAAV vavrae PPMP DD DPDPPPLLDD PIL LL OOD DODO 9 one,=, x Z - v * Gavi) = dttyae)! a= dtl-vae] niles ee me lenkdingain gei@elyopee ed idol d (Sse) sasistinnay des '9 fem at ae, “aus Ke dractional vole object in uiquid, Vez Coes of vel: expansion t Ligue = gio" * T Tar atanete « " object = 2x10 a) obfect comes Out shiahthy OH object gous inide qui stight co) remains Th same baition Telative to surface equ, | A ale te above may otcur ” klo= Upthrust i Vordo.g = EVo-ceg ; ater = dy at (6 oer Aad = def t-xs8 C ka @ Cottey = y= au afi, Kt ekC 409 C1 — 5 bog kl SkCI-¥od07 (1+ rte] [eT eC ora ¥e)00 7] find y Increase or clecreasg In voliey: on theicle Diquicl, (WK) Kt00 = 99 3 YM)a0 =Z[SKOK 21004 JR2 = KO RroKt00 3 = Ex = Ugo = 91133 A VODOV EGO GU UU FU 5 DE GOO ES OOWushalion © &> Gipawion of Guity Ash enlargement process in photestt val part % tqwe 4sin Gime thage. tn the gamaroay, than metal cheek having obs ts hostid, both het 4 whole. oxpandl Dlusration #23 Pendulum clack, Tear fe d % T= : PajeT = Spat eet be] aT = Otp dh -0 Dtendt=ndT T 7 dt= 1Kd6 Lise dt =+ =e ar ndt =Lé Aetnt) Ty colo, — wags O.=-40e tedde t Abe L dase F cb RtIo~xX6o XB6400 440, z ‘ Lilustration, oa »pimetablic.St¥p ii Eats, ve fener Ptetom ag easxio Sy Ret 40 -= 10°C Exo BKt0) ‘Re 2xto%m & ros ne 10 Hemp r7ke °C, magicrod expands to Stmesgpinitta) 4m vor to2 ~ Imes nreuo leneth vot be, bby rneseuer ng coith expanclid m red) SENKD 2 neddSm Tiustrolion 93> # ———— mrod 4 d= to *]% gives correct reading at 86% T+ wedat 46°C to mesure Sm clothrdlid € i0S/m, Find prot ap eller pus 1Xkdo log= = SsuxioS = sxto~tyroxto® =1900Rs- THeRnat Con DucrToN Tr & a way of trang migsion of heat: whith OCCU taly in sola, eo \lren a golfd is kebt undey temp. dtterenct as shown to Hq then tzansmivion of thermal en through it Phy rough it Occurs. by the processes ¢— oe Se Ekenuia2 0) dur te collaion o% atom or mole cual ey arranged in solid, during, vibyation : a“ ‘ b) due te comettion proces tren €% ant in anid — >In good conductors , 2nd prs \ , 4 . Ora age tO StamSttody tah :-» When a conat-tomp- apqerence iy established b[vo ena Sf % solid conduater opti sometime temp ise of different port Cf Alt, stops, At tus ate , molseuly| ators int Vn asl o> 0-de oft le iH Co.- Gd)-8__ do ae oo etd “de at steady cade, CH= cont) AQ ova a8 or * £0ro) H=kAWI-O2) 9 HE KATO) 1-8. Temp Graddiout dL o ee _ Temp gradient vie rc-curve_in Axial flow of haat i ——, 130y. y THW3 ST Vial flow. i Temp gradient vig sc cue rodslal How heat ASU Ga] AjnzQ Aeut=b 0 % Ore Ee RG) 2H Hi Kune DD DD LDP DPD L DDL LL LIDD DD AA AI) oer ro» Ramble = 5 Samples oa rg, TG) >To. » OP, THT 5D ie @ Ta Te 5 (em tem tv) Data insu Hiciewt 5 5 5 O Tarte 3 U) TQ.2>T4 3 my TO) = Tar 3 WV) Data. truupzicient ; é 3S : 3 + D Y= Ve scr 5 pyre et _ > : mye hh CE 5 Cc P] > #, > 5 SNS T4BSB > 8 7 a1 > . v i a > Thermal Resisn +7 > pment, [HE] tat > A H He const. 2K ACTA) , Herat to.-80)) ‘ —— G-0) ofl On ’ “yo He KACO: , a z oh 7 2=> 6-7 HH, : KA (81-6) - KoA (6-63) 3 Koi + 6, a bh oe See Eilay + Kol, (6-0) =% to- a 6) z, O2) _ ( " 4 Example -- Naor A eA a iiea OM on + exo Axpo x aoe. e= Apxlee ie - dks pet Ey 4 rete SE 2K 2K 7 ARma VU_UYEVUUUUUEUUUU EEUU EBEVEBOEOUGULECOCGE D 8 _ 8-6 4 9-20 SE = Ar + Dee (260-8 = © +2(6-20) hO- 6 =6+28-4o > [26 = 46-yo » 160-48 Karel © o=40'e Example, a) 5 DNe B=? uy oa CUA ee Opa? ale . D fat | CO) (2-8, =O0g-0.., . ~ RY nlaneed condition “ 1 rage B tn:' Bala - (26's 288 Hoye, whastatens BIG YIP 2) Povallet tombination bu He HitHe 7 tt a = + He : — TUM ate Bre rm 1 ! (he ra 7 OF mas elem . 4 keri) kh kohe o —_ Keg ters) “= Ki Ket, Ree a I = Kh tkAL] ‘ Arts PM Lanwaet