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MULTI-PHASE SIZING
0705
MULTI-PHASE SIZING
0705
Contents
Contents _______________________________________________________________2
TS40 Control Valve Selection for Multi-Phase Fluid Flows _______________________3
TS40.1 Nomenclature __________________________________________________________________ 4
TS40.2 Multi-phase Flow Valve Sizing Procedure ____________________________________________ 5
TS40.3 Process/Application Data Requirements ______________________________________________ 6
TS41 Multi-phase Sizing ___________________________________________________7
TS41.1.1 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 7
TS41.1.2Definition of Multi-phase Parameters___________________________________________ 8
TS41.2.1Multi-phase Sizing Equations_________________________________________________ 9
TS42 Multi-phase Velocity _________________________________________________15
TS42.1 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 15
TS42.1 Factors Influencing Velocity Limitations ________________________________________ 15
TS42.2 Basis of Velocity Calculations ________________________________________________ 16
TS42.3 Procedure ________________________________________________________________ 17
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Selection of a control valve for a multi-phase flow application involves a number of factors, which should be considered in a
logical sequence. This section of the Technical Manual provides the information necessary to consider these factors, which
include CV calculation, fluid velocity and noise level prediction. It is important to note that omission of these aspects could
lead to incorrect selection of a control valve for a particular application.
It should be noted that the process of sizing multi-phase fluids is extremely complicated involving phase transfer of energy.
The process and application information necessary to fully specify the size and type of valve required is detailed, together
with a flow chart indicating the sequence of steps involved.
To ensure correct selection of valve size and to maximise operational life, fluid velocity calculations and limitations are
detailed for the various flow regimes.
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Nomenclature
Subscripts
1 Upstream
2 Downstream
g refers to gas/vapour phase
l refers to liquid stage
Tot or TOT Total
Dissolved refers to dissolved gas
s sizing
a void fraction
A flow area
TS40.1 Page 4
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The following flowchart details the overall sequence of steps used during the sizing and selection of a control valve for a multi
phase flow application. For individual consideration of multi-phase sizing, multi-phase velocity and multi phase noise
prediction, reference should be made to Sections TS41, TS42 and TS43 respectively.
START
Select Trim Style* (single stage) * Usually preferred due to interstage erosion
problems on multiphase liquids
N
Is Design CV OK?
Yes
N
Select Different Trim Style
Is SPL OK
Yes
END
TS40.2 Page 5
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The information required to fully specify the size and type of valve for multi-phase service applications can be broken down
into different categories. For valve sizing and selection, this information can be classified as essential, preferred or additional.
The following chart categorises the information required into these three areas. The information presented here relates to
valve selection only, for actuator selection refer to TS8O.
TS40.3 Page 6
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Introduction
When two phases, one incompressible and the other compressible flow together ma pipe, a number of different flow patterns
may exist, such as bubble, mist, annular and slug flow. Therefore the prediction of the behaviour of the two-phase flow is very
complicated. In contrast to single component flows, for which relatively simple flow equations can be derived, the flow
equations for two component flows are very complicated and cannot be applied directly to the valve sizing problem. The
complexity of the equations is attributable to the fact that the flow cannot be assumed to be homogeneous or in a state of
thermodynamic equilibrium.
Valve manufacturers have relied heavily on the limited data available for two-phase flows through valves or flow restrictions
such as orifice plates. This information is limited to certain flow conditions and even then has a high level of uncertainty.
Experimental data for such flows is in general for low pressures. In applying this to a valve sizing technique the data has to be
scaled to high pressure applications. In a single-phase flow this is a relatively simple task, however, in a multi-component flow
this is extremely difficult and leads to greater inaccuracies.
Introl in conjunction with a major oil company, have developed the multi-phase sizing procedure presented here. The
procedure has been proven by numerous flow tests and field data, and has shown to be a reliable engineering tool for
selecting control valves operating on multi-phase flow applications.
TS41.1.1 Page 7
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Gas Fraction
This is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the gas
phase to the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
This is the ratio of the gas/vapour phase mass flow rate
to the total two-phase mass flow rate.
Ag
a=
W A
X =
WTOT
Gas Oil Ratio (GOR)
Slip Ratio
Used to quantify the amount of gas in relation to the
amount of oil. GOR is the number of Sft3 of gas per
When a two-phase fluid flows along a pipe the velocity barrel of oil.
of each phase will be different. The slip ratio is the ratio
of the gas/vapour phase velocity to the liquid phase
velocity.
TS41.1.2 Page 8
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S. ft3/hr to lb/hr
∆plim it = C 2f ( P1 − PV )
Wg = 0.0028 × M W × Q gl
Set the liquid phase sizing pressure drop, ∆psl. If the
METRIC pressure drop across the valve is less than the limiting
pressure drop then the liquid phase is normal and
m3 to kg/hr Wl = 1000 × G × Ql
∆p Sl = ∆p
m3 to kg/hr
Nm3/hr to kg/hr
∆p Sl = ∆pl lim it
Wg = 0.0044 × M W × Q gl
TS41.2.1 Page 9
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Gas/vapour Phase
IMPERIAL
c) Sizing Pressure Drop for Gas/Vapour Phase
Z × 10.72 × (460 + T )
Calculate limiting pressure drop for gas vapour phase νg =
M W × P1
Z × 8314 × (273 + T )
where C f = 1.33 × C f νg =
M W × P1
and R = 0.47
e) Calculate the Expansion Correction Factor
Refer to Table 41.1 for values of Cf or the valve
opening is known Figure 41.2. γ
∆p
K = 1 − 2
CfP
Set the sizing pressure drop for gas/vapour phase. 1
IMPERIAL
∆pSg = ∆p g lim it
Cv = 0.0159 × WTOT
XK 2ν g
+
(1 − X )ν l
d) Calculate Phase Specific Volumes ∆p sg ∆p sl
IMPERIAL
Cv = 0.0368 × WTOT
XK 2ν g
+
(1 − X )ν l
0.016 ∆p sg ∆p sl
νl =
G
METRIC
0.001
νl =
G
TS41.2.2 Page 10
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Wlw The sizing pressure drop for the dissolved gas can be
X = determined from the equation below.
WTOT
Oil phase
P
The oil phase sizing pressure drop is ∆pslo and should ∆psg ( dissolved ) = C 2f P1 0.96 − 028 1
be calculated using the procedure presented in (b) PC
using the liquid hydrocarbon (oil) fluid properties.
Xlo is the fraction of oil present by weight, i.e. The sizing equation becomes:
Wlw
X lw =
WTOT
The sizing equations are:- IMPERIAL
IMPERIAL
X free K 2ν g X loν lo X lwν lw X ν
Cv = 0.0159 × WTOT + + + dissolved lo
XK ν g
2 ∆p sg ∆p slo ∆p slw ∆p sg ( dissolved )
X loν lo X lwν lw
Cv = 0.0159 × WTOT + +
∆p sg ∆p slo ∆p slw
METRIC
TS41.2.4 Page 11
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TS41.2.4 Page 12
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TS41.2.5 Page 13
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Figure 41.2 Valve Pressure Recovery Values for Different Valve Series as a function of Valve Openings
TS41.2.6 Page 14
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In selecting a valve for a multi-phase flow application Selection of pipework systems includes the
one of the major considerations is the effect of fluid consideration of fluid velocity which is limited for the
velocity. High fluid velocities can lead to erosion and following reasons
vibration problems. The higher velocity of the
gas/vapour phase will tend to lead to an increase in the
1) reduction in pressure loss,
mean flow velocity of the liquid phase leading to the
possibility of an erosion problem. This section covers
the limitations imposed because of the possible effects 2) to reduce/eliminate vibration potential,
of high flow velocities and includes the velocity
calculation procedures for multi-phase fluids along with
3) to minimise erosion damage.
the recommended velocity limits.
TS42.1 Page 15
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1
ρ 2
s = X l +1− X
ρv
TS42.2 Page 16
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Procedure
a) Determine the liquid density and downstream vapour f) Determine the void fraction and phase flow areas.
density.
XV
METRIC a= 42.10
( X V + (1 − X V )s )
ρ l = G × 1000 42.1
Liquid phase flow area
P2 × 10 × M W
5
Al = (1 − a ) Atot
ρv2 = 42.2 42.11
8314 × (T2 + 273)
Vapour phase flow area
IMPERIAL
AV = aAtot 42.12
ρ l = G × 62.43 42.3
Note: use the correct area units in the above
P2 × M W equations i.e. m2 for METIC or ft2 for IMPERIAL
ρv2 = 42.4
10.72 × (T2 + 460) g) Determine the liquid phase flow velocity.
Ql
b) Determine the slip ratio. Vl = 42.13
1
Al × 3600
ρ 2
s = X l +1− X 42.05 h) Determine the vapour phase flow velocity.
ρv QV 2
VV = 42.14
c) Calculate the liquid and vapour phase mass flow rate. AV × 3600
WV = X × WTOT 42.06 i) Check that the phase velocities do not exceed their
recommended maximum levels, see Table 42.1. The
Wl = (1 − X ) × WTOT 42.07 vapour phase flow velocity should not exceed 253m/s
(830 ft/sec) or 0.3 Mach. For the complete set of
d) Calculate the downstream vapour and liquid phase
velocity limits for gas/vapour flows refer to Table 42.2.
volume flow rates.
In the case that the % flash cannot be determined then the
WV Wl valve size is selected based upon the design CV and
QV 2 = Ql = 42.08
ρV 2 ρl making reference to the line size.
QV 2
Xv = 42.09
QTOT
QTOT = QV 2 + Ql
TS42.4 Page 17
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Maximum Velocity
Valve Size
Valve Type Valve Rating Trim Style
Carbon Steel Alloy Steel Bronze, Cu/Ni Alloys
in mm ft/s m/s ft/s m/s ft/s m/s
0.5-2 15-50 41 12.5 46 14 25 7.6
3-6 80-150 34 10.4 34 10.4 20 6.2
Series 8-14 200-350 29 8.9 29 8.9 17 5.2
All Contoured
10/14/20 16-18 400-450 22 6.7 22 6.7 13 4
20 500 18 5.5 18 5.5 11 3.4
24 600 12 3.7 12 3.7 7 2.1
1-12 25-300 43 13.1 52 15.8 26 7.9
Ported + HF
All 14-20 350-500 35 10.7 43 13.1 21 6.4
family
24 600 25 7.6 35 10.7 15 4.6
1-12 25-300 43 (60) 13.1 (18.3) 52 (70) 15.8 (21.3) 26 (35) 7.9 (10.7)
Ported + HF
Series 12/51 All 14-20 350-500 35 (50) 10.7 (15.2) 43 (60) 13.1 (18.3) 21 (30) 6.4 (9.1)
family
24 600 25 (35) 7.6 (10.7) 35 (50) 10.7 (15.2) 15 (21) 4.6 6.4)
Up to and 1-2 25-50 31 9.5 35 10.7 19 5.8
Series 30/31 including "V" Port 3-6 80-150 26 8 26 8 16 4.9
ANSI 600 8-12 200-300 19 5.8 19 5.8 11 3.4
Up to and 4-12 100-300 25 7.6 25 7.6 15 4.6
Series 61/62 including Vane 14-24 350-600 15 4.6 15 4.6 9 2.7
ANSI 300 >24 >600 10 3 10 3 6 1.8
Series 70/71 All Contoured All sizes All sizes Refer to Series 10 velocity limits
Series 1-12 25-300 48 (65) 14.6 (19.8) 57 (75) 17.4 (22.9) 29 (39) 8.8 (11.9)
Ported + HF
70/71/72 All 14-20 350-500 40 (55) 12.2 (16.8) 48 (65) 14.6 (19.8) 24 (29) 7.3 (8.8)
family
73/74/57 24 600 30 (42) 9.1 (12.8) 40 (55) 12.2 (16.8) 18 (25) 5.5 (7.6)
24 600 115 35
1-12 25-300
Ported +
All 14-20 350-500 475 144
HF family
24 600
1-12 25-300
Ported +
Series 12 All 14-20 350-500 475 144 830 253 0.65 0.5 0.3
HF family
24 600 (1150) (350) (0.9) (0.7) (0.4)
Up to and 1-2 25-50 226 78
Series 30/31 including ‘V’ Port 3-6 80-150 220 67 640 195 0.65 0.5 0.3
ANSI 600 8-12 200-300 200 61
Up to and 4-12 100-300 200 61
Series 61/62 including Vane 14-24 350-600 100 30 350 107 0.65 0.5 0.3
ANSI 300 >24 >600 80 24
Refer to Series 10
Series 70/71 All Contoured All sizes Sonic 0.65 0.5 0.3
velocity limits
1-12 25-300
Series 70/71 Ported +
All 14-20 350-500 475 144 Sonic 0.65 0.5 0.3
72/73 HF family
24 600 (0.9) (0.7) (0.4)
TS42.4 Page 18