ACTIVITY ~ 1 .

AIM.
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs ,three (on /
off ) switches, a fuse and a power source.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS.

Apparatus. No apparatus required.
Materials. Three bulbs (6 V , 1 W each) , fuse of 0.6 A , main
switch a power supply ( battery eliminator ) , three ( on / off )
switches , flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic
covering , a fuse wire Supplementary. Main electric board with a
two-pin socket and main switch.

THEORY.
Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 V A.C. and
50 Hz. The household circuit, all appliances are connected in
“parallel” with mains. The switches are connected in series with
each appliances in live wire. 5 A switches are required for heavy
load appliances like bulbs , fluorescent tubes , fans etc. 15 A sockets
and switches are
required for heavy load appliances like refrigerator , air conditioner ,
geyser etc. All appliances must have three wires called live , neutral
and the earth.
Total power consumption ‘P’ at a time
P = P 1 + P2 + P3 + . . . . . .
where P1 , P2 , P3 are the power drawn by appliances.
To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents
are drawn , fuse of little higher rating , 10 - 20 % higher than the
current normally drawn by all appliances . For further safety , a
suitable value
MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with supply
source.

DIAGRAM.
PROCEDURE.
1. Connect the bulbs B1 , B2 and B3 in series with switches S1 , S2
and S3 respectively and connect eash set of B - S
in parallel with each other.
2. Connect main supply to a step - down transformer ( battery
eliminator ) to get required voltage from 0 to 10 V ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
and 10).
3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply
(battery
eliminator ).
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B - S set.
5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B - S set.
6. Check the circuit once again to ensure that household circuit is
complete.
7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off
at about 0.6 A.
 ACTIVITY ~ 2 .
AIM.
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS.

Apparatus. A voltameter and an ammeter of appropriate range,
a battery, a rheostat, one way key.
Materials. An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting
wires, a piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM.
PROCEDURE.
1. Connect the components ( Resistors, inductors etc. ) in series with
each other as shown in diagram and then in series with the
battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the
current .
3. Connect the voltameter in parallel to the resistor , to measure the
potential difference .
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery .
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is
complete .

UTILITY.
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance .
 ACTIVITY ~ 3 .
AIM.
To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a
steady current.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS.

Apparatus. Potentiometer.
Materials. A fully charged 4.5 V battery or battery eliminator, a low
resistance rheostat, a voltameter of range ( 0 - 3.0 V ) , an ammeter
( 0 - 3.0 A ) , a one way key, a jockey, a set square, connecting wires
and a piece of sand paper.

THEORY.
For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material density and
thickness ( cross sectional area ) carrying a steady current, potential
drop is proportional to the length of the wire.
i.e.,
V a l.
V = Kl.
K = V / l = constant.
where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the
potential gradient.
DIAGRAM.

PROCEDURE.
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections as in
figure.
2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper
wires with a sand paper.
3. Connect the positive pole of the battery ( eliminator ) ( a battery
of constant e.m.f. ) to the zero end ( P ) of the potentiometer
and the negative pole through a one - way key, an ammeter and
a low
resistance rheostat to the other end ( Q ) of the potentiometer.
4. Connect the positive terminal of the voltameter to the end P of the
potentiometer and the negative terminal to the jockey.
5. Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer.
6. Close the key and set the rheostat such that the voltameter gives
full scale deflection ( 3 V ) .
 7. Touch the jockey at end P at 0 ( zero ) cm. The voltameter will
give
zero deflection.
8. Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm length of wire.
Note
the voltameter reading in each case.
9. Record your observations in tabular form as give ahead.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS.

Range of voltameter = 3 V.
Least count of voltameter = 0.05 V.
Zero correction of voltameter = ..........
Range of ammeter = 0.3 A.
Least count of ammeter = 0.05 A.
Steady current shown by ammeter = ..........

Table for length and potential drop.

CALCULATION FROM GRAPH.
Plot a graph choosing a suitable scle , for the values of potential
drop V along y - axis and length l along x - axis as shown in
figure.

From graph,

tan q = BC / AC = V2 - V1 / l2 - l1 = V / l

But,

K =V/l
From equation ( 1 ) and ( 2 )

tan q = K
The slope of straight line OB gives the value of potential gradient.

RESULT.
( i ) The graph between V and I is a straight line. Therefore , the
potential drop along the length of wire is directly proportional to its
length

val

v=kl

( ii ) The potential drop per unit length of wire is k = ............... V

cm-1.
 ACTIVITY ~ 4 .
AIM.
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC , a resistor and a
capacitor from a mixed collection of such items .

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS.

Apparatus. Multimeter.
Materials. Above mixed collection of items.

THEORY.
For identification , appearance and working of each item will
have to be considered.
1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward
biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It does not
emit light while conducting. Hence, it does not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It
also conducts when forward biased and does not conduct
when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting. Hence, it
glow.
3. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent
emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C).
4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of
a chip. [See figure (UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)].
5. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either
forward biased or reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward
or reverse bias
for a resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct
when either forward biased or reverse biased. When a
capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then multimeter
shows full scale current initially
but it decay to zero quickly. It is because that initially a capacitor
draw a charge.

The components to be identified are shown in figure.

PROCEDURE.
1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is
an IC (integrated circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor
or a capacitor.

To differentiate proceed as ahead.

4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the

continuity. The probe metal ends are inserted in terminal marked
on the multimeter as common and P (or + ve).

If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P

(or + ve). On touching the two ends of the device to the two other
metal ends of probes.

1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not
move when reversed and there is no light emission, the item
is a
diode.
2. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not
move when re-versed and there is light emission, the item is a
LED.
3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also
when reversed, the item is a resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way
and also when reversed, the item is a capacitor.
OBSERVATIONS.
1. Connect the bulbs B1 , B2 and B3 in series with switches S1 , S2
and S3 respectively and connect eash set of B - S
in parallel with each other.
2. Connect main supply to a step - down transformer ( battery
eliminator ) to get required voltage from 0 to 10 V ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
and 10).
3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply
(battery
eliminator ).
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B - S set.
5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B - S set.
6. Check the circuit once again to ensure that household circuit is
complete.
7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off
at about 0.6 A.
ACTIVITY ~ 5.
AIM.
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab.

APPARATUS.
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office
pins, protractor.

THEORY.
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab,
then it bends towards the normal since refraction takes
place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR)
travel along straight line and incident on face DC of slab
and bends away from the normal since refraction takes place
from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face
DC is called emergent ray.

From the following diagram

( i ) The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.

( ii ) The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path
(incident ray) by a distance
d = t sec r sin ( i – r ).
DIAGRAM.

PROCEDURE.
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board.
Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper
and mark its boundary ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making
an angle i with the normal. PQ will represent an incident ray.
Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances 1 cm or
more between themselves.
See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at
points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more apart) such that these two pins cover
the images of first two pins, all being along a straight line.
Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and
4 to represent emergent ray. Join QR to represent refracted ray.
Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes
to be equal to angle i..
Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to
RS. TU measures lateral displacement d.
Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure the
lateral displacement.
CONCLUSIONS.
1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).
2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the
thickness of the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence
(i).
ACTIVITY ~ 6 .
AIM.
To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using
two lenses from the given set of lenses.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS.

Apparatus. No particular apparatus is needed.
Materials. A set of thin convex lenses, one of these is of given focal
length (say 15 cm), (we have to select a second lens such that the
combination gives a single lens of focal length fc = 10 cm), lens
holder with stand, a white painted vertical wooden board with
broad stand, half metre scale.

THEORY.
1. The reciprocal of focal length in metre is called power of lens in
dioptre (D).
P = 1 / f .

2. With a convex lens, the real image of a distant object is formed at

a distance equal to its focal length.
3. If f1 and f2 be the focal lengths of the two lenses and F be the
focal length of the combination.

Then,
1 / F = 1 / f 1 + 1 / f2

For lenses of power P1 and P2 and combination of power P.

Then,
P = P1 + P2
DIAGRAM.

PROCEDURE.
1. Keep the white painted vertical wooden board to serve as a
screen.
2. The convex lens (known focal length f 1 = 15 cm), fixed into a
holder stand is put on the left of the screen. There are sunlight
illuminated green trees at large distance on the left of the lens.
3. The lens is moved towards and away from the screen till a sharp,
inverted image of trees is formed on the screen.
4. Distance between central lines of the screen and holder stand is
measured by a half metre scale.
5. The distance gives the focal length of the convex lens about 15 cm.
6. Replace first lens by second convex lens of required power and
repeat the steps from 2 to 5. This gives the focal length of
second convex lens.
7. Now bring both lenses in contact and repeat the steps from 2 to 5.
This gives the combined focal length.
8. Determine the focal length with other given lens.

Determine the focal length of about six of the convex lenses.

CALCULATIONS.
Let F = 10 cm, so that P = 10 D { P ( D ) = 100 / F ( cm ) }
Following combinations will be suitable.
VERIFICATION.
The above combinations may be tried and result verified.

PRECAUTIONS.
1. Thin lenses should be taken.
2. Lenses should have same aperture.

SOURCES OF ERROR.
1. Lenses may not be thin.
2. Lens apertures may not be same.