c

 



 A buffer solution is one which resists changes in pH when small
quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it.

 

An acidic buffer solution is simply one which has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer
solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a
sodium salt.

A common example would be a mixture of ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate in

solution. In this case, if the solution contained equal molar concentrations of both
the acid and the salt, it would have a pH of 4.76. It wouldn't matter what the
concentrations were, as long as they were the same.

  

An alkaline buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Alkaline buffer solutions are
commonly made from a weak base and one of its salts.

A frequently used example is a mixture of ammonia solution and ammonium

chloride solution. If these were mixed in equal molar proportions, the solution
would have a pH of 9.25. Again, it doesn't matter what concentrations you choose
as long as they are the same.




   
Differential Pulse Voltammetry is often used to
make electrochemical measurements. It can be considered as a derivative
of linear sweep voltammetry or staircase voltammetry, with a series of regular
voltage pulses superimposed on the potential linear sweep or stair steps. The
current is measured immediately before each potential change, and the current
difference is plotted as a function of potential. By sampling the current just before
the potential is changed, the effect of the charging current can be decreased.
By contrast, in normal pulse voltammetry the current resulting from a series of
ever larger potential pulses is compared with the current at a constant 'baseline'
voltage.
The system of this measurement is usually the same as that of
standard voltammetry. The potential between the working electrode and
the reference electrode is changed as a pulsefrom an initial potential to an
interlevel potential and remains at the interlevel potential for about 5 to 100
milliseconds; then it changes to the final potential, which is different from the
initial potential. The pulse is repeated, changing the final potential, and a constant
difference is kept between the initial and the interlevel potential. The value of the
current between the working electrode and auxiliary electrode before and after
the pulse are sampled and their differences are plotted versus potential
USES
These measurements can be used to study the redox properties of extremely
small amounts of chemicals because of the following two features:
(1) In these measurements, the effect of the charging current can be minimized,
so high sensitivity is achieved.
(2) Faradaic current is extracted, so electrode reactions can be analyzed more
precisely.