THE RIGHT KIND OF TECHNOLOGY
Shubham kokitkar
Department of Mechanical engineering
Gogte institute of technology
Belgaum ,India
shubhamkokitkar8993@gmail.com
Abstract—The aim of our present work is to explain the
importance of clean technology. Firstly, we are discussing about
Sea wave energy. Sea waves have associated a form of renewable
energy which can be captured by using a hydro mechanical
device that in turn drives an electrical generator to produce
electrical energy. After a brief description of wave formation and
quantifying the power across each meter of wave front associated
to the wave, the paper describes several devices used presently to
extract mechanical energy from the waves. We have also stressed
upon the wide use of fuel cells and hydrogen. Hydrogen is high in
energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost
no pollution. Secondly we are discussing about the innovation in
electric vehicles and its positive effects on the environment.
Thirdly we are discussing about the Janicki Omniprocessor. This
wonder technology turns sewage into clean drinking water and
electricity. After the brief explanation about the clean
development mechanism we have made a deep review about
building a valuable technology in the future that can make an
impact on the world and make it more sustainable.
Key words—Sea wave energy, Fuel cells, Hydrogen, Electric
vehicles, Janicki mniprocessor.
INTRODUCTION
Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves
and the capture of that energy to do useful work. Sea waves are
a very promising energy carrier among renewable power
sources, since they are able to manifest an enormous amount of
energy resources in almost all geographical regions.
Eventually, wave energy could make a major contribution by
yielding as much as 120 TWh/year for Europe and perhaps
three times that level worldwide. The ocean is a true store of
renewable energy.
Hydrogen is the simplest element. An atom of hydrogen
consists of only one proton and one electron. It's also the most
plentiful element in the universe. Despite its simplicity and
abundance, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the
Earth - it's always combined with other elements. Water, for
example, is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O).
Hydrogen is also found in many organic compounds, notably
the hydrocarbons that make up many of our fuels, such as
gasoline, natural gas, methanol, and propane.
Electric vehicles convert about 59%–62% of the electrical
energy from the grid to power at the wheels—conventional
gasoline vehicles only convert about 17%–21% of the energy
Soham kalghatgi
Department of Mechanical engineering
Gogte institute of technology
Belgaum, India
sohamkalghatgi@gmail.com
stored in gasoline to power at the wheels. Electric motors
provide quiet, smooth operation and stronger acceleration and
require less maintenance than ICEs.
Omni Processor is a name proposed by the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation for a group of physical, biological or
chemical treatment processes to process fecal sludge – a
mixture of human excreta and water – in developing countries.
One of the main treatment aims is pathogen removal to stop the
spread of disease from fecal sludge.
The Omni Processor is on its way to revolutionizing the
waste processing industry because of its unique and efficient
way of combining the following three industry standard
processes.
1. SEA WAVE ENERGY
The sea wave’s motion can be converted into mechanical
energy by using proper wave power mechanisms. There are
currently about 40 types of mechanisms for exploiting the
energy available in waves, several of which are now being
constructed. These devices are generally categorized by
location installed and power take-off system. Locations are
shoreline, nearshore and offshore. Power take-off systems can
be oscillating column of water, underwater pneumatic systems,
wave dragon system and oscillating bodies system. Also these
mechanisms can be lying on the bottom of the sea, on the
shoreline and on sea level.[1]
The wave energy devices being developed and tested today
are highly diverse, and a variety of technologies have been
proposed to capture the energy from waves. Some of the more
promising designs are undergoing demonstration testing at
commercial scales.
Wave technologies have been designed to be installed in
the near shore, offshore, and far offshore locations. While wave
energy technologies are intended to be installed at or near the
water's surface, there can be major differences in their technical
concept and design. For example, they may differ in their
orientation to the waves or in the manner in which they convert
energy from the waves.
Although wave power technologies are continuing to
develop, there are four basic applications that may be suitable
for deployment on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS): point
absorbers, attenuators, overtopping devices, and terminators.[2]
 The example of oscillating water column is as shown in the
figure 1.
Fig 1. Oscillating water column
2. FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN
A fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce
electricity, heat, and water. Fuel cells are often compared to
batteries. Both convert the energy produced by a chemical
reaction into usable electric power. However, the fuel cell will
produce electricity as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, never
losing its charge
Fuel cells are a promising technology for use as a source of
heat and electricity for buildings, and as an electrical power
source for electric motors propelling vehicles. Fuel cells
operate best on pure hydrogen. But fuels like natural gas,
methanol, or even gasoline can be reformed to produce the
hydrogen required for fuel cells. Some fuel cells even can be
fueled directly with methanol, without using a reformer Here
are five top ways in which hydrogen fuel cells can
revolutionize daily life.[3]
The hydrogen fuel cell power has received the lion’s share
of attention around fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). And
rightly so - FCEVs provide a solution to many of the greatest
issues faced by car users. Not only are they zero-emission, but
they’re free from the fluctuations of oil prices that make gas
guzzling cars such a financial gamble. While lingering rumors
about the cost and accessibility of fuel have made some in the
past reluctant to consider FCEVs as a fully viable replacement
for traditional motor vehicles, many of the biggest players in
the auto industry have made huge investments to enable a
FCEV-enabled future. Toyota released all of their hydrogen
fuel cell patents as free to use to better facilitate infrastructure
expansion, and Hyundai and Nissan have joined them in
helping to construct what they’ve dubbed “a hydrogen
society.” While Japan has been at the vanguard of establishing
a hydrogen fuel cell infrastructure for some time, the state of
California is currently rolling out 48 hydrogen-fuelling stations
to better encourage consumer adoption.
In most parts of the world, and particularly in more
developed regions, we’re accustomed to thinking of power as
distributed through a large public utilities grid. These grids are
centralized, sprawling and ultimately quite clunky. Many
developing countries with rapidly expanding populations like
India are prone to frequent blackouts, and even places like the
United States suffer from severe outages in times of crisis and
natural disaster.
With hydrogen fuel cells, this doesn’t have to be the case.
Not only do they provide a cleaner, more reliable supply of
power to the existing grid, but they’re more and more
frequently being used in distributed power and generation.
Distributed power enabled through hydrogen fuel cells is better
suited to powering the homes and buildings of the future for an
array of reasons: It’s more easily accessible, more efficient,
more easily implemented and cheaper. And the sector’s already
growing tremendously: General Electric predicts that through
the end of the decade, distributed power will grow at a rate
nearly 40% faster than overall global power demand. Blackouts
could be a thing of the past.
While hydrogen fuel cells themselves fall squarely under
the category of renewable energy, they can also defy the silos
that have previously defined the deeply divided energy sector.
Unlike solar and other renewable energy sources, hydrogen
fuel cell structures can readily be incorporated into existing
fossil fuel-driven infrastructure. Already, American power and
utilities companies have begun incorporating fuel cells
alongside more traditional means of energy production, and
only stand to increase their investment in hydrogen over fossil
fuels in the future. According to an article in Bloomberg,
Southern California Gas Co. has also started two pilot projects
that will test the feasibility of using solar energy produced
when power demand is low to split hydrogen from water and
store the gas in pipelines.
Similarly, Intelligent Energy's Indian subsidiary Essential
Energy has begun incorporating hydrogen fuel into support of
the otherwise unreliable Indian telecoms grid by installing fuel
cells alongside aging diesel generators. It's this interoperability
with existing fossil fuel-driven structures that makes hydrogen
fuel cell power immediately viable, because rather than having
to first completely replace an existing power grid, it can be
incorporated as is immediately -- while still reducing emissions
and increasing reliability.[4]
3. INNOVATION IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Electric cars have been dominating the car market. The
energy consumed by these vehicles is less compared to other
vehicles which run on non renewable resources. The power
generated by these electric cars is greater and also in terms of
efficiency, its beats the cars which run on fuel. The best
example for this is Tesla motors. Tesla’s battery packs are
routinely estimated to be a good tier cheaper than other EV
batteries. This score is principally because of the quality of
Panasonic’s cells and Tesla’s continual improvement of the
packs and the battery chemistries.
Most cars use internal combustion engines and multispeed
transmissions. They have hundreds of moving parts and require
regular maintenance. Tesla’s use electric motors that have two
moving parts, and single-speed “transmissions” that have no
gears. The company says its drive train has about 17 moving
parts compared with about 200 in a conventional internal
combustion drive train. The Tesla system is virtually
maintenance-free. And because it is controlled by electronics,
many adjustments and even repairs to the Tesla system can be
made through software adjustments.[5]
Electric motors can provide high power-to-weight ratios,
and batteries can be designed to supply the large currents to
support these motors. Electric motors have very flat torque
curves down to zero speed. For simplicity and reliability, many
electric cars use fixed-ratio gearboxes and have no clutch.
Although some electric vehicles have very small motors, 15
kW (20 hp) or less and therefore have modest acceleration,
many electric cars have large motors and brisk acceleration. In
addition, the relatively constant torque of an electric motor,
even at very low speeds tends to increase the acceleration
performance of an electric vehicle relative to that of the same
rated motor power internal combustion engine.[5]
Electric vehicles can also use a direct motor-to-wheel
configuration which increases the amount of available power.
Having multiple motors connected directly to the wheels
allows for each of the wheels to be used for both propulsion
and as braking systems, thereby increasing traction.[5] When
not fitted with an axle, differential, or transmission, electric
vehicles have less drive train rotational inertia.
Electric cars have several benefits over conventional
internal combustion engine automobiles, including a significant
reduction of local air pollution, especially in cities, as they do
not emit harmful tailpipe pollutants such as particulates,
volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen.[6] The clean air
benefit may only be local because, depending on the source of
the electricity used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant
emissions may be shifted to the location of the generation
plants. This is referred to as the long tailpipe of electric
vehicles. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted depends on the
emission intensity of the power sources used to charge the
vehicle, the efficiency of the said vehicle and the energy
wasted in the charging process. For mains electricity the
emission intensity varies significantly per country and within a
particular country, and on the demand, the availability of
renewable sources and the efficiency of the fossil fuel-based
generation used at a given time.
4. JANICKI OMNIPROCESSOR
A steam engine generates heat for a dryer, which accepts
the raw sewage and dries it out. Boiling then separates the
solids from the water. An incinerator burns the dried-out solids.
This in turn produces high-pressure steam that helps drive the
steam engine and, through a generator, makes electricity that
can power the Omni Processor.[7]
 Solid fuel combustion — It starts with Solid Fuel
Combustion. Biosolids or other wet waste streams
enter a dryer where the moisture is evaporated.
The dried, solid waste is now a fuel that proceeds
to a fire where it is burned in a very controlled
fashion, reducing the solids to a dry fly ash. The
exhaust from the fire is conditioned and filtered to
meet strict regulatory emission standards before it
is released to the environment. As a stand-alone
process, this successfully processes the waste
stream, but is extremely energy intensive.[8,9]
 Steam power generation — To improve the
process efficiency, the Omni Processer then
combines Steam Power Generation in the mix.
The heat that is generated by the controlled fire
heats water in the boiler pipes to create steam.
This steam is fed to a steam engine, which runs a
generator to produce electricity. This electricity is
then used to power the whole Omni Processor
AND produces surplus electricity that can be sold
or used for other processes. The exhaust, or waste
heat from the engine—in the form of steam—
travels back to the dryer where it provides the
energy required for drying the incoming wet
waste. At that point, it is condensed back to water
and is pumped back to the boiler to repeat the
cycle. These two processes together provide a self-
sustainable processing solution, but there’s still
more.[8,9]
 Water treatment — The third process is Water
Treatment, which completes the system. The
moisture that is leaving the dryer from the wet
waste stream is in the form of steam. This steam
goes through a series of filters and is then
condensed, distilling the water. If desired, this
water can then be treated all the way to clean
drinking water standards, or be used for other
recycled or reuse water applications. Useful heat
can also be captured from the condenser to be
used for a variety of purposes.[8,9]
This process is well illustrated in the given figure 2.
Fig 2. Working of the Omniprocessor.
Once operational, OmmiProcessor becomes self-sustained
requiring just continuous supply of sludge. One of the by-
product of sewage, the dry solids are used to fuel to power the
fire-furnace, which in turn converts another byproduct water to compared to coal-powered thermal electricity stations and
steam to generate electricity. The energy produced by the nuclear power plants.
steam engine is sufficient to power the treatment plant for the
next batch and the spare electricity can be diverted to the
electricity companies, which delivers it to the city. REFERENCES
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Explained, John Wiley & Sons
5.CONCLUSION
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