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Thermal performance of |
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shutters Ð Calculation |
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of thermal |
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transmittance Ð |
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Part 1: Simplified method |
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The European Standard EN ISO 10077-1:2000 has the status of a British |
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Standard |
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ICS 91.060.50; 91.120.10 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS EN ISO 10077-1:2000

National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of EN ISO 10077-1:2000.
It is identical with EN ISO 10077-1:2000.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/540, Energy performance of materials, components and buildings, to
Subcommittee B/540/1, European Standards for thermal insulation, which has the
responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries
on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests
informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request

to its secretary.
Cross-references
Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include
an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their
corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement these
international or European publications may be found in the BSI Standards
Catalogue under the section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence
Indexº, or by using the ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page,
pages 2 to 31 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when this document
was updated.

This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Amd. No. Date Comments
Committee for Building and Civil
Engineering, was published under
the authority of the Standards
Committee and comes into effect
on 15 September 2000

 BSI 10 December 2001

ISBN 0 580 32641 1

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 10077-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM July 2000

ICS 91.060.50; 91.120.10

English version

Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters -

Calculation of thermal transmittance - Part 1: Simplified method
(ISO 10077-1:2000)

Performance thermique des fenêtres, portes et fermetures - Wärmetechnisches Verhalten von Fenstern, Türen und
Calcul du coefficient de transmission thermique - Partie 1: Abschlüssen - Berechnung des
Méthode simplifiée (ISO 10077-1:2000) Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten - Teil 1: Vereinfachtes
Verfahren (ISO 10077-1:2000)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 July 1999.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2000 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 10077-1:2000 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Page 2
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Contents

Page
Foreword 3

Introduction 3

1 Scope 4

2 Normative references 5

3 Definitions, symbols and units 6

4 Geometrical characteristics 7

5 Calculation of thermal transmittance 9

6 Input data 15

7 Report 15

Annex A (normative) Internal and external surface thermal resistances 17

Annex B (informative) Thermal conductivity of glass 17

Annex C (informative) Thermal resistance of air spaces between glazing and thermal
transmittance of coupled or double glazing 18

Annex D (informative) Thermal transmittance of frames 20

Annex E (informative) Linear thermal transmittance of frame/glazing junction 25

Annex F (informative) Thermal transmittance of windows 26

Annex G (informative) Additional thermal resistance for windows with closed shutters 28

Annex H (informative) Permeability of shutters 29

Annex ZA (informative) A-deviations 31

 Page 3
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Foreword

The text of EN ISO 10077-1:2000 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 89
"Thermal performance of buildings and building components", the secretariat of which is held
by SIS , in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 163 "Thermal insulation".

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2001, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2001.

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of
this standard.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of

the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United
Kingdom.

This standard is one of a series of standards on calculation methods for the design and
evaluation of the thermal performance of buildings and building components.

It contains two parts. Part 1 deals with the simplified calculation of the thermal transmittance
of windows and doors with or without shutters. Part 2 covers the numerical calculation (two-
dimensional) of the thermal transmittance of frame profiles.

Introduction

The method described in this standard is used to evaluate the thermal transmittance of
windows and doors, or as part of the determination of the energy use of a building.

An alternative to this calculation method is testing according to EN ISO 12567 “Thermal

performance of windows and doors – Determination of thermal transmittance by hot box
methods”.

In some countries the calculation of the thermal transmittance of windows forms part of their
national regulations. Information about national deviations from this standard due to
regulations are given in annex ZA.
Page 4
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

1 Scope

This standard specifies methods for the calculation of the thermal transmittance of windows
and doors consisting of glazed or opaque panels fitted in a frame, with and without shutters.

It allows for:

- different types of glazing (glass or plastics; single or multiple glazing; with or without
low emissivity coatings; with spaces filled with air or other gases);
- various types of frames (wood; plastic; metallic with and without thermal barrier;
metallic with pinpoint metallic connections or any combination of materials);
- where appropriate, the additional thermal resistance introduced by different types of
shutters, depending on their air permeability.

Curtain walls and other structural glazings, which are not fitted in a frame, are excluded from
this standard. Roof windows are also excluded because of their complex geometrical frame
sections.

Default values for glazings, frames and shutters are given in the informative annexes. Thermal
bridge effects at the rebate or joint between the window or door frame and the rest of the
building envelope are excluded from the calculation.

The calculation does not include:

– effects of solar radiation;

– heat transfer caused by air leakage;
– calculation of condensation;
– ventilation of air spaces in double and coupled windows.
 Page 5
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

2 Normative references

This standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications
are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of
these publications apply to this standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or
revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publications referred to applies.

EN 673 Glass in building – Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) –

Calculation method
EN 674 Glass in building – Determination of thermal transmittance (U value)
Guarded hot plate method
EN 675 Glass in building – Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) –
Heat flow meter method
prEN 1098 Measuring method for the determination of the thermal transmittance of
multiple glazing (U value) – Calibrated and guarded hot box method
prEN 1279-1 Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 1: Generalities and
dimensional tolerances
prEN 1279-3 Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 3: Initial type testing on
gas-filled insulating glass units; gas leakage rate
prEN 12412-2 Windows, doors and shutters - Determination of thermal transmittance
by hot box method – Part 2: Frames
EN 12524 Building materials and products – Hygrothermal properties – Tabulated
design values
EN ISO 6946 Building components and building elements – Thermal resistance and
thermal transmittance – Calculation method (ISO 6946)
EN ISO 7345 Thermal insulation – Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 7345)
prEN ISO 10077-2 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters - Calculation of
thermal transmittance - Part 2: Numerical method for frames
(ISO/DIS 10077-2)
EN ISO 10211-2 Thermal bridges in building construction - Calculation of heat flows and
surface temperatures - Part 2: Linear thermal bridges (ISO 10211-2)
ISO 8302 Thermal insulation – Determination of steady-state thermal resistance
and related properties – Guarded hot plate apparatus
Page 6
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

3 Definitions, symbols and units

3.1 Definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the definitions given in EN 673 and EN ISO 7345 apply.

In clause 4 of this standard, descriptions are given of a number of geometrical characteristics

of glazing and frame.

3.2 Symbols

Symbol Quantity Unit

A area m2
R thermal resistance m2·K/W
T temperature K
U thermal transmittance W/(m2·K)
b width m
d distance / thickness m
l length m
q density of heat flow rate W/m2

linear thermal transmittance W/(m·K)
 thermal conductivity W/(m·K)

3.3 Subscripts
Ad,i

frame internal

external
Ad,e

Figure 1 - Internal and external developed area

D door
W window
WS window with closed shutter j summation index

d developed p panel (opaque)

e external s space (air or gas space)
f frame se external surface
g glazing sh shutter
i internal si internal surface
sa sash
 Page 7
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

4 Geometrical characteristics

4.1 Glazed area, opaque panel area

The glazed area Ag or the opaque panel area Ap of a window or door is the smaller of the
visible areas seen from both sides, see figure 2. Any overlapping of gaskets is ignored.

4.2 Total visible perimeter of the glazing

The total perimeter of the glazing lg (or the opaque panel lp) is the sum of the visible perimeter
of the glass panes (or opaque panels) in the window or door. If the perimeters are different on
either side of the pane or panel then the larger of the two shall be used, see figure 2.

lg lg
glass

Ag

Figure 2 - Illustration of glazed area and perimeter

4.3 Frame areas

For the definition of the areas see also figure 3.

Af,i Internal projected frame area

The internal projected frame area is the area of the projection of the internal frame on
a plane parallel to the glazing panel.
Af,e External projected frame area
The external projected frame area is the area of the projection of the external frame
on a plane parallel to the glazing panel.
Af Frame area
The frame area is the larger of the two projected areas seen from both sides.
Ad,i Internal developed frame area
The internal developed frame area is the area of the frame in contact with the internal
air (see figure 1).
Ad,e External developed frame area
The external developed frame area is the area of the frame in contact with the
external air (see figure 1).
Page 8
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

4.4 Window area

The window area Aw is the sum of the frame area Af and the glazing area Ag (or the
panel area Ap).

Af,i = Af Ag

A1 A3 internal

A2 sash A4
(movable)

frame
(fixed)
A8

A7

external
A5 A6

Af,e

Aw

NOTE Af = max (Af,i ; Af,e)

Aw = Af + Ag
Ad,i = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
Ad,e = A5 + A6 + A7 + A8

Figure 3 - Illustration of the various areas

 Page 9
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

5 Calculation of thermal transmittance

5.1 Windows

5.1.1 Single windows

frame
(fixed) sash
(movable) glazing (single
or multiple)

Figure 4 - Illustration of single window

The thermal transmittance of a single window Uw shall be calculated using equation (1):

Ag U g  Af U f  lg
g
UW
(1)
Ag  Af

where
Ug is the thermal transmittance of the glazing;
Uf is the thermal transmittance of the frame;

g is the linear thermal transmittance due to the combined thermal effects of glazing,
spacer and frame;
and the other symbols are defined in clause 4.

In the case of single glazing the last term of the numerator in equation (1) shall be taken as
zero (no spacer effect) because any correction is negligible.

When opaque panels are used instead of some of the glazing, Uw is calculated as follows:

Ag U g  Ap U p  Af U f  lg
g  lp
p
UW
(2)
Ag  Ap  Af

where
Up is the thermal transmittance of the opaque panel(s);

p is the linear thermal transmittance for the opaque panel(s).
If the opaque panel is thermally bridged at the edge by a less insulating spacer, the effect of
the bridging shall be taken into account in the same way as for glazing; otherwise
p = 0.

NOTE Typical values of the linear thermal transmittance are given in annex E.
prEN ISO 10077-2 gives a method for calculating linear thermal transmittance.
prEN 12412-2 gives a method for measuring the linear thermal transmittance.
Page 10
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

5.1.2 Double windows

internal

1/Uw1
Rse
1/Uw
frame sash glazing (single Rs
(fixed) (movable) or multiple)
Rsi

3 mm
1/Uw2

3 mm
external

Figure 5 - Illustration of double window

The thermal transmittance UW of a system consisting of two separate windows shall be

calculated by the following equation:

1
UW
(3)
1 / U W1  Rsi  Rs  Rse  1 / U W 2

where
UW1, UW2 are the thermal transmittances of the external and internal window; respectively,
calculated according to equation (1);
Rsi is the internal surface resistance of the external window when used alone;
Rse is the external surface resistance of the internal window when used alone;
Rs is the thermal resistance of the space between the glazing in the two windows.

Typical values of Rsi and Rse are given in normative annex A and of Rs in the informative annex
C.

NOTE If the gap exceeds 3 mm and measures have not been taken to
prevent excessive air exchange with external air, the method does not apply.
 Page 11
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

5.1.3 Coupled windows internal

The thermal transmittance Uw of a system
consisting of one frame and two separate glazing (single
sashes shall be calculated using equation (1).
3 mm or multiple)
To determine the thermal transmittance Ug of
the combined glazing equation (4) shall be external
used:
Figure 6 - llustration of coupled windows
1
Ug
(4)
1 / U g1  Rsi  Rs  Rse  1 / U g2

where
Ug1, Ug2 are the thermal transmittances of the external and internal glazing; respectively,
calculated according to equations (5) and (6);
Rsi is the internal surface resistance of the external glazing when used alone;
Rse is the external surface resistance of the internal glazing when used alone;
Rs is the thermal resistance of the space between the internal and external glazing.

Typical values of Rsi and Rse are given in normative annex A and of Rs in the informative annex
C.

NOTE If the gap exceeds 3 mm and measures have not been taken to
prevent excessive air exchange with external air, the method does not apply.

5.2 Glazing

5.2.1 Single glazing

The thermal transmittance of the single and laminated glazing, Ug, shall be calculated with the
following equation:

1
Ug
(5)
Rse 

j
dj
j
 Rsi

where
Rse is the external surface resistance;
j is the thermal conductivity of glass or material layer j;
dj is the thickness of the glass pane or material layer j;
Rsi is the internal surface resistance.
Page 12
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

5.2.2 Multiple glazing

The thermal transmittance of multiple glazing Ug can be calculated according to EN 673 or by

means of the following equation:

1
Ug
(6)
Rse 
 
R
j
dj
j j
s, j  Rsi

where
Rse is the external surface resistance;
j is the thermal conductivity of glass or material layer j;
dj is the thickness of the glass pane or material layers j;
Rsi is the internal surface resistance;
Rs,j is the thermal resistance of air space j.

NOTE Typical values of Rs are given in informative annex C.

5.3 Windows with closed shutters

A shutter on the outside of a window introduces an additional thermal resistance, resulting
from both the air layer enclosed between the shutter and the window, and the shutter itself
(see figure 7). The thermal transmittance of a window with closed shutters, Uws, is given by:

1
U WS
(7)
1/U W 
R

where
Uw is the thermal transmittance of the window;

R is the additional thermal resistance due to the air layer enclosed between the shutter
and the window and the closed shutter itself (see figure 7).

R
Rsh

external internal

shutter

EMBED
Figure 7 - Window with external shutter
 Page 13
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

The additional thermal resistance for five categories of shutter air permeability is given in the
following expressions:

– shutters with very high air permeability:

R = 0,08 m2K/W (8)
– shutters with high air permeability:

R = 0,25 Rsh + 0,09 m2K/W (9)
– shutters with an average air permeability (for example solid wing shutters, wooden
venetian shutters with solid overlapping slats, roller shutters made of wood, plastic or
metal, with connecting slats):

R = 0,55 Rsh + 0,11 m2K/W (10)
– shutters with low air permeability:

R = 0,80 Rsh + 0,14 m2K/W (11)
– tight shutters:

R = 0,95 Rsh + 0,17 m2
K/W (12)

where Rsh is the thermal resistance of the shutter itself.

The above equations are valid for Rsh < 0,3 m K/W. If no measured or calculated values for Rsh
2

are available, the typical values given in annexes G and H can be used. For external or
internal blinds use equations (8) to (12) with Rsh = 0.

NOTE 1 Annex H gives further information about the permeability of

shutters.
NOTE 2 The expression
R for tight shutters is the best current
estimate, and future developments may lead to other values.

5.4 Doors

frame
(fixed)
sash
(movable) glazing (single,
or multiple)

Figure 8 - Illustration of door with glazing

The thermal transmittance UD of a doorset, which is of similar design to a window, is obtained

using equation (13).

Ag U g  Af U f  lg
g
UD
(13)
Ag  Af
Page 14
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

where
Af , Ag and lg are defined in clause 4;
Ug is the thermal transmittance of the glazing;
Uf is the thermal transmittance of the frame;

g is the linear thermal transmittance due to the combined thermal effects oglazing
spacer and frame;

In the case of single glazing the last term of the numerator in equation (13) shall be taken as
zero (no spacer effect) because any correction is negligible.

frame
(fixed)
sash
(movable)

opaque
panel
Figure 9 - Schematic illustration of door with opaque panel

If the door consists of frame, glazing and opaque panels, then the following equation shall be
used:

AgU g  ApU p  AfU f  lg
g  lp
p

UD
(14)
Ag  Ap  Af

where
Ap and lp are defined in clause 4;
Up is the thermal transmittance of the opaque panel(s);

p is the linear thermal transmittance for opaque panels.

If the opaque panel is thermally bridged at the edge by a less insulating spacer, the effect of
the bridging shall be taken into account in the same way as for glazing.

NOTE 1 Annex D gives typical values of Uf for different types of frame.

prEN ISO 10077-2 gives a method for calculating the linear thermal transmittance.
NOTE 2 Typical values of
are given in annex E.

The thermal transmittance of door leaves without a frame and without inhomogeneities
(having different layers only perpendicular to the heat flow direction) can be measured in the
guarded hot plate apparatus, in accordance with ISO 8302.

If the doorset does not have a design similar to a window system then the thermal
transmittance of the door leaves can be calculated in accordance with EN ISO 6946 provided
that the ratio of the thermal conductivities of any two different materials in the door does not
exceed 1:5 (screws, nails, and so on are excluded); this method includes the calculation of the
maximum relative error which should be less than 10 %.

If the maximum relative error is higher than 10 % or the ratio of the thermal conductivities of
the different materials is greater than 1:5 a numerical calculation in accordance with
prEN ISO 10077-2 and/or EN ISO 10211-2 should be carried out.
 Page 15
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

6 Input data

The thermal transmittance of the frame, Uf, is to be determined with the glazing replaced with
a material of thermal conductivity not exceeding 0,04 W/(mK), by hot box measurement or
numerical calculation in accordance with prEN ISO10077-2. The thermal transmittance of the
glazing, Ug, is to be determined according to EN 673, EN 674 or EN 675. Both Uf and Ug thus
exclude the thermal interaction between the frame and the glazing (or opaque panel), which is
taken into account by the linear thermal transmittance,
, either tabulated in this standard or
obtained by numerical calculations in accordance with prEN ISO 10077-2 or by measurement
in accordance with prEN 12412-2.

Other values to be used in the basic formulae can be obtained from annex A and
EN 12524 or by means of prEN 1098, EN ISO 6946 and ISO 8302.

If measured or calculated data are not available, the values in informative annexes B to H may
be used.

If the results are to be used for comparison of the performance of different windows, the
sources of the numerical values of each parameter shall be identical for each door or window
included in the comparison.

7 Report

The calculation report shall include the following.

7.1 Drawing of sections

A technical drawing (preferably scale 1:1) giving the sections of all the different frame parts
permitting verification of:
– the thickness, height, position, type and number of thermal breaks (for metallic
frames);
– the number and thickness of air chambers (for plastic frames only);
– the presence and position of metal stiffening (for plastic frames only);
– the thickness of wooden frames and the thickness of plastic and PUR–frame
(polyurethane) material;
– the thickness of gas spaces, the identification of the gas and the percentage
assured to be present;
– the type of glass and its thickness or its thermal properties and emissivity of its
surfaces;
– the thickness and description of any opaque panels in the frame;
– the internal projected frame area Af,i and the external projected frame area Af,e;
– the internal developed frame area Ad,i and the external developed frame area Ad,e
(only for metallic frames);
– the position of the glass spacers or of the edge stiffening for opaque panels;
description of any shutters.

In the case of metallic frames with pin-point connections the distance between the pinpoints
shall be clearly indicated.
Page 16
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

7.2 Drawing of the whole window or door

A drawing of the whole window or door (seen from inside) with the following information:
– glazed area Ag and/or opaque panel area Ap;
– frame area: Af;
– perimeter length of the glazing lg and/or of the opaque panels lp.

7.3 Values used in the calculation

a) If the informative annexes are used this shall be clearly stated and reference shall be
made to the tables in the annexes.

b) If other sources are used to determine one or more of the Ug, Uf and
values, the
sources shall be given. It shall be ascertained that these other sources use the same
definitions of the areas Ag, Af and of the perimeter length lg and lp.

c) If a glazing not covered by the table in the annex C is used, a detailed calculation
following EN 673 shall be given.

d) If measured or calculated values are used for one of the three parameters the
relevant standards shall be identified and it shall be confirmed that the values obtained
correspond to the definitions of the areas given in this standard.

7.4 Presentation of results

The thermal transmittance of the window or door, calculated according to the standard shall
be given with two significant figures.
 Page 17
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex A (normative)

Internal and external surface thermal resistances

For typical normal emissivities ( 0,8) for the inside and outside surfaces of the glazing, the
following values for the surface resistances Rse and Rsi shall be used.

Table A.1 - Surface thermal resistances

Window position Internal External

Rsi Rse
2 2
m
K/W m
K/W

Vertical or inclination  of the

glazing to the horizontal such that 0,13 0,04
90°    60°

Rsi for special cases, for example a low emissivity coating on the outer surface of the interior
pane, can be calculated according to EN 673.

Annex B (informative)

Thermal conductivity of glass

In the absence of specific information for the glass concerned the value   1,0 W/(mK)
should be used.
Page 18
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex C (informative)

Thermal resistance of air spaces between glazing and thermal transmittance of

coupled or double glazing

Table C.1 gives some values of the thermal resistance Rs of air spaces for double glazing,
calculated according to EN 673. The data apply:

– for vertical windows or an inclination  of the glazing to the horizontal such that
90 °    60°;
– for spaces filled with air;
– with both sides uncoated or with one side coated with a low emissivity layer;
– for a mean temperature of the glazing of 283 K and a temperature difference of 15 K
between the two outer glazing surfaces.

For triple glazing the procedure in EN 673 should be used.

Table C.1 - Thermal resistance Rs of unventilated air spaces, in m2K/W, for coupled and
double windows

Thickness of One side coated with a Both sides

air space normal emissivity of: uncoated
mm 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,8

6 0,211 0,190 0,163 0,132 0,127

9 0,298 0,259 0,211 0,162 0,154

12 0,376 0,316 0,247 0,182 0,173

15 0,446 0,363 0,276 0,197 0,186

50 0,406 0,335 0,260 0,189 0,179

100 0,376 0,315 0,247 0,182 0,173

300 0,333 0,284 0,228 0,171 0,163

For wide air layers like in double windows or doors the calculation according to EN 673 does
not lead to correct results. In such cases more sophisticated calculation methods or
measurements should be used.

Table C.2 gives the thermal transmittance Ug of double and triple glazing filled with different
gases, calculated in accordance with EN 673. The values of the thermal transmittance in the
table apply to the emissivities and gas concentrations given. For individual glazing units the
emissivity and/or gas concentration may change with time. Procedures for evaluating the
effect of ageing on the thermal properties of glazed units are given in prEN 1279-1 and
prEN 1279-3.
 Page 19
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Table C.2 - Thermal transmittance Ug of double and triple glazing filled with different
gases

Glazing Type of gas space

(gas concentration  90 %)
Normal Dimensions
Type Glass emissivity mm Air Argon Krypton SF6
Uncoated 4-6-4 3,3 3,0 2,8 3,0
glass 4-9-4 3,0 2,8 2,6 3,1
(normal 0,89 4-12-4 2,9 2,7 2,6 3,1
glass) 4-15-4 2,7 2,6 2,6 3,1
4-20-4 2,7 2,6 2,6 3,1
One pane 4-6-4 2,9 2,6 2,2 2,6
coated 4-9-4 2,6 2,3 2,0 2,7
glass  0,4 4-12-4 2,4 2,1 2,0 2,7
4-15-4 2,2 2,0 2,0 2,7
4-20-4 2,2 2,0 2,0 2,7
One pane 4-6-4 2,7 2,3 1,9 2,3
Double coated 4-9-4 2,3 2,0 1,6 2,4
glazing glass  0,2 4-12-4 1,9 1,7 1,5 2,4
4-15-4 1,8 1,6 1,6 2,5
4-20-4 1,8 1,7 1,6 2,5
One pane 4-6-4 2,6 2,2 1,7 2,1
coated 4-9-4 2,1 1,7 1,3 2,2
glass  0,1 4-12-4 1,8 1,5 1,3 2,3
4-15-4 1,6 1,4 1,3 2,3
4-20-4 1,6 1,4 1,3 2,3
One pane 4-6-4 2,5 2,1 1,5 2,0
coated 4-9-4 2,0 1,6 1,3 2,1
glass  0,05 4-12-4 1,7 1,3 1,1 2,2
4-15-4 1,5 1,2 1,1 2,2
4-20-4 1,5 1,2 1,2 2,2
Uncoated 4-6-4-6-4 2,3 2,1 1,8 2,0
(normal) 0,89 4-9-4-9-4 2,0 1,9 1,7 2,0
glass 4-12-4-12-4 1,9 1,8 1,6 2,0
2 panes 4-6-4-6-4 2,0 1,7 1,4 1,6
coated  0,4 4-9-4-9-4 1,7 1,5 1,2 1,6
4-12-4-12-4 1,5 1,3 1,1 1,6
2 panes 4-6-4-6-4 1,8 1,5 1,1 1,3
Triple coated  0,2 4-9-4-9-4 1,4 1,2 0,9 1,3
glazing 4-12-4-12-4 1,2 1,0 0,8 1,4
2 panes 4-6-4-6-4 1,7 1,3 1,0 1,2
coated  0,1 4-9-4-9-4 1,3 1,0 0,8 1,2
4-12-4-12-4 1,1 0,9 0,6 1,2
2 panes 4-6-4-6-4 1,6 1,3 0,9 1,1
coated  0,05 4-9-4-9-4 1,2 0,9 0,7 1,1
4-12-4-12-4 1,0 0,8 0,5 1,1
NOTE The values of thermal transmittance in the table were calculated using EN 673. They
apply to the emissivities and gas concentration given. For individual glazing units the emissivity
and/or gas concentrations may change with time. Procedures for evaluating the effect of ageing
on the thermal properties of glazed units are given in prEN 1279-1 and prEN 1279-3.
Page 20
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex D (informative)

Thermal transmittance of frames

Values of Uf evaluated by numerical calculation methods (finite element, finite difference) in

accordance with prEN ISO10077-2 can be used as input data for calculations, as can values
of Uf obtained by direct measurements using hot box methods in accordance with
prEN 12412-2.

If no other information is available, the values derived from the following tables and graphs
can be used in the calculations for the corresponding frame types.

All values given in this annex refer to the vertical position only. Typical values for common
types of frames are given in table D.1, figure D.2 and figure D.4, which can be used in the
absence of specific measured or calculated information for the frame concerned.

All the values shown in table D.1, figure D.2 and figure D.4 are based on a large number of
measured values as well as mathematically evaluated values determined using numerical
calculation methods. They include the effect of the developed areas.

Future development should not be impeded by tabulated Uf values. Values for frames which
are not described in the tables should be determined by measurements or calculations.
1)
Especially in the case of aluminium profiles with thermal breaks there is the problem that the
thermal transmittance of the frame is influenced by different construction characteristics, such
as:
– the distance a between the aluminium sections;
– the width b of the material of the thermal break zones;
– the conductivity of the thermal break material;
– the ratio of the width of the thermal break to the frame projection width.

A thermal break can be considered as such only if it completely separates the metal sections
on the cold side from the metal sections on the warm side.

The values in this annex are based on Rsi = 0,13 m K/W and Rse = 0,04 m K/W.
2 2

It is common practice to produce "Profile Systems" comprising a large number of different

frames, having a wide range of geometric shapes but having similar thermal properties. This is
because in these groups of frames, the important parameters such as the size, material and
design of the thermal break, are the same. A document specifying practical procedures for
evaluating the thermal properties of such "profile systems" is under preparation.

1)The values of Uf in table D.1, figure D.2 and figure D.4 cannot be used for sliding windows but the
principle of equation (1) can be used.
 Page 21
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Plastic frames

If no other data are available, the values in table D.1 can be used for frames without metal
reinforcements.

Table D.1 - Thermal transmittances for plastic frames with metal reinforcements

Frame material Frame type Uf

W/(m2K)
Polyurethane with metal core 2,8
thickness of PUR  5 mm
PVC-hollow internal
1)
external
profiles 2,2

two hollow chambers

external internal
2,0
three hollow chambers

1)
With a distance between wall surfaces of hollow chambers of at least 5 mm (refer to figure D.1).

Dimensions in millimetres

5

Figure D.1 - Hollow chamber in plastic frame

Other plastic profile sections should be measured or calculated.

Page 22
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Wood frames
Values for wood frames can be taken from figure D.2. For Uf, the values correspond to a
moisture content of 12 %. For definition of the thickness of the frame see figure D.3.

Uf in (W/m2
K)
3,0

2,0 hard wood (density 700 kg/m3)

= 0,18 W/(m
K)

soft wood (density 500 kg/m3)

= 0,13 W/(m
K)

1,0
50 100 150
Thickness of the frame df in mm

Figure D.2 - Thermal transmittances for wooden frames and metal-wood frames (see figure D.3)
depending on the frame thickness df

wood metal-wood metal-wood internal:

right side of
d2 d2 d2 frame section

sash d1d 2
df 
2

frame
external:
d1 d1 d1 left side of
frame section
wood wood metal-wood

d2 d3 d2 d3 d4 d2 d3
sash
df


d 
d
j sa jf

2
frame

d1 d1 d1

Figure D.3 - Definition of the thickness df of the frame for various window systems
 Page 23
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Metal frames
The thermal transmittance of metal frames can be determined by measurement using hot box
methods in accordance with prEN 12412-2 or by numerical calculation in accordance with
prEN ISO 10077-2. Values obtained by such methods should be used when available, in
preference to the method given in this annex.

If such data are not available, values of Uf can be obtained by the following procedure for:

- metal frames without a thermal break;

- metal frames with thermal breaks corresponding to the sections illustrated in figure D.5
and figure D.6, subject to restrictions on the thermal conductivity and widths of the
thermal breaks.
2
For metal frames without a thermal break, use Ufo = 5,9 W/(m ·K).
For metal frames with thermal breaks, take Ufo from the solid line in figure D.4.
2
Ufo in W/(m ·K)

4,0

3,0

2,0

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

Smallest distance between opposite metal sections, d, in mm

NOTE The shaded area indicates the range of values obtained from many
measurements on frames carried out in several European countries, derived from the
surface temperature difference across the frame.

Figure D.4 - Uf0 -values for metal frames with thermal break

The thermal resistance of the frame, Rf, is given by

1
Rf
 0,17 (D.1)
U f0

and the thermal transmittance of the frame, Uf, from

1
Uf  (D.2)
Rsi Af, i / Ad, i  Rf  Rse Af, e / Ad, e
Page 24
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

where
Ad,i, Ad,e, Af,i, Af,e, are the areas as defined in clause 4, expressed in square metres;
is the appropriate internal surface resistance of the frame, in m K/W;
2
Rsi
is the appropriate external surface resistance of the frame, in m K/W;
2
Rse
is the thermal resistance of the frame section, in m K/W, resulting from the thermal
2
Rf
transmittance of the frame taking into account the appropriate surface resistance.
is the thermal transmittance, in W/(m K), calculated as if the developed area were
2
Uf0
equal to the projected area.

Thermal conductivity of thermal

break materials
0,2 <
 0,3 W/(m
K)

d is the smallest distance between

opposite aluminium sections of
d d the thermal break;
bj is the width of thermal break j;
bf is the width of the frame.

b1 b2 b3 b4

bj
j
0,2bf

bf
Figure D.5 - Section Type 1: Thermal break with a thermal conductivity below 0,3 W/(m
K)

Thermal conductivity of thermal

break materials
0,1 <
 0,2 W/(m
K)

d is the smallest distance between

opposite aluminium sections of the
d d thermal break;
bj is the width of thermal break j;
bf is the width of the frame.

b1 b2

bj
j  0,3bf

bf
Figure D.6 - Section Type 2: Thermal break with a thermal conductivity below 0,2 W/(m·K)

If the thermal conductivity of the termal break material is below 0,1 W/(m.K), the definition in
figure D.6 is not valid.
 Page 25
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex E (informative)

Linear thermal transmittance of frame/glazing junction

The thermal transmittance of the glazing, Ug, is applicable to the central area of the glazing
and does not include the effect of the glass spacers at the edge of the glazing. On the other
hand, the thermal transmittance of the frame, Uf, is applicable in the absence of the glazing.
The linear thermal transmittance
describes the additional heat conduction due to the
interaction between frame, glazing and spacer. The linear transmittance
is mainly effected
by the conductivity of the spacer material. For aluminium and steel (not stainless steel) glass
spacers table E.1 indicates the values of
for a specific range of types of frames and glazing.

Table E.1 - Values of the linear thermal transmittance, 

2)
, for aluminium and steel (not stainless
steel) glass spacers

Frame material Double or triple glazing, Double glazing with low emissivity,
uncoated glass, triple glazing with two low emissivity
air or gas space coatings, air or gas space

 
W/(m·K) W/(m·K)

Wood frame and 0,04 0,06

plastic frame

Metal frame with 0,06 0,08

thermal break

Metal frame without 0 0,02

thermal break

Values for spacers not covered by the table can be determined by numerical calculation in
accordance with prEN ISO 10077-2.

2) 2
These values are evaluated for double glazings with low emissivity, Ug  1,3 W/(m
K) and triple
2
glazing with low emissivity Ug  0,7 W/(m
K).
Page 26
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex F (informative)

Thermal transmittance of windows

Table F.1 and table F.2 give typical values calculated by the method in this standard using
linear thermal transmittances from annex E. Values for windows with other frame area
fractions can be evaluated by means of the equations of the main part of that standard.

Table F.1 - Thermal transmittances for windows with fraction of the frame area 30 % of the whole
window area

Type of Ug Uf


glazing W/(m
K) W/(m

K)
frame area 30 %
1,0 1,4 1,8 2,2 2,6 3,0 3,4 3,8 7,0

Single 5,7 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,8 4,9 5,0 5,1 6,1

3,3 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,1 3,2 3,4 3,5 3,6 4,4
3,1 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,5 4,3
2,9 2,4 2,5 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 4,1
2,7 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,8 2,9 3,1 3,2 4,0
2,5 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,6 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,1 3,9
2,3 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,8
Double 2,1 1,9 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,6 2,7 2,8 3,6
1,9 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,7 3,5
1,7 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 3,3
1,5 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,3 2,4 3,2
1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 3,1
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,9

2,3 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,4 2,5 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,7
2,1 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,8 3,6
1,9 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,1 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 3,4
Triple 1,7 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,4 2,5 3,3
1,5 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,3 2,4 3,2
1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 3,1
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,9
0,9 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,8
0,7 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,6
0,5 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7 2,5
NOTE The calculation has been made using -values according to annex E. Values for windows
with frame area fractions not equal to 30 % have to be evaluated by means of the equations of the
main part of the standard.
 Page 27
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Table F.2 - Thermal transmittances for windows with fraction of the frame area 20 % of the whole
window area

Type of Ug Uf
glazing W/(m

K) W/(m

K)
frame area 20 %
1,0 1,4 1,8 2,2 2,6 3,0 3,4 3,8 70

Single 5,7 4,8 4,8 4,9 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,2 5,3 5,9

3,3 2,9 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,4 3,5 4,0
3,1 2,8 2,8 2,9 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,9
2,9 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,7
2,7 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,0 3,0 3,6
2,5 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,4
2,3 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,7 3,3
Double 2,1 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 3,1
1,9 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,4 3,0
1,7 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,8
1,5 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,6
1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,5
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,3

2,3 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,6 2,7 3,2
2,1 2,0 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 3,1
1,9 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,0 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,9
Triple 1,7 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,8
1,5 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,6
1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,5
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,3
0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,6 2,2
0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 2,0
0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,8
NOTE The calculation has been made using -values according to annex E. Values for windows
with frame area fractions not equal to 20 % have to be evaluated by means of the equations of the
main part of the standard.
Page 28
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex G (informative)

Additional thermal resistance for windows with closed shutters

When the thermal resistance of the shutter itself, Rsh, is known (by calculation or by
measurement) the additional thermal resistance,
R, should be obtained using the appropriate
expression in 5.3. Table G.1 gives some typical values of shutter thermal resistance and the
corresponding values of
R, which can be used in the absence of values of Rsh obtained from
measurement or calculation.

Table G.1 - Additional thermal resistance, R, for windows with closed shutters

Shutter type Typical Additional thermal resistances

thermal at specific air permeability of the
resistance of shutters 1)
shutter
R
m K/W
2
Rsh
m K/W
2

High air Average air Low air

permeability permeability permeability
Roller shutters of
0,01 0,09 0,12 0,15
aluminium
Roller shutters of
wood and plastic 0,10 0,12 0,16 0,22
without foam filling
Roller shutters of
plastic with foam 0,15 0,13 0,19 0,26
filling
Shutters of wood,
25 mm to 30 mm 0,20 0,14 0,22 0,30
thickness
1)
The definition of the air permeability of shutters is given in annex H.
 Page 29
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex H (informative)

Permeability of shutters

For the different types of shutter, the permeability criterion can be expressed in terms of an
effective total gap bsh between the shutter and its surround according to figure H.1.

b sh
b1  b 2  b 3 (H.1)

where b1, b2 and b3 are the average edge gaps at the bottom, top and side on the shutter (see
figure H.1).

b3 is included for one side only, since gaps at the side influence the permeability less than the
gaps at the top and bottom.

b2
b2

b3 external internal
shutter

b1
b1

internal

external b3

Figure H.1 - Definition of edge gaps

Page 30
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Table H.1 - Relationship between permeability and effective total edge gap between shutter and
its surround

Class Permeability of shutter bsh

mm
1 Very high permeability bsh > 35
2 High air permeability 15  bsh < 35
3 Average air permeability 8  bsh < 15
4 Low air permeability bsh  8
5 Tight bsh  3 and b1+b3=0 or b2+b3= 0
NOTE 1 For permeability classes 2 and above, there should be no openings within the
shutter itself.
NOTE 2 For shutters of permeability class 5 the following criteria apply:
a) Roller shutters
The edge gaps at the sides and the bottom are considered equal to 0 if strip gaskets are
supplied in the guide rails and the final lath, respectively. The gap at the top is considered
equal to 0 if the entrance to the roller shutter box is fitted with lips - or brush-type joints on
both sides of the curtain or if the end of the curtain is pressed by a device (spring) against
a sealing material at the inner surface of the outer side of the roller shutter box.
b) Other shutters
Effective presence of strip gaskets on three sides and the gap at the fourth side less than
3 mm.

An alternative method to establish that a shutter is class 5 is to verify by measurement that the
air flow through the shutter is less or equal than 10 m /(hm ) under a pressure drop of
3 2

10 Pa.
 Page 31
EN ISO 10077-1:2000

Annex ZA (informative)

A-deviations

A-deviation: National deviation due to regulations, the alteration of which is

for the time being outside the competence of the CEN/CENELEC member.

This European Standard does not fall under any Directive of the EC.

In the relevant CEN/CENELEC countries these A-deviations are valid instead of

the provisions of the European Standard until they have been removed.

Clause Deviation

6 Germany: Verordnung über einen energiesparenden

Wärmeschutz bei Gebäuden (Wärmeschutzverordnung -
WärmeschutzV) Vom 16. August 1994.

The German regulation specifies that the design thermal

transmittance for glazing as well as windows and window
doors shall be in accordance with tables 2 to 6 of
DIN V 4108-4:1998-10.
BS EN ISO
10077-1:2000
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