EXPERIMENT OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the blood pressure and pulse
when person in the different posture and exercise. We can see the value on systolic
arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and heart rate is difference in the
measurements taken under these conditions compares to baseline measurements.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured using a sphygmomanometer
and a stethoscope, and pulse rate will be obtained by locating radial artery. In any
conditions, the body tends to maintain its heart rate, thus the blood pressure
always returns to its normal range. From the machine to measured blood pressure,
it has systole, diastole and pulse. The systole refers to the contraction of the heart
and conventionally systolic arterial pressure is the highest pressure developed in
arteries during the ventricular contraction of the cardiac cycle. Diastole refers to a
relaxed heart muscle and diastolic pressure has conventionally meant the lowest
arterial pressure during a heart cycle. The pulse pressure is related to the amount
of blood being pumped per beat. It is the systolic minus the diastolic pressure.

In this experiment, we will examine our blood pressure using the blood
pressure sensor provided in the laboratory. We will compare the blood pressure
taken before and after exposure to cold. The cold stimulus activates the
sympathetic nervous system, resulting in hemodynamic changes that prepare the
body for a "fight or flight" response. The sensitivity of blood pressure to harmful
external or internal injuries makes it useful as a vital sign, an indicator of health,
disease, excitement and stress.

We will also examine our respiratory volumes using spirometer provided. The
total capacity of lungs is divided into various volumes and capacities according to
the function of these in the intake or exhalation of air.

METHODOLOGY

A. Blood pressure as a vital sign

1. The subjects have sat quietly in a chair with his or her forearm resting on a
table surface. It is advisable that the person who was been tested to remain
calm and static.

2. The blood pressure and the heart rate that are stated in the Blood Pressure
sensor are checked and wrote it down in a table.

3. The supine (lying on your back) blood pressure and heart rate is checked
and wrote it down in a table.
 4. Two persons are climbing up and down the stairs and star jumping for three
times in five minutes. Take the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR)
immediately, and every 1 minute up to 5 minutes and wrote it down in a
table.

5. One person is placed their hand (the one to which the blood pressure sensor
cuff is not attached) into a large container filled with ice water. The BP and
HR reading every 30 second for 3 minutes is recorded.

B. Human respiratory volume

1. Tidal volume (TV)

a. The spirometer dial is set at zero (0). A normal inspiration is taken;

your mouth is placed over the mouth-piece, and exhaled a normal
expiration into the spirometer. You will have to make a conscious
effort not to exceed your normal value.

b. The amount exhale on the dial is read.

2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

a. The spirometer dial is set at zero (0).

b. After a normal expiration, your mouth is placed over the mouth-piece

and forcefully exhaled as much air as possible into the spirometer.

3. Vital Capacity (VC)

a. The spirometer dial is set at zero (0).

b. Inhaled as deeply as possible; your mouth is placed over the mouth-

piece, your nose is holded, and exhaled into spirometer with a
maximal effort.

c. The measurement is repeated for 3 times and the largest volume is

recorded.

4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiration Capacity (IC)

a. The IRV and IC ie calculated from 3 previous volume measurements.

RESULTS

A. Blood pressure as a vital sign

Table 1: Blood pressure and heart rate readings

Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate

Pressure Pressure pressure (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg)
Sitting on 144 97 113 83
chair
Supine (lying
on back) 130 86 101 70

Table 2: Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to climb up & down
stairs and star jump

Systolic Pressure Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate

(mmHg) Pressure (mmHg) pressure (mmHg) (beats/min)
Climb up Star Climb up Star Climb up Star Climb Star
& down jump & down jump & down jump up & jump
stairs stairs stairs down
stairs
Min 155 138 105 88 122 105 142 106

0
Min 148 133 100 84 116 100 119 101

1
Min 129 123 97 82 108 96 106 95

2
Min 125 129 95 80 105 96 107 94

3
Min 119 124 54 76 76 92 98 93

4
Min 85 122 53 68 64 86 81 92

5
 Table 3: Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to cold water

Time Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate

(second) Pressure Pressure pressure (mmHg) (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg)
30 133 97 109 84
60 120 91 101 81
90 118 90 99 76
120 117 83 94 73
150 117 83 94 71
180 91 71 78 71

B. Human respiratory volume

Table 4: Respiratory volumes

Respiratory volumes Value

Tidal volume (TV) 1900
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 300
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 2300
Residual Volume (RV) 1100
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 5600
Vital Capacity (VC) 4500
Functional Residual Capacity (RFC) 3400
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) 2200

CALCULATION

1) IRV = VC – (TV + ERV)

= 4500 – (1900 + 2300)
= 300
2) IC = IRV + TV
= 300 + 1900
= 2200
3) TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
= 1900 + 300 + 2300 + 1100
= 5600
4) RFC = RV + ERV
= 1100 + 2300 = 3400
DISCUSSIONS

In this experiment, we have done the experiment that relate to the blood
pressure and heart rate and the respiratory volumes. For the reading of the blood
pressure and heart rate, we were measured the reading when we are sitting on
chair and when supine (lying on back). Then, we were measured the reading of
blood pressure and heart rate that response to climb up and down and star jump.
We also measured the readingg of blood pressure and heart rate that response to
cold water.

For the first experiment, the measurement of the blood pressure and heart
rate increases when we were sitting on chair as this is one of doing activity. For the
supine (lying on back), the measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate
decreases as we were in the rest condition.

Then, for the measurement of blood pressure and heart rate that response to
climb up and down and star jump, the blood pressure and heart rate becomes
decreases as the time increases. As we know, after finsh the exercise, blood
pressure will drop to the normal levels- we know that the time it takes for blood
pressure to return to normal is indicative of your health. So, the fitter you are, the
quicker yor blood pressure will return to normal. During exercise, blood pressure
increases because heart is beating faster while working out in order to push blood
out and supply oxygen to the muscles. Your systolic blood pressure will increase
during exercise, but diastolic will only increase a little.

Next, the measurement of blood pressure and heart rate that response to
cold water should increase as low temperature will cause the blood vessels to
narrow – which increase blood pressure because of the more pressure is needed to
force blood through your narrowed vein and arteries. For our result, we are getting
some mistakes as our result becomes decreases as the time increases.

After that, for the respiratory volume, we are looking at the total lung
capacity. The total lung capacity (TLC) is the most air that you can inspire into
your lungs. It is made up of the following: Tidal volume (TV): the usual amount of
air that you breathe in and out of your lungs with a normal breath. So, from our
experiment, our total lung capacity is 5600. So, it is the normal value for the adult
woman.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, when we are measured the blood pressure and heart rate, we
should in the relax condition. So, we will get the best value. On the other hand, we
also need to know that the blood pressure becomes decrease after we are doing the
exercise. Then, from this experiment, we can know our the total lung capacity for
the adult woman which is 5600.
REFERENCES

https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/blood-
pressure-reading-explained

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/systemic-blood-
pressure/

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/purpose-blood-
pressure-pulse-experiment-determine-effect-posture-exercise-systolic-arteria-
q2759852

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/blood-pressure-laboratory-report.php

REFLECTION

From this experiment, I get many experienced as before this I don’t get any
opportunity for doing this experiment. So, I’m really excited when having this
experiment. In this experiment, I can know how to use the machine that measures
the blood pressure and heart rate. At the same time, I can know how to use the
spirometer for the respiratory volume. I really enjoyed because this is the first time
I’m using and touch it. Then, we should know the precaution when carry out this
experiment, so we can get the best result. That’s all from me.

Thank you.