PHYSICS

PROJECT

CHIRAG PATIL

CLASS - 12 B

ROLL NO - 3
 INDEX
·0 CERTIFICATE
·1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
·2 AIM
·3 INTRODUCTION
·4 THEORY
·5 APPARATUS
·6 PROCEDURE
·7 OBSERVATION
·8 CONCLUSION
·9 APPLICATIONS OF CYCLOTRON
·10 PRECAUTIONS
·11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that CHIRAG PATIL of class
XII -B has successfully completed the
investigatory project on "CYCLOTRON"
under my guidance during 2017-2018 in
partial fulfillment of physics pratical
examnation conducted by cbse

Teacher's signature Principal's

signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my

Physics Teacher Mrs.ALbert for her guidance and
support in completing my project ....................
I would like to extend my gratitude to Principal for
providing with all facility that was absolutely
needed.
Last but not the least i would extend my gratitude
towards all Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of
"APEEJAY SCHOOL,NERUL" and towards my
classmates who supported me to complete this Task

CHIRAG PATIL
 AIM
"To study the phenomenon in cyclotron"
 INTRODUCTION
A cyclotron is a machine Used to accelerate charged
particles to high energies. The first cyclotron was
built by Ernest Orlando Lawrence and his graduate
student, M. Stanley Livingston, at the University of
California, Berkley, in the early 1930's.
A cyclotron consists of two D-shaped cavities
sandwiched between two electromagnets. A
radioactive source is placed in the center of the
cyclotron and the electromagnets are turned on. The
radioactive source emits charged particles. It just so
happens that a magnetic field can bend the path of a
charged particle so, if everything is just right, the
charged particle will circle around inside the D-
shaped cavities. However, this doesn't accelerate the
particle. In order to do that, the two D-shaped
cavities have to be hooked up to a radio wave
generator. This generator gives one cavity a positive
charge and the other cavity a negative charge. After
a moment, the radio wave generator switches the
charges on the cavities. The charges keep switching
back and forth as long as the radio wave generator
is on. It is this switching of charges that accelerates
the particle.

DEFINITION - A circular particle accelerator in which

charged subatomic particles generated at a central
source are accelerated spirally outward in a plane
perpendicular to a fixed magnetic field by an
alternating electric field. A cyclotron is capable of
generating particle energies between a few million
and several tens of millions of electron volts.

PRINCIPAL - It is based on the principle that a

positive ion can acquire sufficiently large energy with
a comparatively smaller alternating potential
difference by making them to cross the same electric
field time and again by making use of a strong
magnetic field.

THEORY
In the cyclotron, a high-frequency alternating
voltage applied across the "D" electrodes (also called
"dees") alternately attracts and repels charged
particles. The particles, injected near the center of
the magnetic field, accelerate only when passing
through the gap between the electrodes. The
perpendicular magnetic field (passing vertically
through the "D" electrodes), combined with the
increasing energy of the particles forces the particles
to travel in a spiral path.
dees and so they are accelerated (at the typical sub-
relativistic speeds used) and will increase in mass as
they approach the speed of light. Either of these
effects (increased velocity or increased mass) will
increase the radius of the circle and so the path will
be a spiral.
(The particles move in a spiral, because a current of
electrons or ions, flowing perpendicular to a
magnetic field, experiences a force perpendicular to
its direction of motion. The charged particles move
freely in a vacuum, so the particles follow a spiral
path.)
The radius will increase until the particles hit a target
at the perimeter of the vacuum chamber. Various
materials may be used for the target, and the
collisions will create secondary particles which may
be guided outside of the cyclotron and into
instruments for analysis. The results will enable the
calculation of various properties, such as the mean
spacing between atoms and the creation of various
collision products. Subsequent chemical and particle
analysis of the target material may give insight into
nuclear transmutation of the elements used in the
target.
CYCLOTRON RADIATION -It is electromagnetic
radiation emitted by moving charge d particles
deflected by a magnetic field. The Lorentz force on
the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic
field lines and the particles' motion through them,
creating an acceleration of charged particles.

APPARATUS

·12 A small container

·13 Crocodile Clips
·14 Connecting Wires
·15 Salt
·16 Water
·17 Screw
·18 Batteries
·19 Disc Shaped Magnet
·20 Aluminium Foil
·21 Thermocol Balls

PROCEDURE
1. Take a small container and make hole in it .
Attach the Screw in the hole .
2. Stick the aluminium foil paper on the mouth
area of the container.
3. Take the connecting wires and attach the
Crocodile Clips with the help of them.
4. Connect the positive terminal of one battery and
connect it to the negative terminal of the second
battery.
5. Attach the clips to the respective terminals of
the batteries.
6. Take one side of the clip and attach it to the
battom of the iron rod in the container , and the
other clip to the aluminium foil .
7. Drop a little amount of salt in the container and
add some amount of water.
8. After adding water drop some thermocol balls in
it.
9. Repeat the above procedure by reversing the
polarity.

·22 OBSERVATION