CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ANKIT SHARMA, a student of

Class XII-(P.C.M.) School – PRAGATI VIDYA PEETH
GWALIOR has successfully completed the research
on Study of different types of transformers the under
the guidance of
MR. MANOJ NAYAK (School Physics Teacher) during
the year 2017-18 in partial fulfilment of Physics
practical examination conducted CBSE Board, New
Delhi.

………………………. ………………………….
Physics Teacher External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

physics mentor MR. MANOJ NAYAK, for his vital

support, guidance and encouragement, without

which this project would not have come forth. I

would also like to express my gratitude to the

OTHER staff of the Department of Physics for their

support during the making of this project. Last I

would like to thank MYSELF for my determination

and hard work required for the completion in this

project.

ANKIT SHARMA
………………………..
 CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC

1.
Certificate of
Excellence
2.
Acknowledgement
3.
Objective
4.
Theory
5.
Material required
6.
Procedure
7.
Conclusion
8.
Precautions
9.
Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this
experiment is to Study the
Different Types of
Transformers
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting

a low alternating voltage to a high alternating

voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low

alternating voltage.

PRINCIPLE
 A Transformer based on the Principle of

mutual induction according to this

principle, the amount of magnetic flux

linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is

induced in the neighbouring coil.

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2,
the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there
can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance
of the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further,
the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible.

THEORY
The transformer is a device used to
convert a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice versa. It is
based on the principal of mutual
induction. A transformer which increases
the voltage is called a step up transformer
and which decreases the voltage is called
a step down transformer.When an
alternating e.m.f is supplied to the primary
coil, an alternating current starts flowing
in it. The alternating current produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage.
Let,
 Ep and Esare the instantaneous values of
the E.M.F induced in primary and secondary
coil.

 Np and Nsare the no. of turns in

primary and secondary coil.

 d/dt=rate of change of flux in each

turn.

Therefore,
Ep = - Np(d /dt)  .……(1)
Es = - Ns(d /dt)
 ……(2)
1. If there is no leakage of flux
 By dividing Eq (2) by Eq (1), we have
Es/ Ep= Ns/ Np.…… (3)
2. If there is no power loss
Pp= Ps
E p x Ip = E s x I s
Es / Ep = Ip/ Is ………(4)
Hence,
ES / EP = NS / NP = IP / IS

Step Up Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher.Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. A
step up transformer actually steps down the
current and step up voltage. In this type of
transformer:-

Ns> Np and Es >Ep

Step Down Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. A
step down transformer actually steps up the
current and step down voltage. In this type of
transformer:-

Ns< Np and E s < Ep

Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as
the ratio of output power to the input
power. For an ideal transformer, its value
is 1.
But in practical due to different kind of
energy loss,

Circuit Diagram
 Energy Loss
1. Copper loss: -It is energy loss in the form
of heat in the copper coils of a transformer.
This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron loss: -It is the loss in the form of
heat in the iron ore of transformer. This is due
to formation of eddy current in iron core, it is
minimised by using laminated core.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux: -It occur

inspite of best insulation. Rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of
secondary coil is less than rate of change in
magnetic flux linked with each turn of primary
coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: -It is loss of energy
due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core.

Material Required
1. Iron

2. Copper wire

3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter

Procedure
 Step Down
Transformer
1. Take a thick iron rode and cover it with
thick paper and wind a 100 turns of
copper wire on it. This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of
paper and wound 50 turns of copper
 wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil.
3. Now measure the input and output
voltage of the transformer.

 Step Up Transformer
1. Take a thick iron rode and cover it with
thick paper and wind a 50 turns of
copper wire on it. This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of
paper and wound 100 turns of copper
wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil.
3. Now measure the input and output
voltage of the transformer.

Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the
transformer depend the ratio of the no.
of turns in primary coil to no. of turns
in secondary coil.
2. On increase in no. of turns of
primary coil the current the output
current also increase.

Precautions
1. Keep yourself safe from high
voltage.
2. Minimise the formation of eddy
current.
3. While taking reading the current and
voltage of the primary coil should
remain constant.

Bibliography
1. Help From Internet

2. Help From Teacher

3. Help From Library