Professional Documents
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Seismic Forces
Introduction which are suitable for high or have been tested and found to be
intermediate seismic zones. satisfactory (FEMA 355D, 2000),
According to the recent Indian
Comparison of the damages in Gross et al, 1999). These
standard code on earthquake
recent earthquakes in Haiti and connections may be adopted in
resistant design of structures, more
Chile has shown that strict India also for better performance in
than 60-65% of the area of our
adherence to codal provisions and strong or intermediate earthquakes.
country falls under seismic zone III
quality constructions could prevent
or above. This underlines the
excessive damages to constructions Damages to Beam-
importance of seismic detailing. In
and human loss. The Northridge
any structure, the joints assume
earthquake in California during
column Connections
more importance and have to be
detailed carefully so that they are
January 1994 and the Kobe During Eathquakes
earthquake in Japan during 1995 Subsequent to the Northridge and
able to withstand the inelastic joint
have shown that even well designed Kobe earthquakes, it was
rotations (in the order of 0.04
connections are susceptible to determined that some damage to
radians) and drift that may result
severe damages. Based on the moment – resisting frames
during an earthquake. The detailing
research that followed these occurred at the beam-column
of reinforced concrete structures
earthquakes, The American Institute connections. These connections
have been covered adequately in
of Steel Construction (AISC) has experienced rotation levels well
the Indian codes. However, until
stipulated that connections in below the plastic moment capacity
recently such detailing of joints in
special moment frames (SMF) or of framing members. Failures
steel structures was not covered in
Intermediate moment frames (IMF) included non-ductile fractures of
the Indian code on steel structures.
should be qualified for use by bottom beam flange-to-column
Though the recent version of the
testing. However, as testing of flange complete-joint-penetration
code, IS 800:2007, contains
connections is time-consuming and (CJP) groove welds, which
provisions for design and detailing
expensive, it has also specified a propagated into the adjacent column
for seismic loads, it does not
few pre-qualified connections, which flange and web and into the beam
suggest the type of connections
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Seismic Forces
bottom flange. This failure was standard from time to time, as and portions of the beam flanges are
accompanied in some instances by when additional research results are removed in a pre-determined
secondary cracking of the beam available. The draft AISC 358-2010 fashion, adjacent to the beam-
web shear plate and failure of the contains a number of pre-qualified column connection, as shown in
beam top flange weld. The factors connections and are discussed Fig.1. In such a connection, yielding
that contributed to the damage briefly here. and plastic hinges are forced to
include the following (FEMA, 2000): form away from the connection at
♦ Stress concentration at the Pre-qualified Moment the reduced section of the beam.
bottom flange weld, due to the The effect of dogbone is similar
notch effect produced by backing
Connections to that of cover plate connections.
AISC 358-2010 gives the following
strips left in place, With cover plates the connection is
pre-qualified connections:
♦ Poor welding practices, including made stronger than the beam by
1. Reduced–Beam section
the use of weld metal of low strengthening the connection. In the
connection
toughness dogbone, the connection is
2. Bolted un-stiffened and Stiffened
♦ uncontrolled deposition rates effectively made stronger than the
Extended End-Plate Moment
♦ The use of larger members than beam by weakening the beam.
Connections
those previously tested or the use While producing the same effect of
3. Bolted Flange Plate (BFP)
of higher strength girders, cover plates, the dogbone
moment connection
♦ Less system redundancy and connection can be constructed with
4. Welded Un-reinforced Flange-
higher strain demands on relatively simpler details, resulting
Welded Web Moment Connection
connections, in a more reliable and economic
(WUF-W)
♦ Lack of control of basic material solution. Moreover, the strong-
5. Kaiser Bolded Bracket (KBB)
properties (large variation of column and weak-beam design can
Moment connection
member strength from the easily be achieved. The earliest
A brief discussion about these
prescribed values) application of dogbone connection
joints is given below. More details
♦ Inadequate quality control during was made in 1969 (Iwankiw and
about them and their methods of
construction, and Carter, 1996, Engelhardt et al,
design may be found from AISC
♦ The tri-axial restraint existing at 1998).
358-2010.
the center of beam flanges and However, the reduction in flange
at the beam-column interface, Reduced–Beam Section area may reduce the stiffness of
which inhibits yielding. beam flange and may increase the
In an attempt to ensure Connection susceptibility of lateral torsional
satisfactory seismic performance, In reduced beam section (RBS) buckling in the reduced section.
stringent specifications were moment connection (also known as
imposed on fully restrained moment the ‘dog bone’ connection), some
connections. Subsequent to the
earthquake, a multi-billion dollar
research was conducted for over
10 years, to understand the
behaviour of such beam-to-column
connections. This research resulted
in the development of current
design provisions for moment
resistant frames, prescribed in AISC
341-05 (Seismic provisions for
structural steel buildings, American
Institute of Steel Construction). In
addition, AISC has developed
another American National
Standards Institute approved
standard, AISC 358-05, which
presents materials, design,
detailing, fabrication, and inspection
requirements for a series of pre-
qualified moment connections. Figure 1: Reduced beam section (RBS) moment connection (a) connection,
(b) details of reduced beam flange (Ref.4,5)
AISC updates and reissues this
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Seismic Forces
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Seismic Forces
Figure 5: Kaiser bolted bracket (KBB) moment connections (a) Beam welded to
bracket, (b) beam bolted to bracket (Ref.4,5)
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Seismic Forces
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