CHAPTER 2

RELATED LOCAL STUDIES

The Techvoch Building: A 4-Storey Technical Vocational and Complex Building in

Calasiao Comprehensive National High School

According to Harris P. Soriano, John Dominic C. Tomelden, Jemuel N. Vallo, Abel C.

Antipolo, and Jeric N. Banal, this project will become an integral part for the school's

preparation for K-12 program since the facilities are designated for the courses offered by the

school. The researchers advised to follow the design guidelines and referrals to different codes

are highly stimulated. They recommend having a further and careful study including electrical,

plumbing and geotechnical.

Using all the gathered data and reliable sources thru interviews and surveys, the

researchers found out that the construction of a Technical-Vocational and Complex Building is

preferably needed at Calasiao Comprehensive National High School. The building is designed

following the specifications from the National Building Code and the Department of Education.

This project will further enhance the quality of education on the said school by providing a well-

improved facility and learning centers. Also through this project, students of senior years will

have suitable rooms to use and because of that, they can concentrate on their studies, as a result,

they can be competitive.

The researchers of this study used both Qualitative and Quantitative research method.

Researchers used quantitative method since they applied the mathematical and statistical way of

research and also gathered investigations and surveys to different respondents to collect

numerical data. Researchers used questionnaires system, consultations, interviews, documentary

analysis and observations for collecting qualitative data. This proved that the researchers used

qualitative methods, considering that the researchers have direct interaction with individuals on a

one to one basis or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.

This thesis project has similarities with the current research project; both of proposed

projects are located at the Municipality of Calasiao. The researcher's proposal aims to help the

municipality to fulfill the gaps on the number of classrooms and other facilities needed by the

high school students which one of the objectives of our study. The researcher’s proposal is a

Secondary School Building that offers junior to senior high school that is different from their

Technical-Vocational and Complex Building which is for people who are not capable of taking

bachelor's degree but still want to have a decent job here and abroad.

Design of Three-Storey Public School Building with Rainwater Harvesting System in

Maybunga, Pasig City

This project belongs to Neilson B. Abanador, Christian F. Begorosa, and Robin S. San

Pedro. The three-storey school building in Maybunga, Pasig City is a large project which also

needed a great amount of budget. The group believes that the planned set created for the school

building in Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries embodies the

design norms that it set out to fulfill in its project. The group designed the most economical

columns, beams, slabs and other structures economically to equal the school's budget.

After the completion of the design of the three-storey school building with rainwater

harvesting system, the researchers achieved the primary objective of the thesis project. The

group believes that this thesis project will provide additional classrooms for the secondary and

tertiary students of Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries. The design
of the building was also in accordance with the city's campaign, "Pasig Green City". The

rainwater harvesting system installed in the building will immediately control the flooding in the

area. It is important these days to generate such solutions for the continuous rainfalls here in the

Philippines. The harvesting system will also conserve water that will result in the decrease of the

school's monthly water consumption. Based on the group's cost estimation, the rainwater

harvesting system installed in the building will help conserve 8.23% of the total school's water

consumption yearly provided that there are six 2-storey and one 1-storey building adding to the

total cost of the water bill. Even the relatively small changes in the amount of water that the

school uses can have a major impact in the long run.

The next study must first consider the school's overall "persona". Since the researchers

are engineering students, they focused more on the design of the building; they did not have

enough time to focus on the other issues. Thus, the next researchers should decide on how they

want the school to be viewed by the community, and consider the ultimate educational goals of

the school and the types and ages of students who will be educated in the facility.

There are two types of methods used in this study. Qualitative for gathering secondary

information from the existing data from PAGASA and having interviews with different

personnel from the City Engineer's office in Pasig. Quantitative for gathering data and

information through experiments and including the estimation of the project cost.

The proposal and the present have the difference in terms of recommending type of

school. In this study, the researchers proposed a public school building (secondary and tertiary)

while the presents’ recommendation is a private secondary school building. This project differs

in terms of location and architectural design of the structure with the current study. Soil bearing
capacity in Pasig City is different from Calasiao. The similarity of these project proposals is that

both are implementing green engineering and green building.

Sts. Peter and Paul Academy: A Proposed Five-Storey School Building in Brgy. San

Miguel, Calasiao, Pangasinan

Mark Angel J. Austria, Clifford M. Cabotaje, and John Dave Macaraeg proposal is an

additional secondary school building which is preferably needed in the Municipality of Calasiao.

The proposed project is intended to benefit this municipality and other nearby towns. Also, this

project will further enhance the quality of education on the said school by providing well-

improved facilities and learning centers. The increase in school classrooms will presumably

increase the number of students who would attend school, and therefore will have an effect on

economic opportunities in the project sites such as for food stalls and transport services.

Researchers found out that the overpopulation in schools and the lack of classrooms and

facilities, especially with the implementation of K-12, are the problems in Calasiao. The

researchers proposed a construction of a new school building which is preferably needed in the

Municipality of Calasiao.

From the gathered data, knowing that the location of the school greatly affects the

students' school choice, it is highly recommended that the five-storey school building is to be

constructed at Brgy. San Miguel, Calasiao, Pangasinan. The study's findings and conclusions, as

much as the researchers wanted them to be flawless, may exhibit some inaccuracy. Therefore,

the researchers recommend more comprehensive studies regarding these subjects. The

researchers also recommend a wide range of study on the hypothetical statement illustrated in the
conceptual framework. The study conducted was delimited to some aspects such as the

mechanical study of the project, electrical and plumbing, therefore, the researchers recommend a

further and careful study of these areas

The researchers used and applied the descriptive method of research since the study

describes the data and characteristics of the results coming from the investigations gathered. It

describes the features of a five-storey school building in general and developmental aspect. With

this said by the researchers, it was clear enough that the used method in this research are

qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative in terms of using statistical analysis and surveys in

gathering data. Quantitative for the reason of the researchers used consultations, interviews,

documentary analysis, and observations in proposing this project.

This 5-storey school building and the proposal are both located in Brgy. San Miguel in

the Municipality of Calasiao. Both have the common recommendation in the same Municipality

which is to construct a private secondary school building due to the implementation of K-12

Program. The only difference is in terms of architectural design and facilities.

A Proposed Four-Storey Technical Vocational Institution in San Fabian, Pangasinan

This thesis project by Venjo C. Quiambao, Alberto N. Quijano Jr., Reynante P. Casipit,

Jomar DV. Dioquino, and JB P. Junio sought to determine the needed for the construction of a

technical vocational school in the Municipality of San Fabian. The project was evaluated on

what would be its impact on the community. The main beneficiaries of the project are the people

who are not capable of taking bachelor's degree but still want to have a decent job here and

abroad. The proposed project will help them enhance and master their technical skills by

providing better facilities and on-hand training.

 Since education is considered the key to effective development strategies, technical

vocational education and training must be the best alternative way to lessened poverty. Also in

promoting peace and improve the quality of life for everyone and help in the contribution of

sustainable development. To improve and upgrade the status of residents of San Fabian, it is

highly recommended that the approval of the construction of the 4-storey technical vocational

school should be approved. In line with this is to impose the in-demand courses or programs to

be of service for the technical vocational school to meet the specific needs of the beneficiaries.

To meet the standard ratio prescribed by TESDA, it is recommended that the proposed structure

should have a capacity of 1070 occupants.

The researchers of the study used the qualitative and quantitative method of research.

Quantitative method because the study used statistical analysis and used solving formulas for

computation in gathering data. The researchers also use survey questionnaires as an instrument

for gathering statistical information. Also, the use of an experimental method which gives the

random assignment of individual. The study also uses the qualitative method for having content

analysis on every subtopic. Qualitative research refers to the meanings, definitions,

characteristics, symbols, metaphors, and description of things. All information is also gathered

from the survey questionnaires.

The similarity of this study to the proposal is that both help in the contribution of

sustainable development and provide education. The difference would be that technical

vocational building helps in giving chances for people to job-ready but the proposed building is

to accommodate, assure good environment, and provide safety for secondary students.

A Proposed Five-Storey Building for Technical School in Calasiao, Pangasinan

 Based upon all the gathered data and reliable sources thru these research methods, John

Paul S. Mercado, found out that the proposal for Five Storey Building for Technical School will

be a big help and benefit the townspeople of Calasiao and neighboring towns. The project is

effective not only with the needs of the people but also with the facilities and services needed for

this project. The main beneficiaries of the project are people who are not capable of taking

bachelor's degree but still want to have a decent job here and abroad.

The project is capable of handling potential students to enroll in their specific fields of

specialties to promote quality education. Also, application of engineering and sustainability is

applied so as not to harm the environment including human health. To improve and upgrade the

status of the residents of Calasiao, It is highly recommended that the 5-storey building for

technical school is to be constructed at the Jose De Venecia Ext. Highway, Calasiao, Pangasinan.

It is acclaimed to impose the in-demand courses or programs to be, for the technical vocational

school to meet the specific needs of the beneficiaries.

The researchers of this study used both qualitative and quantitative research method.

Researchers used the qualitative method because of the descriptive-development method of

research employing questionnaires, consultation and document analysis techniques for gathering

data. When it comes to the quantitative method, using statistical analysis and formulas for

computation is best. The researchers also conducted and distributed questionnaires to different

respondents to complete the research study.

Both project aims to solve the problem of the Municipality of Calasiao for having a lack

of the number of classrooms and other facilities needed by the high school student, especially

senior high school students. This project is similar to the proposal since both projects are located
in the Municipality of Calasiao. The only difference between these projects is the type school

building that is proposing.

RELATED FOREIGN STUDIES

A Study of the Relationship between School Building Conditions and Academic

Achievement of Twelfth Grade Students in Kuwaiti Public High Schools

The results of this study of Mutlaq M. Al-Enezi indicated that there was a statistically

significant relationship between building conditions and student achievement. However, the

main effect of the building conditions on student achievement varies according to gender and

academic major. When all buildings were analyzed, a significant positive relationship was found

only between the overall and structural building conditions and student achievement and not with

the cosmetic building condition.

The findings of this research have provided additional data to the top administration at

the Ministry of Education in Kuwait to support the argument for paying more attention to the

quality of the school buildings in Kuwait because building condition is a factor that can influence

student achievement. More research is needed to extend the breadth of findings regarding the

relationship between building condition and student academic achievement. More research also

might help to demonstrate a strong relationship that, in turn, allows findings to be generalized.

Because it was found in the study that there are appositive significant relationship building

condition and student academic achievement, a qualitative study might be followed to examine

students attitude towards building condition to explain this difference.

 In this study, the researcher used quantitative research method. Since this research is non-

experimental, a descriptive research "methodology" design was used. Descriptive research is a

type of quantitative research used to explore the possible causal relationship between different

variables (Borg, Gall, & Gall, 1996). The researcher also identifies the data needed for this study,

a method of collecting data, and the statistical method used to analyze the data.

This research has a great similarity to the proposal. Both study talks about the

relationship of the school building to the learning conditions of the students. Both concerns with

the working and studying environment, school's condition, appearance, facilities, and location

have effects on the students' performance. The difference that can be stated here is that this study

is from abroad, they differ in climate, temperature, and the soil properties which the building can

have an adjustment.

School Building Maintenance Strategy: A new Management Approach

As Malaysian school buildings are aging, they face the growing challenge of maintaining

the nation's education facilities. This due to the fact that routine and unexpected maintenance

demands are bound to arise, every education organization must proactively develop and

implement a plan for dealing with these inevitabilities. A sound facilities maintenance system

plan helps to ensure that school facilities are, and will be, cared for appropriately. Negligent

facilities maintenance planning can result in real problems. Large capital investments can be

squandered when buildings and equipment deteriorate or warranties are invalidated. Failure to

maintain school facilities adequately also discourages future investment in the public education

system.
 According to Zainal Abidin Akasah, the researcher of this study, there have several

problems faced by the Malaysian school maintenance team. For the maintenance team, they

faced problems from two sides which are from school maintenance community and Malaysian

Department of Education. They have their own problems and need to solve it together to get the

impressive solution. Studies on school buildings in Malaysia have highlighted several building

defects that are commonly found such as fungus stain, erosion of mortar joints, peeling paint,

defective plastered renderings, cracking of walls, defective rainwater, roof defects and unstable

foundations. This research suggested several suggestions for solving future maintenance problem

related to the school building.

Research shows that there are several suggestions to solve the problems, such suggestions

which were related to technical and building system. Scientific studies and laboratory test are

suggested for technical maintenance whereas for building programme the use of computer

simulation and are suggested to solve related maintenance management problems.

The study uses the basic research method. This research is conducted largely for the

enhancement of knowledge and is research which does not have immediate commercial

potential. The research which is done for human welfare, animal welfare, and plant kingdom

welfare. It is called basic, pure, fundamental research. The main motivation here is to expand

man's knowledge, not to create or invent something.

This research may be related to the building proposal, especially in the health of the

structure after many years. Maintenance of a building is also considered when planning for a

project after the success of the construction maintenance is the next chapter for. Since the current

proposal is a school building, a maintenance research will be of help. Though it is from abroad,

some basic knowledge about it would be favourable to this study.

School Buildings in Greece: The Bioclimatic Challenge and a Photovoltaic Pilot Project

Panagiotis Al. Patargias, the author of this article, believes that in Greece, a large number

of old school buildings require bioclimatic conversion. Bioclimatic buildings are built with

design and construction methods that are based on the local climate. They aim to be comfortable

and aesthetically pleasing by using solar energy and other eco-friendly sources.

Greece's School Buildings Organization (SBO) is developing bioclimatic pilot schemes

which are yielding positive results. Bioclimatic action has been one of the principal priorities of

Greek school infrastructure planning since 2004. Among the activities undertaken by SBO to use

renewable energy sources in school buildings is a pilot project to design and install a

photovoltaic system in a secondary school in Athens.

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system

designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics (Wikipedia). Since 70% of

school energy consumption is used for heating and 30% for lighting, the construction of solar

heating systems is planned for schools under construction. A system is currently being

researched which can co-evaluate sunlight and the presence of individuals in a room, allowing

artificial lighting to be reduced or turned off. Such a system would reduce the light energy

consumed by schools by an estimated 40%. The exterior heat insulation of old uninsulated

schools is the first target. The directive is estimated to reduce energy consumption for heating by

30%. Finally, the use of shading systems, high and dense vegetation, and light-reflecting exterior

colors will lead to further energy saving by Greek school buildings.

In view of the threat of further global warming with uncontrollable environmental

consequences, the reduction of gas emissions has become an imperative. It is found out that
energy production is the principal source of gas emissions. Therefore, the way forward is energy

conservation and production of energy from renewable sources. Concerning renewable energy

production for Greek schools, the use of photovoltaic systems is the only available option. Thus,

it is highly recommended to use photovoltaic systems since it reduces national energy production

from fossil fuels, produces cheaper energy and contributes environmental benefits by reducing

gas emissions. It is estimated that the cost of constructing a photovoltaic system is recoverable

after 10 years and the system's lifespan is 25 years.

The construction of school building here in the Philippines and other countries differs due

to the climate and type of soil they have. Since climate and soil bearing capacity in the

Philippines differs from other countries, it could be the dissimilarity between school buildings in

Greece and our proposed project. The similarity of our project and school building in Greece is

that we are both promoting green engineering. School in Greece aims to produce green building

by using solar power system which is one of the objectives of our study.

High School Landscapes

Akshatha Venkatesha believes that landscape planners should integrate student

perspectives in campus design and development. According to the author, landscape architects

should understand student preferences to better meet their needs and create effective campus

landscapes.

To this day, high school students are rarely involved in design processes for high school

campus landscapes. High school designs, including school grounds, should strive to meet the

established psychological and social needs of high school students. Design decisions and campus
planning should be made in the context of a sustainable environment, which will stay put and

which will be changed, replaced and rejuvenated constantly.

A campus landscape is more than a lawn space between buildings. Emphasis must be

placed on the students’ desirability in evaluating and mapping the best management land use

practices and campus design. It is essential for us to understand how high school landscapes can

effectively incorporate student values and entice students’ interest in campus planning. Student

participation in the design and development of school landscapes brings a myriad of benefits to

learning and design. Even though they are limited by their subject knowledge, their participation

will give them an opportunity to develop their own opinions and learn more about landscape

design. This in turn will help the designers to make informed decisions on campus landscape

designs. A comprehensive design process provides insights into meaningful campus landscapes.

The creation of successful school campus landscapes requires a unified collaboration of various

disciplines and interests. Actively involving students in campus planning might actually reduce

the communication barriers between the student community and the governing bodies. As

landscape architects, we should understand student preferences to better meet their needs and

create effective campus landscapes.

Analyses conducted in this study provide new insights into student preferences for

various landscape configurations in the high school campus. The findings of the ANOVA

analyses suggest that landscape features of the high school campus do significantly influence

student preferences for various landscape configurations in the high school campus. Results

demonstrate that high school students prefer school campuses with best management practices

landscapes more than those with traditional or barren landscape configurations. The analysis also
suggests that high school students prefer school campuses with a higher density of vegetation

over the low-density vegetation campus landscapes.

In this study, the researcher measured the preferences of various high school landscape

configurations. The researcher conducted photo-questionnaire surveys in two high schools in

Champaign, Illinois and one high school in Urbana, Illinois. In addition, she administered verbal

surveys to these students to measure the students’ perception of their own high school

landscapes’ various physical features. In short, the researcher used the qualitative method of

research.

This study is much related to this proposal. Since landscaping has a factor on students’

study moods, landscaping should be considered in designing the Secondary school building

proposal. For giving space for landscape, proper orientation of the building is to be planned. The

similarity of these two studies is that, both talks about secondary school building and considered

the proper orientation of the structure. Differences would be that this study is conducted on

foreign lands while the proposal is conducted in the Philippines. Also because of this, they differ

in design especially on the foundation part because of the difference in soil bearing capacity and

construction method used.

Safer and Child-Friendly School Construction in Nepal

According to the author, Giridhar Mishara, the main objective of the study is to assess the

status of existing school buildings and to recommend a checklist for constructing and upgrading

school physical facilities to ensure earthquake safer and child friendly infrastructure suitable for

schools in different geographical parts of the country so that a conducive teaching-learning

environment is created and maintained.

 In Developing countries like Nepal, school is not only an important place for learning and

overall development of children but also an important temporary shelter after a disaster like.

Therefore, it is of immense importance that schools are constructed child-friendly and assured

that they are safer than ordinary residential buildings. Nepal is one of the 20 most disaster-prone

countries in the world. A vulnerability assessment of school buildings in Kathmandu valley

revealed that more than 60% schools are highly vulnerable.

In this regard, this study will help significantly to the schools by recommending a set of

checklist to ensure a safer and child-friendly infrastructure in a single package which will create

conducive teaching-learning environment in schools. Unfortunately, the existing situation of

many schools in rural, as well as most of the urban parts of Nepal, is critical. Most of the schools

are unsafe against earthquakes and high winds and also lacking child-friendly environment. Only

a few new constructions and a very few old age buildings have been benefited from above

institutions and many schools are left behind because of lack of proper coordination.

The methodology consisted of executing the following steps: Design the questionnaire

survey forms for schools and experts in related fields. Collection and preparation of safe and

appropriate type designs for classrooms, toilets and drinking water supply system. Prepare the

checklist of different child-friendly features for schools. Prepare the checklist for making school

buildings earthquake resilient. Field visits for the observation of locally available various

construction technologies and materials towards safety and child-friendly features as well as

waste management methods appropriate in different parts of the country.

 Based on the study, field visit, discussions with stakeholders and analysis of the data, the

researcher found out that there is a lack of awareness among stakeholders towards making school

physical facilities child-friendly. There is a lack of maintenance plan and fund generation scheme

for regular repair works in most of the schools. Also, there is a lack of child-friendly and disable

friendly toilets, urinals, and water supply facilities in the schools. They also found out that there

is a lack of appropriate classrooms, library, laboratories, compound fencing, multipurpose halls,

canteen, playgrounds etc. in many schools and a large number of existing schools not constructed

under the project is very unsafe against earthquake.

The researcher recommended that there should be reliable cost estimates and clear-cut

notes of all prototype drawings. The existing school buildings prone to earthquakes must be

dismantled immediately. All the schools must have a master plan for construction and upgrading

program. There must be included the earthquake safety measures and child-friendly elements in

orientation training program for teachers and masons.

This study and the current proposal are aiming to construct and build safe school building

that can withstand the earthquake and other disasters. Also, the present study is promoting

facilities that are safe for all students, teacher, and other school personnel.