Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Development Phase
Section
By Pratap Thimaiah
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Well Planning
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Development Phase
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Drilling Team
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Development Phase
Operational Pressures
Overbalance
In balance
Underbalance
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
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Operational Pressures
Overbalance
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Operational Pressures
In Balance
– Pore pressure of formation=wellbore pressure
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
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Operational Pressures
Underbalance
– Wellbore
pressure<formation
pressure.
– Controlled flow of
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Operational Pressures
Pressure
– Force exerted on a cross section area
– Pressure gradient is pressure exerted per unit
length
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
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Operational Pressures
– Hydrostatic
– BHCP
– Pump pressure
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
– Overburden pressure
– Formation pressure
– Fracture pressure
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Hydrostatic Pressure
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Pump Pressure
Pump pressure must
overcome all the losses in
the mud path:
Surface equipment
(rotary hose,kelly,swivel
etc)
Drill pipe
BHA
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
Bit
BHA Annulus
Drill Pipe Annulus
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Overburden Pressure
Pressure exerted by
total weight of solids
and fluids in the
formation
Caused by weight of
rock above the area
of interest
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
z is unique and
constant for a
particular formation
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Formation Pressure
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Formation Pressure
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Fracture Pressure
helps to:
Maximum allowable
annular surface pressure to
control a Kick.
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Procedure
1. After Cementing casing, run with bit and drill string
2. Pressure test casing and drill out casing shoe to about 10 ft of new
formation.
3. Pull bit to casing shoe.
4. Shut off pumps, wait for flow to cease, then close kelly cock and BOP.
5. Using cementing unit pump mud into hole annulus.
6. Monitor pressure build up and volume.
7. Pressure build up is linear until mud begins to bleed into formation.
This is called Leak-off Pressure (PLOT)
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Casing Strings
Conductor
Surface
Intermediate
Production
Liner
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Casing Strings
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Conductor Casing
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Surface Casing
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Intermediate Casing
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Production Casing
Isolation of production
interval from other zones.
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Advantages
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
Disadvantages
– Possible leak in liner hanger.
– Difficulty in obtaining a good
cementing job due to narrow
annulus.
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Properties of Casing
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Development Phase
Properties of Casing
– Manufactures also produce their own grades but have almost similar
properties to API Casings.
Grade Yield Strength Mini (psi) Max Yield Strength (psi) Tensile Strength (psi)
H-40 4000 - 60000
J-55 55000 80000 75000
K- 55 55000 80000 95000
C-75 75000 90000 95000
L- 80 80000 95000 95000
N-80 80000 110000 100000
C-95 95000 110000 105000
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Properties of Casing
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Properties of Casing
Connections
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
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Casing Wear
Adhesive Wear
– Occurs when contact pressure >250 psi
– Pressure and movement cause part of
casing to weld themselves to tool joint.
– Solid phase welding of chip to tool joint
– Transport
– Chip dislodged
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Casing Wear
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
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Casing Wear
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– Documentation
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Data Collection
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Data Collection
Lithology
– Formation types from offset wells vs depth.
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Data Collection
exploration wells.
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Data Collection
Temperature gradient
– Yield strength of casing decreases with
temperature increase.
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
Problematic zones
– Offset well analysis
– Identification of problematic zones like salt
diapers, lost circulation zones etc.
– Casing designed to withstand mobile salt
movement.
– Drilling with salt saturated mud.
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Data Collection
– Injection systems
– Abandonment plans
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Preliminary Design
Identify
– Wellbore fluid densities
– Casing diameters
Lowest hole section
determined by IPR and
completion tubing size
From lowest hole section bit
size, next casing string up
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Development Phase
Preliminary Design
Casing Setting Depths
1. Initial setting depths is based on pore and fracture pressure gradients.
2. The total depth of well and setting depth of production casing or liner
is driven by logging, testing and completion requirements.
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
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Preliminary Design
3. Draw mean pore pressure gradient curve along with lithology.Note any
intervals of problematic zones-such as differential sticking, lost
circulation or high pressure gas zones.
4. Draw mud weight curve. It should include 200-400 psi trip margin.
specific companies may require different levels of over balance.
5. Draw predicted fracture gradient curve. Draw a fracture gradient
design curve parallel to predicted with 0.3 to 0.5 ppg reduction, for
kicks and ECD during cementing.
6. Plot mud weights and Leak off tests to provide check of pore pressure
predictions.
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Preliminary Design
– Salt sections
– High pressure zones
– Competent formations
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Detailed Design
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Burst Loads
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Burst Loads
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Burst Loads
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Collapse Loads
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Collapse Loads
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Tension Load
– Drag
– Shock
– Pressure testing
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Tension Load
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Tension Calculations
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Tension Calculations
Drag Forces-
– Usually in order of 100,000 lbf.
– Last for the duration of running a joint of casing.
– Results usually when POOH due to tight hole
Fshock = 1780 V As
where V = pipe velocity (ft/s)
As=C/s area.
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Tension Calculations
Pressure Testing
– Casing should be tested to maximum pressure
which it sees during drilling and production
operations
Test Pressure force ‘Ft’ (lb) = (ID)2 x test pressure
Drilling Technolo gy-Casing De sig n
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Compression Loads
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Service Loads
Buckling
Point Loads
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Service Loads
Buckling
– Changes in pressure, temperature
etc increase at bottom end of
casing
Point Loads
– Acting on single location on casing
strings
– Packer setting force
– Weight on packer
Drilling T echnology -Casing Design
Temperature
– Thermal expansion of
uncemented casings & fluids.
Pressure
– Tubing leaks
Extra pressure exerted into
production casing
Gas leak below hanger
– Mobile formations
– Well stimulation
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Safety Factor
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Development Phase
Design Factors
DF = Rating of Pipe
Maximum anticipated service load
– Burst Design
API no recommendations
Generally 1.1 to API Minimum internal yield pressure.
– Collapse Design
1.0 generally used.
– Compression design factors
API no recommendations
Generally 1.00
– Tension design factors
1.3 (Neal Adams)
1.8(Preston Moore)
API Recommends at least 1.11
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