Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8,

1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior
designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000
structures, 532 of which were completed. Wright believed in
designing structures that were in harmony with humanity
and its environment, a philosophy he called organic
architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified
by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-
time work of American architecture".[1] His creative period
spanned more than 70 years.
Wright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie
School movement of architecture and he also developed the
concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City, his unique
vision for urban planning in the United States. In addition to
his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices,
churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and other structures. He often designed interior
elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20
books and many articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. Wright
was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American
architect of all time".[1]
His colorful personal life often made headlines, notably for leaving his first wife, Catherine Lee
"Kitty" Tobin for Mamah Borthwick Cheney, the murders at his Taliesin estate in 1914, his
tempestuous marriage and divorce with second wife Miriam Noel, and his relationship with Olga
(Olgivanna) Lazovich Hinzenburg, whom he would marry in 1928.

WORKS

 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 1956–1961

 Beth Sholom Synagogue, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, 1954
 Child of the Sun, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Florida, 1941–1958, site of the largest
collection of the architect's work
 Dana-Thomas House, Springfield, Illinois, 1902
 Darwin D. Martin House, Buffalo, New York, 1903–1905
 Dr. G.C. Stockman House, Mason City, Iowa, 1908
 Edward E. Boynton House, Rochester, New York, 1908
 Ennis House, Los Angeles, 1923
 Fallingwater (Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr. Residence), Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 1935–1937
 First Unitarian Society of Madison, Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin, 1947
 Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio, Oak Park, Illinois, 1889–1909
 Frank Thomas House, Oak Park, Illinois, 1901
 Gammage Auditorium, Tempe, Arizona, 1959–1964
 Graycliff. Derby, New York, 1926
 First Jacobs House, Madison, Wisconsin, 1936–1937
 Herbert F. Johnson Residence ("Wingspread"), Wind Point, Wisconsin, 1937
 Hollyhock House (Aline Barnsdall Residence), Los Angeles, 1919–1921
 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan, 1923 (demolished, 1968; entrance hall reconstructed at Meiji
Mura near Nagoya, Japan, 1976)
 Johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936
 Kenneth Laurent House, Rockford, Illinois, only home Wright designed to be handicapped
accessible, 1951
 Kentuck Knob, Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania, 1956
 Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo, New York, 1903 (demolished, 1950)
 Marin County Civic Center, San Rafael, California, 1957–1966
 Marshall Erdman Prefab Houses, various locations, 1956–1960
 Midway Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, 1913 (demolished, 1929)
 Clubhouse at the Nakoma Golf Resort, Plumas County, California, designed in 1923; opened
in 2000
 Park Inn Hotel, the last standing Wright designed hotel, Mason City, Iowa, 1910
 Price Tower, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, 1952–1956
 Frederick C. Robie Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1909
 R.W. Lindholm Service Station, Cloquet, Minnesota, 1958
 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City, 1956–1959
 Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1911 & 1925
 Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona, 1937
 The Illinois, mile-high tower in Chicago, 1956 (unbuilt)
 Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1904
 Usonian homes, various locations, 1930s–1950s
 V. C. Morris Gift Shop, San Francisco, 1948
 Westhope (Richard Lloyd Jones Residence, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1929
 William H. Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois, 1894
 Ward Winfield Willits Residence, and Gardener's Cottage and Stables, Highland Park,
Illinois, 1901
Kenzō Tange
Kenzō Tange (丹下 健三 Tange Kenzō, 4
September 1913 – 22 March 2005) was a
Japanese architect, and winner of the
1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture. He was one
of the most significant architects of the 20th
century, combining traditional Japanese styles
with modernism, and designed major buildings
on five continents. Tange was also an influential
patron of the Metabolist movement. He said: "It
was, I believe, around 1959 or at the beginning of
the sixties that I began to think about what I was
later to call structuralism", (cited in Plan 2/1982,
Amsterdam), a reference to the architectural
movement known as Dutch Structuralism.
Influenced from an early age by the Swiss
modernist, Le Corbusier, Tange gained
international recognition in 1949 when he won
the competition for the design of Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Park. He was a member of
CIAM (Congres Internationaux d'Architecture
Moderne) in the 1950s. He did not join the group
of younger CIAM architects known as Team X,
though his 1960 Tokyo Bay plan was influential
for Team 10 in the 1960s, as well as the group
that became Metabolism.
His university studies on urbanism put him in an ideal position to handle redevelopment projects
after the Second World War. His ideas were explored in designs for Tokyo and Skopje. Tange's
work influenced a generation of architects across the world.

WORKS

Peace Centre in Hiroshima

Work on the Peace Centre commenced in 1950. In addition to the axial nature of the design, the
layout is similar to Tange's early competition arrangement for the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere Memorial Hall.

The Ise Shrine

In 1953 Tange and the architectural journalist and critic Noboru Kawazoe were invited to attend
the reconstruction of the Ise Shrine. The shrine has been reconstructed every 20 years and in
1953 it was the 59th iteration. Normally the reconstruction process was a very closed affair but
this time the ceremony was opened to architects and journalists to document the event. The
ceremony coincided with the end of the American Occupation and it seemed to symbolise a new
start in Japanese architecture. In 1965 when Tange and Kawazoe published the book Ise:
Prototype of Japanese Architecture, he likened the building to a modernist structure: an honest
expression of materials, a functional design and prefabricated elements.

The Kagawa Prefectural Government Hall

The Kagawa Prefectural Government Hall on the island of Shikoku was completed in 1958. Its
expressive construction could be likened to the Daibutsu style seen at the Tōdai-ji in Nara. The
columns on the elevation bore only vertical loads so Tange was able to design them to be thin,
maximising the surfaces for glazing. Although the hall has been called one of his finest
projects, it drew criticism at the time of its construction for relying too heavily on tradition.

Tange's own home

Tange's own home, designed in 1951 and completed in 1953, uses a similar skeleton structure
raised off the ground as the Hiroshima Peace Museum; however, it is fused with a more
traditional Japanese design that uses timber and paper. The house is based on the traditional
Japanese module of the tatami mat, with the largest rooms designed to have flexibility so that
they can be separated into three smaller rooms by fusuma sliding doors.
Town Hall, Kurashiki
The fortress-like town hall in Kurashiki was designed in 1958 and completed in 1960. When it
was constructed it was situated on the edge of the old town centre connecting it with the newer
areas of the town. Kurashiki is better known as a tourist spot for its old Machiya style houses.
Supreme Court Building of Pakistan
The Supreme Court of Pakistan Building is the official and principle workplace of the Supreme
Court of Pakistan, located in 44000 Constitution Avenue Islamabad, Pakistan.[24] Completed in
1965, it is flanked by the Prime Minister's Secretariat to the south and President's House and the
Parliament Building to the north.
Alvar Aalto
Hugo Alvar Henrik
Aalto (pronounced [ˈhuɡo ˈɑlʋɑr
ˈhenrik ˈɑːlto]; 3 February 1898 –
11 May 1976) was a Finnish
architect and designer.[1] His work
includes architecture,
furniture, textiles and glassware, as
well as sculptures and paintings,
though he never regarded himself
as an artist, seeing painting and
sculpture as "branches of the tree
whose trunk is
architecture."[2] Aalto's early career
runs in parallel with the rapid
economic growth and
industrialization of Finland during
the first half of the twentieth century and many of his clients were industrialists; among these
were the Ahlström-Gullichsen family.[3] The span of his career, from the 1920s to the 1970s, is
reflected in the styles of his work, ranging from Nordic Classicism of the early work, to a
rational International Style Modernism during the 1930s to a more organic modernist style from
the 1940s onwards. What is typical for his entire career, however, is a concern for design as
a Gesamtkunstwerk, a total work of art; whereby he – together with his first wife Aino Aalto –
would design not just the building, but give special treatments to the interior surfaces and design
furniture, lamps, and furnishings and glassware. His furniture designs are
considered Scandinavian Modern, in the sense of a concern for materials, especially wood, and
simplification but also technical experimentation, which led to him receiving patents for various
manufacturing processes, such as bent wood.[4] The Alvar Aalto Museum, designed by Aalto
himself, is located in what is regarded as his home city Jyväskylä.

Works
Aalto's career spans the changes in style from (Nordic Classicism) to purist International
Style Modernism to a more personal, synthetic and idiosyncratic Modernism. Aalto's wide field
of design activity ranges from the large scale of city planning and architecture to interior design,
furniture and glassware design and painting. It has been estimated that during his entire career
Aalto designed over 500 individual buildings, approximately 300 of which were built, the vast
majority of which are in Finland. He also has a few buildings in France, Germany, Italy and the
USA.[32]
Aalto's work with wood, was influenced by early Scandinavian architects; however, his
experiments and departure from the norm brought attention to his ability to make wood do things
not previously done. His techniques in the way he cut the beech tree, for example, and also his
ability to use plywood as structural and aesthetic. Other examples include the rough-hewn
vertical placement of logs at his pavilion at the Lapua expo, looking similar to a medieval
barricade, at the orchestra platform at turku and the Paris expo at the World Fair, he used varying
sizes and shapes of planks. Also at Paris and at Villa Mairea he utilized birch boarding in a
vertical arrangement. Also his famous undulating walls and ceilings made of red pine.[33] In his
roofing, he created massive spans (155-foot at the covered statium at Otaniemi) all without tie
rods. His stairway at Villa Mairea, he evokes feelings of a natural forest by binding beech wood
with withes into columns.[34]
Aalto claimed that his paintings were not made as individual artworks but as part of his process
of architectural design, and many of his small-scale "sculptural" experiments with wood led to
later larger architectural details and forms. These experiments also led to a number of patents: for
example, he invented a new form of laminated bent-plywood furniture in 1932 (which was
patented in 1933).[1] His experimental method had been influenced by his meetings with various
members of the Bauhaus design school, especially László Moholy-Nagy, whom he first met in
1930. Aalto's furniture was exhibited in London in 1935, to great critical acclaim, and to cope
with the consumer demand Aalto, together with his wife Aino, Maire Gullichsen and Nils-
Gustav Hahl founded the company Artek that same year. Aalto glassware (Aino as well as Alvar)
is manufactured by Iittala.

 1921–1923: Bell tower of Kauhajärvi Church, Lapua, Finland

 1924–1928: Municipal hospital, Alajärvi, Finland
 1926–1929: Defence Corps Building, Jyväskylä, Finland
 1927-1928: South-West Finland Agricultural Cooperative building, Turku, Finland
 1927–1935: Municipal library, Viipuri, Finland (now Vyborg, Russia)[35]
 1928–1929, 1930: Turun Sanomat newspaper offices, Turku, Finland[36]
 1928–1933: Paimio Sanatorium, Tuberculosis sanatorium and staff housing, Paimio,
Finland[37]
 1931: Toppila paper mill in Oulu, Finland
 1931: Central University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia (former Yugoslavia)
 1932: Villa Tammekann, Tartu, Estonia
 1934: Corso theatre, restaurant interior, Zürich, Switzerland
 1936–1939: Ahlstrom Sunila Pulp Mill, Housing, and Town Plan, Kotka[38]
 1937–1939: Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland[39]
 1939: Finnish Pavilion, at the 1939 New York World's Fair
 1945: Sawmill at Varkaus
 1947–1948: Baker House, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA[40]
 1949–1966: Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
 1949–1952: Säynätsalo Town Hall, 1949 competition, built 1952, Säynätsalo (now part
of Jyväskylä), Finland
 1950–1957: National Pension Institution office building, Helsinki, Finland
Eero Saarinen
Eero Saarinen (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈeːro ˈsɑːrinen])
(August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961) was a 20th-
century Finnish Americanarchitect and industrial
designer noted for his neo-futuristic style. Saarinen
is known for designing the Washington Dulles
International Airport outside Washington, D.C.,
the TWA Flight Center in New York City, and
the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri.

Eero Saarinen was born on August 20, 1910, to

Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen and his second wife,
Louise, on his father's 37th birthday. They
immigrated to the United States in 1923, when Eero
was thirteen.[1][2] He grew up in Bloomfield Hills,
Michigan, where his father taught and was dean of
the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and he took courses
in sculpture and furniture design there. He had a
close relationship with fellow
students Charles and Ray Eames, and became
good friends with Florence Knoll (née Schust).
Saarinen began studies in sculpture at the Académie
de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, France, in September 1929. He then went on to study at the Yale
School of Architecture, completing his studies in 1934. Subsequently, he toured Europe and North
Africa for a year and returned for a year to his native Finland.

List of works
Kingswood
Bloomfield
School for Michigan 1929 1931
Hills
Girls furnishings
Hvitträsk Studio
Kirkkonummi Finland 1929 1937 Remodel
and Home
Swedish Theatre Helsinki Finland 1935 1936 Remodel. With Eliel Saarinen
Fenton
Community Fenton Michigan 1937 1938 With Eliel Saarinen
Center
J. F. Spencer Huntington First building designed
Michigan 1937 1938
House Woods independently
First building Saarinen
designed within
J.K. Nikander
Hancock Michigan 1939 Michigan's Copper Country.
Hall
Designed in conjunction with
his father, Eliel Saarinen.
Charles and Grosse Pointe With Eliel Saarinen and J.
Michigan 1937 1940
Ingrid Koebel Farms Robert F. Swanson
House
With Eliel Saarinen.
Kleinhans Music
Buffalo New York 1938 1940 Designated a National
Hall
Historic Landmark in 1989
With Eliel
Crow Island Saarinen and Perkins & Will.
Winnetka Illinois 1938 1942
School Designated a National
Historic Landmarkin 1990
Tanglewood Shed in 1938
(with Eliel Saarinen and
Joseph Franz), Chamber
Berskhire Music
Lenox Massachusetts 1938 1959 Music Shed in 1947 (with
Centerbuildings
Eliel Saarinen), Edmund
Haws Talbot Orchestra
Canopy in 1959
With Eliel Saarinen and J.
Center Line
Center Line Michigan 1941 1942 Robert F. Swanson. 477
Defense Housing
housing units
Albert and Muriel
Fort Wayne Indiana 1941 1942
Wermuth House
Willow Lodge Willow Run Michigan 1942 1943 Demolished
Grasshopper Chair design for Knoll
n/a n/a 1943 1946
Chair Associates
Lincoln Heights District of With Eliel Saarinen and J.
Washington 1944 1946
Housing Columbia Robert F. Swanson.
Hugh Taylor
Birch Hall Yellow With Eliel Saarinen and J.
Ohio 1944 1947
at Antioch Springs Robert F. Swanson.
College
With Eliel Saarinen and J.
Des Moines Art Robert F. Swanson. Listed on
Des Moines Iowa 1944 1948
Center the National Register of
Historic Places in 2004
With Charles Eames.
Saarinen also provided an
original plan for House #8,
Case Study
Los Angeles California 1945 1949 but Eames completely
House #9
redesigned it. Listed on
the National Register of
Historic Places in 2013
Chair design for Knoll
Models 71 and 73 n/a n/a 1945 1950
Associates
Birmingham With Eliel Saarinen and J.
Birmingham Michigan 1945 1952
High School Robert F. Swanson
Harvey Ingham Hall of
Science, Fitch Hall of
Pharmacy, Women's
Dormitory & Dining Hall (all
Drake in 1945 with Eliel
University plan Des Moines Iowa 1945 1957 Saarinenand J. Robert F.
and buildings Swanson), Bible School &
Prayer Chapel in 1952,
Women's Dormitory #4 in
1957, Jewett Union addition
in 1957
Womb Chair & Chair design for Knoll
n/a n/a 1946 1948
Ottoman Associates
With Eliel Saarinen; solo
Christ Church addition in 1962. Designated
Minneapolis Minnesota 1947 1949
Lutheran a National Historic
Landmarkin 2009.
Eero Saarinen Bloomfield Renovation of a Victorian
Michigan 1947 1959
House Hills house
Designated a National
Gateway Arch St. Louis Missouri 1947 1965
Historic Landmarkin 1987
UAW–CIO
Flint Michigan 1948 1948 Renovation. Demolished.
Cooperative
General Motors Designated a National
Warren Michigan 1948 1956
Technical Center Historic Landmarkin 2014
Aspen Music With Eliel Saarinen.
Aspen Colorado 1949 1949
Center Demolished in 1963.
With Matthew Nowicki.
Ridgewood Quadrangle
Dormitories (1950), Hamilton
Brandeis
Quadrangle Dormitory &
University plan Waltham Massachusetts 1949 1952
Student Center (1952),
and buildings
Sherman Student Center
(1952)