CHAPTER 11—FOUNDATIONS 425

11.6—Examples
Foundation Example 1: Design of a square spread footing of a seven-story building
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LQVTXDUHFROXPQ7KHEXLOGLQJKDVDIWKLJKEDVHPHQW7KHERWWRPRIWKHIRRWLQJLVIWEHORZ¿QLVKHGJUDGHUHIHUWR)LJ
E1.1). The building is assigned to Seismic Design Category (SDC) B.
600mm x 600mm
Given: 2400kN
Column load—
Service dead load D = 541 kip 863kN 150mm
Service live load L = 194 kip
Seismic load E = ±18 kip
27.5MPa
Material properties—
Concrete compressive strength fcƍ NVL
Steel yield strength fy = 60 ksi
1RUPDOZHLJKWFRQFUHWHȜ  415MPa
Density of concrete = 150 lb/ft3

Allowable soil-bearing pressures— 23.5kN/m3

Fig. E1.1—Rectangular foundation plan.
D only: qall.D = 4000 psf
D + L: qall,D+L = 5600 psf 750mm
D + L + E: qall.Lat = 6000 psf
qall = 270kPa

ACI 318-14 Dis

Discussion Calculation
C
Ca
Step 1: Foundation type
13.1.1 The bottom of the footingng is 3 ft below the base-
he base
ment slab. Therefore,
ref itt is considered a shallow
hallo
foundation.

Foundationss
13.3.3.1 The footing will bee ddesigned detailed with
ed and detail th the
DSSOLFDEOHSURYLVLRQVRI&KDSWHU2QHZD\VODEV
and Chapter 8, Two-way slabs of ACI 318-14.

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426 THE REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-17(14)

Step 2: Material requirements

Concrete compressive strength
19.2.1.1 The value of concrete compressive strength at a
19.2.1.3 JLYHQDJHPXVWEHVSHFL¿HGLQWKHFRQWUDFWGRFX-
ments. Table 19.2.1.1 provides a lower concrete
compressive strength limit of 2500 psi. Provided: fcƍ SVL!fƍc,min = 2500 psi OK

Exposure categories and classes

19.3.1 The engineer must either assign exposure classes
to the footing with respect to Table 19.3.1.1 (ACI
318-14) so the ready-mix supplier can proportion
the concrete mixture, or use the classes to directly
specify mixture proportions in the contract docu-
19.3.2 ments. Based on the exposure classes, the con-
crete mixtures must satisfy to the most restrictive
requirements of Table 19.3.2.1.

Concrete exposure categories

There are four categories: F, S, W, and C.

Category F
19.3.1.1 The foundation is placed below the frost line, there- Class F0
fore, it is not exposed to external elements—freez-
elements—freez (w/ max = N/A
Maximum (w/cm)
es. The
ing and thawing cycles. mum fcƍ 
Therefore, class F0 applies. Minimum SVL
SV
SVL

19.3.2.1 PHQ PXVWEHVDWL IRU)

0L[WXUHUHTXLUHPHQWVWKDWPXVWEHVDWLV¿HGIRU) Air con
content iss not requir
required and there are no limits on
ble 19.3.2.1.
are listed in Table 2.1. ccementitious
menti materials

19.3.3.1 Requirements of Table 19.3.3.1 do not apply.

pply.

Category S
19.3.1.1 ,QMXULRXVVXOIDWHDWWDFNLVQRWDFRQFHUQ0L[WXUH cm)max = N
6ĺw/cm) N/A and fcƍ SVL
19.3.2.1 requirements for S0 are listed in Table 19.3.2.1.

Category W
19.3.1.1 The footing may be in contact with water and low :ĺw/cm)max = none and fcƍ SVL
19.3.2.1 permeability is not required.

Category C
19.3.1.1 The concrete is exposed to moisture and there is no &ĺw/cm)max = none and fcƍ SVL
external source of chlorides; therefore the class is
19.3.2.1 C1. Mixture requirements for C1 are listed in Table Therefore, there is no restriction on w/cm and fcƍ 
19.3.2.1. 4000 psi
Conclusion:
(a) The most restrictive minimum concrete compressive strength is 2500 psi, and no limits on the w/cm. Therefore, in the
MXGJPHQWRIWKHOLFHQVHGGHVLJQSURIHVVLRQDOXVHSVLFRQFUHWHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK
E2WKHUSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVPD[LPXPFKORULGHLRQFRQWHQWDQGDLUFRQWHQWDUHH[SRVXUHVSHFL¿FDQGWKXVQRWFRPSDUHG
with other exposure limits.
(c) The fcƍXWLOL]HGLQWKHVWUHQJWKGHVLJQPXVWEHDWOHDVWZKDWLVUHTXLUHGIRUGXUDELOLW\

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 Step 1
CHAPTER 11—FOUNDATIONS 427

Step 3: Determine footing dimensions

13.3.1.1 To calculate the footing base area, divide the The unit weights of concrete and soil are 150 pcf and
service load by the allowable soil pressure. 120 pcf; close. Therefore, footing self-weight will be
ignored for initial sizing of footing:

total service load (∑ P) D 541 kip

area of footing = = = 135 ft 2 Controls
allowable soil pressure qa qall ., D 4 ksf

( D + L) =
541 kip + 194 kip
= 131 ft 2
qall ., D + L 5.6 ksf

(2400 + 863)/270 =
12.08m2 D + L + E 541 kip + 194 kip + (0.7)18 kip
= = 125 ft 2
qall ., Lat 6 ksf

Assuming a square footing. A = 135 ft 2 = 11.6 ft

The footing thickness is calculated in Step 5,

footing design. Therefore, try a 12 x 12 ft square footing.

3.7m x 3.7m

Foundationss

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 Step 2
428 THE REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-17(14)

Step 4: Soil pressure

Footing stability
Because the column doesn’t impart a moment to
the footing, the soil pressure under the footing is
assumed to be uniform and overall footing stability
is assumed.

Calculate factored soil pressure.

This value is needed to calculate the footing’s
required strength.
∑ Pu 1.2(2400) + 1.6(863)
qu =
area = 4260.8kN

Calculate the soil pressures resulting from the

applied factored loads.

5.3.1(a) /RDG&DVH,U = 1.4D U = 1.4D = 1.4(541 kip) = 757 kip

qu = 4260.8/(3.7 x 757 kip
3.7) = 311.2kPa qu = = 5.3 ksf
144 ft 2

5.3.1(b) /RDG&DVH,,U = 1.2D + 1.6L U = 1.2

1.2D
2D + 1.6
1.6L = 1.2(541 kip) + 1.6(194 kip) = 960 kip
960 kip
qu = 2
= 6.7 ksf Controls
144 ft

5.3.1(d) /RDG&DVH,9U
U = 1.2D
D+E+L 1.2 + 1.0E
U = 1.2D E + 11.0L
0L = 1.2(541 kip) + 18 kip +
194 kip) = 861 kip
1.0(194
861 kip
86
qu = = 66.0 ksf
0 ks
144 ft 2

5.3.1(e) /RDG&DVH,9U = 0.9D + E U = 0.9D

0.9D + 1.0E = 0.9(541 kip)+ 18 kip = 505 kip
505 kip
qu = 2
= 3.5 ksf
144 ft

The load combinations include the seismic uplift
force. In this example, uplift does not occur.
13.3.2.1 Because the footing is square, it will only be
designed in one direction.
1RWH7KHIXOOGH¿QLWLRQRIE includes not only earth-
quake loads dues to overturning, but also earthquake
loads due to vertical acceleration of ground as per
ASCE 7-10, Section 12.4.2.

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 Step 3
CHAPTER 11—FOUNDATIONS 429

6WHS2QHZD\VKHDUGHVLJQ

Fig. E1.2—One-way shear in longitudinal direction.

21.2.1(b) Shear strength reduction factor: ࢥshear = 0.75
7.5.1.1 ࢥVn•Vu
Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)
7.5.3.1 Vn = Vc + Vs Vn = Vc
22.5.1.1
Therefore:
22.5.5.1
Vc = 2 f c′bw d
7.4.3.2
DQGVDWLVI\LQJࢥVc•V
Vu

20.6.1.3.1 The Code allowss the critical

al section fo
for one-way
way
nce d from
shear at a distance m the face of th
the column
1.2
(refer to Fig. E1.2).

uld either
The engineer could er assume a valu
value for d that

Foundationss
WK E\LW RQRU
VDWLV¿HVWKHVWUHQJWK(TE\LWHUDWLRQRU
equate Eq. (22.5.5.1) to Eq. (7.5.1.1) and solve for d.

,QWKLVH[DPSOHWKH¿UVWDSSURDFKLVIROORZHG

Assume that the footing is 30 in. thick.

The cover is 3 in. to bottom of reinforcement. As-

sume that No. 8 bars are used in the both directions 3.7m
and design for the more critical case (upper layer).
Therefore, the effective depth d: 0.6m
Assume No. 25 bars are used
d = 30 in. – 3 in. – 1 in. – 1 in./2 = 25.5 in. 0.6375m

⎛A c ⎞ ⎛ 12 ft 24 in. 25.5 in. ⎞

φVn ≥ Vu = ⎜ − − d ⎟ bqu Vu = ⎜ − − (12 ft)(6.7 ksf)
⎝2 2 ⎠ 1050.7kN ⎝ 2 2(12 in./ft) 12 in./ft ⎟⎠
= 231 kip
(3.7m)(311.2kPa)
φVc = 0.75(2) 4000 psi (12 ft)(25.5 in.)(12 in./ft)
750 - 75 - 25 - 25/2 = 637.5mm
= 348 kip
0.75(0.17)sqrt(27.5)(3.7)(0.6375)(1000) ࢥVc = 348 kip > Vu = 231 kip OK

1577.1kN Therefore, assumed depth is adequate:

h = 30 in.

750mm
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 Step 4
430 THE REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-17(14)

Step 6: Two-way shear design

The footing will not have shear reinforcement.
Therefore, the nominal shear strength for this two-
way footing is simply the concrete shear strength:
vn = vc

22.6.1.2 Under punching shear theory, inclined cracks are

assumed to originate and propagate at 45 degrees
22.6.1.4 away and down from the column corners. The area
22.6.4.1 of concrete that resists shear is calculated at an
average distance of d/2 from column face on all
sides (refer to Fig. E1.3).

Fig. E1.3—Two-way shear.

bo = 4(c + d) bo = 4(24 + 25.5) = 198 in.

where bo is the perimeter of the area of shear

resistance. 4(600mm + 637.5mm) =
4950mm
22.6.2.1 ACI 318-14 permits the engineer to take the
ve dept
average of the effective depth in the two orthogonal
alcula
directions when calculating the shear strength
ut in this example
of the footing, but xample the ssmaller
effective depth is uused.

8.4.2.3.4 he strength
The two-way shear ength equations forr
22.6.5.1 IRR VPXVWEHVDWLV¿ DQGWKH
QRQSUHVWUHVVHGIRRWLQJVPXVWEHVDWLV¿HGDQGWKH
22.6.5.2 alu of (a),
least calculated value a), (b), and (c ntrols:
(c) controls:

(a) vc = 4λ f c′ = 1.73MPa controls vc = 4(1.0)( 4000 psi) = 253 psi Controls

⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
(b) vc = ⎜ 2 + ⎟ λ f c′ = 2.67MPa vc = ⎜ 2 + ⎟ (1.0)( 4000 psi) = 379.5 psi
⎝ β⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
ZKHUHȕLVUDWLRRIWKHORQJVLGHWRVKRUWVLGHRI
FROXPQȕ 

⎛α d ⎞ = 3.11MPa ⎛ (40)(25.5 in.) ⎞

(c) vc = ⎜ s + 2⎟ λ f c′ vc = ⎜ + 2⎟ (1.0)( 4000 psi) = 452 psi
⎝ o
b ⎠ ⎝ 198 in. ⎠
22.6.5.3 Įs = 40, considered interior column Equation (a) controls; vc = 253 psi

4(1.0)( 4000 psi)(198 in.)(25.5 in.)

Vc = 4λ f c' bo d Vc = = 1277 kip
1000 lb/kip
Vu = (311.2)((3.7)(3.7) - (0.6+0.6375)^2)
21.2.1(b) Use a shear strength reduction factor of 0.75: ࢥ 
φVc = (0.75)4λ f c' bo d = 4095.7kN ࢥVc = 0.75(1277 kip) = 958 kip OK

⎛ ⎛ 24 in. + 25.5 in. ⎞ ⎞

2
Vu = qu [(a) 2 − (c + d ) 2 ] 0.75(0.33) Vu = (6.7 ksf) ⎜ (12 ft)(12 ft) − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 851 kip
⎝ ⎝ 12 in./ft ⎠ ⎠
8.5.1.1 Check if design strength exceeds required strength:
ࢥVc•Vu? ࢥVc = 958 kip > Vu = 851 kip OK
Two-way shear strength is adequate.

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 CHAPTER 11—FOUNDATIONS 431
Step 5

Step 7: Flexure design

13.2.7.1 The code permits the critical section to be at the
face of the column (refer to Fig. E1.4).

=311.2((3.7 - 0.6)/2)^2 (3.7/2)

=1383.2kN-m

Fig. E1.4—Flexure in the longitudinal direction.

2
⎛ 24 in. ⎞
2 12 ft −
⎛ A − c⎞ ⎜ 12 in./ft ⎟ (12 ft)/2 = 1005 ft-kip
M u = qu ⎜ (b)/2 M u = (6.7
( ksf ) ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

22.2.1.1 Set concrete compression

mpre force equal tto the steel
tension force at th mn face: C = T
the column 415
22.2.2.4.1 C = 0.85fcƍba and
nd T = Asfy 0.0048As

Foundationss
As f y As (60 ksi)
s)
a= ' and a= = 0.15 As
0.85 f b
c 0.85(4
4 ksi)(12 ft)
f

⎛ a⎞
7.5.2.1 φM n = φAs f y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ (27.5)(3700)
637.5
22.3.1.1 Substitute for a in the equation above.
22.2.2.2
21.2.1(a) Use moment strength reduction factor from Table 21.2.1. ࢥ 

8.5.1.1(a) 6HWWLQJࢥMn•Mu = 1005 ft-kip and solving for As: ⎛ (0.15)As ⎞

φM n ≥ (0.9) As (60 ksi) ⎜ 25.5 in. −
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
As•LQ2 5942 mm2

13.3.3.3(a) Distribute bars uniformly across the entire 12 ft Use 13 No. 8 bars (13 x 0.79 = 10.27 in2) distributed
width of footing: uniformly across the entire 12 ft width of footing.

8.6.1.1 &KHFNWKHPLQLPXPUHLQIRUFHPHQWUDWLRȡl = 0.0018 As,min = 0.0018(12 ft)(12 in./ft)(30 in.) = 7.8 in.2
As,prov = 10.27 in.2 > As,min = 7.8 in.2
21.2.1(a) Check if the assumption of tension controlled be-
KDYLRUDQGWKHXVHRIࢥ LVFRUUHFW

13 No. 25 bars (13 x 491 = 6383mm2)

0.0018(3700)(750) = 4995mm2, ok!

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