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Introductory Examples
Version 1.6
NetSim
2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
NetSim Introductory Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
About NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1 Example 1:
Earth Fault in Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.1 Starting NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.2 Entering the Source Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.3 Entering the Fault Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
1.4 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.5 Results and Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2 Example 2:
Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration . .17
2.1 Entering the Fault Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.2 Entering the CB Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
2.3 Entering Measurement Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.4 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
2.5 Results and Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3 Example 3:
Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
3.1 Entering the Output Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
3.2 Entering the Circuit Breaker Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
3.2.2 Timing for the Initial Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
3.3 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
3.4 Results and Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
4 Example 4:
3
NetSim
4
Introduction
About NetSim
The Network Simulation (NetSim) simulates events in an electric power supply
network.NetSim can generate the corresponding secondary voltages and the
secondary currents from distinct locations in the network via a connected CMC
test set. These voltage and currents represent close to realistic conditions to a
connected relay. This relay’s response to this stimulus can then be measured
and evaluated.
NetSim uses a numerical model to calculate the quantities and to simulate a
power system. The power system is composed of voltage sources, lines, and
circuit breakers. The fault instances and the switching events determine the
changes and the actions in the network.
NetSim provides predefined Test Cases and Network Configurations. The
test cases define the type of event to be simulated and the network
configurations determine the topology to be used for the simulation. Further test
cases and network configurations can be added to NetSim later on.
5
NetSim
Test View
The Test View contains the complete specifications for the simulation that is
performed. The parameters are grouped into several tabs. A graphical
representation of the actual network configuration with some important labels is
displayed to provide a reference for the parameters in the tabs. All parameters
are preset with a default value. You can immediately run a simulation with these
defaults.
Figure 1:
NetSim Test View with
graphical
representation of
network configuration
The Fault tab: The parameters for the fault(s) are specified on this tab.
• Durations for the pre-fault, fault and post-fault
• Fault parameters, e.g.; type, location, inception angle and resistance for
short circuit faults.
The Lines tab: The parameters for the line (impedances) are specified on this
tab.
• Method of specifying the line impedances
• Sequence impedances, line length and relative length of segments.
6
Introduction
The Sources tab: The parameters for the sources (generators) are specified on
this tab.
• Frequency, voltages, phase shifts and source impedances.
The CB tab: The circuit breaker actions are specified on this tab.
• Initial states of the CBs at the fault inception
• Changes of the CB states (open / closed) after the fault inception.
The Trigger tab: The condition for starting the playback of the signals with the
test set is specified on this tab.
• The playback starts immediately without any condition after the simulation
and the download of the data.
• On an external event, e.g.; pressing a key, activating a binary input or
receiving a synchronization signal from a GPS receiver.
The Sequence tab: Multiple simulations with different settings and complete
series of simulations with varying parameters are specified on this tab.
• One or two parameters, which can be varied
• Multiple parameter settings for simulations and automatic setups of
complete series.
Measurement View
The Measurement View sets up measurement conditions and displays the
actual values and the automatic assessment of the results after a test.
Using the NetSim measurement view is identical to using the Measurement
View in the State Sequencer and Advanced Transplay OMICRON test modules.
7
NetSim
Report View
The Report View displays a preview of the report with the settings for the
simulations and results of the test. The NetSim Report View is identical to the
Report View in the other OMICRON test modules.
8
Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A
1 Example 1:
Earth Fault in Phase A
! Task
To investigate an earth fault on a single line.
For this example, the dynamic behavior of voltages and currents during a single-
phase fault, occurring on a single line, are observed. The quantities are
measured on the busbars.
ü Solution
The test case used for the example is shown in the following figure:
Figure 1-1:
Test case for short-
circuit event simulation
The tester’s job is to simulate a single-phase fault on phase A, at 80% of the line
length between the two relays during nominal power transfer.
A pre-fault current is attained by a suited setting of either the voltage magnitudes
or the phase angles of the sources, or a combination of both.
For this test, the phase of source 2 will be adjusted accordingly.
Note: All values are specified in secondary values.
9
NetSim
The default settings for the line impedance and source impedance are used in
this example. They are:
• Z1,Line: 3 W Ð85°
• Z0,Line: 12 W Ð85°
• Z1,Source: 15 W Ð85°
• Z0,Source: 54 W Ð85°
• Z2=Z1
• U1=100VÐ0°
For source 2, U2=100VÐ-36° is chosen. During the faultless period, this causes
a current of:
Figure 1-2:
Calculation of the
current during the VSource1 3 - VSource 2 3 35.7VÐ72°
faultless period I Prefault = = = 0.99 AÐ - 13°
2 × Z1, Line + 2 × Z1, Source 36WÐ85°
10
Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A
11
NetSim
Figure 1-4:
Source parameters: the
phase angle for source
2 is shifted to -36°
12
Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A
13
NetSim
14
Example 1: Earth Fault in Phase A
Figure 1-6:
Time signal view of
simulated quantities
The "plausibility check" of the voltages and the currents in Figure 1-6: ”Time
signal view of simulated quantities” on page 15, results in a positive
assessment.
The voltage in phase A breaks down into smaller values during the fault. Since
the fault is closer to phase B, the voltage is smaller in phase B than in phase A.
The voltages in the sane phase of B and C rise due to the displacement of the
neutral point.
The current in phase A rises but the currents in the sane phases B and C do not
change during the fault. The peak value is about three times the pre-fault value
immediately after fault inception. After approximately 130 ms, the DC
component decays and the steady state short-circuit current is roughly twice the
pre-fault current.
15
NetSim
16
Example 2: Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration
2 Example 2:
Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker
in a Single Feeder Configuration
! Task
To investigate a close-in fault on a spur line. Although NetSim does not provide
a test case that specifically models this case, this can be easily accomplished
by providing appropriate settings for the circuit breakers so that the second
source is disconnected from the beginning of the simulation.
The tester’s job is to perform an automatic assessment of the trip time of the
protection relay. For this example, a measurement is set up to measure the time
between the fault incident and the trip signal from the relay.
ü Solution
The same fault event (short-circuit) and the same test case (single line) used in
Example 1 are also used for this test. Again, this is the default test case when
starting NetSim.
Figure 2-1:
Test case for short-
circuit simulation with
disconnected source 2.
17
NetSim
For this example, the default settings can be used except for:
Since the example contains a spur line with no load, no current will flow through
the faultless periods. The steady state fault current can be calculated from the
formula for a single-phase fault.
Figure 2-2:
Calculations of the
VSource 1 3 3 ×VSource 1 173.2VÐ0°
steady state fault I Fault = 3 × = = = 1.83 AÐ - 85°
current for a single- Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2 0.6 × Z 0,Line + Z 0,Source + 1.2 × Z1,Line + 2 × Z 1,Source 94.8WÐ85°
phase fault
18
Example 2: Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration
19
NetSim
20
Example 2: Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration
21
NetSim
Note: With the parameters used in this example, the measured trip time
lies well inside the tolerance boundaries. Therefore the
assessment is passed.
Figure 2-6:
Measurement condition
with result and
assessment
22
Example 2: Earth Fault Near the Circuit Breaker in a Single Feeder Configuration
Figure 2-7:
Time signal view with
transient fault quantities
and measured trip
signals
23
NetSim
24
Example 3: Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault
3 Example 3:
Fault with Autoreclosure and
Persisting Fault
! Task
To simulate a typical sequence of a failure event and an autoreclosure cycle.
The fault is assumed to be persistent, and the autoreclosure will be
unsuccessful.
ü Solution
A reasonable simulation of such a course of events is possible even though
NetSim is not a real-time simulation tool, and therefore cannot take into account
the reactions of the relay being tested for the actual signal calculations.
Two circumstances can be used to support the solution:
1. For the relay being tested, reasonable signals with causal timing have to
be provided. Since the circuit breaker has some action time, the relay
does not require the fault condition to disappear immediately after the trip
so it is appropriate to set up the test sequence in such a way that the fault
is cleared in a practical time.
2. Similar considerations apply for the reclosure time and the clearing of the
persisting fault. Since the pause time runs from the moment the clearing
of the fault is detected until the reclosure signal is issued by the relay, the
drop-off time, the pause time and the CB-close time have to be included
into the calculations. The timing for the persisting fault corresponds to the
explanation above.
The CB tab on the Test View dialog box provides the necessary settings to
configure the appropriate sequences for this example.
All other settings for the source and fault parameters are identical to ”Example
1: Earth Fault in Phase A” on page 9. Please refer to ”Entering the Source
Parameters” on page 12 and ”Entering the Fault Parameters” on page 13 for
further information.
25
NetSim
26
Example 3: Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault
At the start of the simulation, the initial states of the CBs are defined in the Initial
state window located on the CB tab in the Test View dialog box. The Initial
state feature has been previously used in ”Entering the CB Parameters” on
page 20 for simulating the spur line by disconnecting busbar B.
The settings for changing the state of the CBs can be made in the Circuit
Breaker A and the Circuit Breaker B windows located on the CB tab in the Test
View dialog box. Up to four state changes can be defined per CB. The timing of
the state changes refers to the fault event. Settings for three-pole and single-
pole openings and for three-pole closing of the CB are provided.
Changes in the CB states are defined from top to bottom so any unused fields
remain in the <unchanged> default setting.
Note: For other test cases with more CBs, e.g., double line, additional
CB tabs will be available on the CB tab in the Test View dialog
box.
27
NetSim
28
Example 3: Fault with Autoreclosure and Persisting Fault
Figure 3-3:
CB settings for fault
sequence with
reclosure and persisting
fault
29
NetSim
The described test shows that NetSim provides flexible settings that allow a
simple simulation of realistic events.
30
Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines
4 Example 4:
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines
! Task
To simulate a double line power transmission system under multiple fault
occurrences.
There are two faults involved; both of them are on different lines, at different
times, and have different fault types. The two faults are:
• On Line 1: a line-line fault (A-B) at 20% of the line length
• On Line 2: a three-phase fault at 40% of the lien length, 80ms after the
fault on line 1
The CBs switch off according to the tripping of the relays. Relays A, C, and D
trip instantaneously, relay B has a slightly delayed transfer trip.
The mutual coupling between the parallel systems has to be taken in account.
ü Solution
The simulation is performed with a network configuration as shown in the
following figure:
Figure 4-1:
Network configuration
for short circuit even
simulation on double
line
Again, many of the setting are left as the default values and they are not
repeated throughout the manual. Only the essential settings are mentioned.
31
NetSim
32
Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines
Half of the current through this total impedance flows through each of the two
parallel lines.
When VSource2=100V<-66° is chosen for Source 2. this causes a pre-fault
current of:
33
NetSim
Figure 4-4:
Mutual coupling
impedance input in the
Lines tab
This test is performed with the default values. For further details about the
definition of the mutual coupling impedance ZM of these settings refer to
Appendix 4.7.
34
Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines
35
NetSim
Figure 4-6:
Timing for CBs on Line
1 (A,B)
Figure 4-7:
Timings for CBs on Line
2 (C,D)
36
Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines
37
NetSim
Figure 4-9:
Switching off currents at
CB A during fault
overlap and delayed CB
opening
38
Example 4: Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines
Figure 4-10:
Induced voltage through
mutual coupling when
zero sequence current
is present
39
NetSim
40
Example 5: Testing Power Swing Detection
5 Example 5:
Testing Power Swing Detection
! Task
The power swing detection function of a distance relay is to be verified.
It has to be investigated for which range of slip frequencies the power swing
condition is detected.
ü Solution
The simulation can be performed with NetSim, using the test case Power Swing.
To assess the range of slip frequencies where the detection works and where it
fails, multiple measurements at different slip frequencies have to be performed.
Again, many, if not most settings will be left as the default values. Those will not
be repeated, only the essential settings will be mentioned.
41
NetSim
The power swing test case is further described by the attribute "Asynchronous,"
which means that generator 2 (source 2) is assumed to be out of step while
generator 1 (source 1) remains stable at the nominal frequency. A positive value
for the slip frequency means that the frequency of source two is reduced by this
amount against the nominal frequency. At practical ratios between the voltages
of the two sources, the impedance locus travels straight through the entire
tripping area, leaving it at the opposite side to where it entered.
Figure 5-2:
Typical impedance
locus during an
asynchronous power
swing
42
Example 5: Testing Power Swing Detection
Beside the durations for prefault and postfault, only the slip frequency must be
specified. The "fault time" is implicitly defined by this, since the "fault" event is
exactly one period of the slip frequency. Since the length of the calculated
transient file is limited and increases with lower slip frequencies, the minimum
value for this is around 0.2 Hz.
With these settings, a single test could be run now, but we will go for a more
sophisticated procedure.
Most power swing detection algorithms somehow determine the rate of change
of the measured impedance (this is the calculated ratio voltage/current at the
relay location). If the change is comparable slow against the change during a
typical fault event, the presence of a power swing is assumed. When the slip
frequency is raised, the rate of change of the measured impedance also
increases. So the power swing detection function can be expected to fail at
certain values of the slip frequency.
To determine the range where the power swing detection works and to find the
limit where it begins to fail, multiple tests with different slip frequencies have to
be performed. To facilitate this, NetSim offers the Sequence feature for the
automatic variation of parameters for repeated tests.
43
NetSim
44
Example 5: Testing Power Swing Detection
The exact timing of the power swing detection is hard to predict and can be
expected to vary with the slip frequency. So a very general condition is specified,
which requires the input to become active somewhere within one second after
the "fault" event. With this, a raw yes/no assessment can be performed.
Testing this with just a trip contact would require more conditions to be fulfilled.
So the power swing blocking function would have to be activated to influence the
behavior of the trip contact. Since measuring and assessment of "something not
happening" is generally more difficult, the interpretation of the measurement
condition would have to be inverted. In this case, tripping would be expected at
slip frequencies above about 2.5 Hz.
45
NetSim
The following figure shows the time signal view for the test point with a slip
frequency of 2.2 Hz.
Figure 5-6:
Time Signal View for a
power swing with slip
frequency 2.2Hz
When the whole sequence is executed, the test points for frequencies above
2.4 Hz are assessed as "failed". Since we expected the power swing detection
not to work at these slip frequencies, the result is correct and as expected for our
test case.
Figure 5-7:
Assessment of test
sequence with varying
slip frequency
46
Manufacturer Contact Information
47
OMICRON Contact Addresses
48
Index
Index
I
Introduction to NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A
About NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
address of manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
M
Advanced Transplay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 manufacturer address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Measurement
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . . . 31
N
D NetSim
About NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . 14, 22, 30, 37
Starting NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Network
Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
E Selecting Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Earth Fault
In Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Near Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Examples
Earth Fault In Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
O
Earth Fault Near Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . 17 OMICRON addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Fault w/ Autoreclosure & Persisting Fault 25
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . 31
Testing Power Swing Detection . . . . . . . . 41
P
Parameters
F Circuit Breaker Parameters
Entering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Fault w/ Autoreclosure & Persisting Fault . . . 25 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Measurement Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 29
Timing for Initial Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Timing for Reclosure & Pers. Fault . . 28
49
NetSim
S
Service V
OMICRON addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Values
Settings Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CB Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 View
Measurement Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Measurement View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 21
Output Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Report View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Results and Time Signals . . . . . . 14, 22, 30
Solution Test View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Earth Fault in Phase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 41 Time Signal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 14
Earth Fault Near Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . 17
Fault w/ Autoreclosure & Persisting Fault 25
Multiple Faults on Parallel Lines . . . . . . . 31
Multiple faults on parallel lines . . . . . . . . . 31
Starting NetSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
State Sequencer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
T
Tab
CB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
50