Objectives

In this paper, the integration of goal programming models and hierarchical programming models is
analyzed. The systems under study are assumed to consist of interconnected subsystems with multiple
goals in each. Three possible cases regarding the number of decision makers will be considered: (1) one
decision maker for the overall goals and one decision maker for each subsystem, (2) conflicting decision
makers who are interested in their subsystems, and (3) just one decision maker for the overall system.
Next, conditions are stated under which the problem of obtaining satisfying solutions for problems (1)
and (3) can be reduced to the problem of obtaining satisfying solutions for the case (2). In order to
determine such solutions, hierarchical techniques which exploit the structure of a decomposable system
are analyzed. The empirical implementation of the two algorithms proposed shows their efficiency in
terms of processing time. .Decomposition is the natural process of dead animal or plant tissue being
rotted or broken down. This process is carried out by invertebrates, fungi and bacteria. The result of
decomposition is that the building blocks required for life can be recycled. Left: The body of a dead
rabbit after several weeks of decomposition. Most of the flesh has been eaten by beetles, beetle larvae,
fly maggots, carnivorous slugs and bacteria. The outline of the skeleton is starting to appear.All living
organisms on earth will eventually die. Many plants naturally complete their life cycle and die within a
year, but even the longer lived plants such as trees have a limited natural life span. Nearly all animals in
nature will succumb to disease, being killed or being eaten, it is very rare for any to make it to old age. If
every organism that died did not decay and rot away, the earth's surface would soon be covered in a
deep layer of dead bodies that would remain intact indefinately. A similar situation would arise if animal
and plant wastes never rotted away. Fortunately this does not happen because dead organisms and
animal wastes become food or a habitat for some other organisms to live on. Some dead animals will be
eaten by scavenging animals such as foxes or crows. Those which are not eaten by larger animals are
quickly decomposed or broken down into their constituent chemicals by a host of creatures including
beetles and their larva, flies, maggots and worms as well as bacteria, moulds and fungi. Collectively
these are known as decomposers. The lives of many of these organisms depends on the death of
others.During the process of decomposition, the decomposers provide food for themselves by
extracting chemicals from the dead bodies or organic wastes; using these to produce energy. The
decomposers will then produce waste of their own. In turn, this will also decompose, eventually
returning nutrients to the soil. These nutrients can then be taken up by the roots of living plants
enabling them to grow and develop, so that organic material is naturally recycled. Virtually nothing goes
to waste in nature. When an animal dies and decomposes, usually only the bones remain, but even
these will decompose over a much longer period of time.Many plants that die along with the leaves that
fall from trees in the autumn will all rot down and become part of the forest floor. They are
decomposed by fungi, bacteria and many different species of invertebrate. Fungi unseen from the
surface can spread through the entire forest floor, living on the dead leaves and twigs that have fallen
from the trees above. They can extract many of the useful substances for their own benefit, helping to
rot down the dead plant material in the process. Many of the chemicals which remain after
decomposition get dissolved in the soil and become nutrients for living plants including newly
germinated seedlings. These nutrients can be taken up by the plant's roots in the soil and are used to
help make new leaves, twigs, branches, roots, flowers and seeds.