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AM!E~I~ft;;:r~ A$S0(!IAT~ON OF. ~~,ml)LE(I~ G~Q[i.JJGi$TS !CO~TIF'!i(li~NG iElD![J!L:ATilO~ ,Q(!I(I[RE;E NOT.E, SERIES.

#:3$

GeostatisUcs in Petroleum Geology

0- '1"'- -~- - 'D" .. -b' - - m , dVl.e,1j ,u,rUle

Copyrlqhted mat rial

Geos'ta,ti,stics ~n [Petr~leum Geolog'y

by

Oliivielt" Dubrule, Eft ~Jm:allon ,Pm-mmtron Pa\[J~ France

Publ[$h~l by

TiM' AmerICan A.a>I5I·(I(;:'~on Of IPetfOl-eum [~lEiOIO,gIg 'f,'ul8~, 'O;'kbl1!-<:Im!a\;, U.s.A.

p"~l in U1I~ IUIl.SA"

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Cop:¥n:~h~: e 199,8

The 'Arn.ericiRinl ASBocu:tion of :PeilroleumJ G,tologish, All. :RieJ],rb :lkservoo

AA.PG Ptrttl!i~h:ua: Edli~o r r.n. Dol. 9t91

TlIba, OK ,·f 1:01-09:'19

Erratum

Cuv>er [FOiit: 3D· Piodt.J W 8, ~st~ti~l:k;a] a('OWI,~k iml!l~~hu~t~ ~ILRadonl ¢O'ilstn1Jill'td. by,3D s~ism~t F.rjg. US

'Thi5; IbQol4 aiPdl ether ~t]~ :in tlhe: :EdiuC',iuio;n Count N'o:te ;Se:rie!~ ;IIIIre ,aNlI.~ll!bte fmm:; 'Ybe' ;!\_;i\ro BookUu~

p,,o, 8ij~ 'fn'g;

Tuba" OK 7~'~'O'~,..:0'~l7'

T:~.~~(m¢~ ~'l~,) ;534-1555

.Fat!l;: (9'18) 560-,16;5:2.

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'G, ~"E-:O,I S',,' T-, 'A'T' IS,' 'TI:" ','C":S·,,. I lIN',,' PETJRQ'LEUM, '] """, ' G<-1?'O •••• ]1' os •• ,Y:':.-'

•••••. , __ J, ,[ .". ~ _~=_= == _._l_ •.. ~ Jl....i'\.....I .

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GEOSTA',ru,TI1CS IN nrnOL'ElJltI GEOWS,V OJ_i,\',igr.' :Dtlt£m!e,

tElf ~l'ence, :!R.eseauh CeDtre~, ,30' :BlUikingbam Gatt" S,W1E ,6NN" LomLm." UK dg'bJ"lll.[ie@eU·~

,r. ........ ....:!.r;, jt!ii~rlp;j;:.iU'i; !Ir.Y-~~-!il~1 ~.~ . _ .. YY'1_.

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The fllUilltIJtiflca:UJ}liL of ~oloCJV bia.i1, ailWB.'Il'Si beea.a 'fa;wi'nil1liffif,li' tonic· un.d tbe:, first '--: Wlll -, - ,-'n ~,

~ (g; "'1-- - ~~~ _~ - ~- - _ ~ ,ir _ ~ 1;1>" - ~ --J' - - - ---~ - -~-O- - ~ iL" ~ - -~ _ -~ ~ ~ L ~ P ~ ~'W]L,.~,

~;:_ 'k ~.' I .il. f' V' ]" (11 i'lljlj'j,\ d iL' f. ·'lil •

C'iliLOilS to ~Ii t~'-li) gu~1. W~ '~,ioot· OJ]' . _mt¢.illS_ ,~'::..o.::1'j ail _ iJ;1_illi, :Iii~y' ,oOJ £IWGrs llSJng'

:Markov ciRain, analysls '10 'q,uamlfY ,o:m.cdmmsio:~. litho,rogicall sequ,eIlaS ailong wells ~,F'j,g. ]}, ,Many successes 'were enceunteted W'jlik this 3wro~, oo.t jt 3ppe~d, dilll.e~Lt '~

ii'i'Jo,",';:;_'I"'i;]'-~ t .... ·'I.e ,(',.;~d ~t!ld 'llbl..A djil'i'iol>'l'iol!i""'" 'TlI--oiIiiI1i ltt:! .:\-;'" m"d 8~'lrtl~ i''I.", .... "ani' H~ofi'

D.''r1l_lh'"II1~l~ ~c~1 g::ir_" i;;I~~,-!-'". ~_~_'I, ".:'_~_~l!l:!1 ~~~::"_~!i~,.,.'YIIC"!~ "~:_~,Iir":!~:i Ilr ~ l ~:..,,:~~~.I"_. __ ':i II\li~ ,I!iI!lH!~ ~~l-'

Messoouill flcld in Al;Prl,a, was lliG obj~, ,of pianee.ring a,p'pl~.c[d~mLiS of quanti~ati.yel ,rese:rro1ir eoocripti®:n 'h~Im~.gU~~" lb mstFibw.~iDn. of SHEd. lenses aOOJ FS!hru-e 'breaks 'Was moo.el[ed ,in. ,a vertLica!l c:ross--sectimlJ (see F~,. i.), 'with, '~he gcal of WiLd.ers~ '~eir l-'~~ ~ allt. e -~, e!ft~tu'w:, ~""u.nhu _ ShaJes: 'WIf:Je, ~~enred :jtJl, Ihl!i1l c~t:;,;- 'I,;;hi~st s ~ nds:

~llllrt __ ~ li! ~~"' ~ ~ _ ~ ~ !I!""-"'''''''''''~_ ~ ~~~~,~ _ ~ "'~_ _ ~ _ ~ _ ~"".I:"~"",. ~~. _ _ ~ _ -~-- ~ ~~ __ . ~. _ -, .. ~~ :;II-~ ~

were gl'lfe]]j Iil v acyi n;g: t'niC~ji¢~:s.S, ,~tid! ~ cOIi~tmJ~ '~td(~. These bodies we,[¢. distribuWd l'andomJy ~!11 '~ c ress- see non. Their :liilie.m1. ~tmJi had, been d.e:rlved from a derailed Ql,lt~ SUid.y ,of the Ajjers' Tassili, amaillogue (AI.gen.a). Thills rn.Qcle1 W3.8. used as ,a 'b!±$[S fbI' :rtst._E"Vi(Jir simulla:tion ~ :i~ W,~ ~'bserwed, lih~t; beca\!i~, 'he~,e.ndU_e,s, Wt!:fe ~ed in ,Il ,realistic way,. ,a, ~atl;9~tQty lrrls.rory'-mawb could. be iI1iCrn~vod, m~i!e wUy. ,M overview of

.il.._ . h ,,-.!II ".. •. ' ........ 'I'I!.~_. d ~- - • ] i'ii7\fii 11k~ =H= " '~Me" . dme ~ ,U3W 18, ,g.I,,..,ern,.In. ,L'''~.UWmme. an ul8.1meSlnl!, srs. I"U1S ,8.lSsm·,ssaou.

~ppllcatj.Q-n. seems to 'have been rat1re.r i!)ol.ne(l, ,in, '~~ pettd1eunm :undu.JJtty'.

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'wron,g~ as proved, by tln~ sys~mati'C, bi~, ob$erved, ,i!n, actual ~t:s'~ 'the ~tagr;; QI' rniline:d. blocks :::roo'\!'e 'me oi:ill~~Of{ Wa&: ,a.!,W,jl'll's s:mailIer' l!hllrri ,Ut~ ",~~ "~~ " ..... .".... ....,..A~,:"~ 'ITo:, ,

"~~ ~" ~ '" ~~ ~ "" .. ~ " " " '" ~ "~""~" ~ ,;/" , "" ~ ""~~ ~ ~ ,~,~" ~~~ ~ ~n_""',!Io"" l"I''''''''''''''iC" " . In

... 1. ... '11.,~ " ..c.' _!] ~... I'"Ji'IIL. "\.. ""'11._ _'I, "., .~ " ...:I '~b~!.~.~t ....

W!i' J!ust.ogmrn OJ!: ,sma!! ootC !SiUiIlp~9', Ji,'u':: reason 'Was. '~JJat tn~ serecnon w mme:l!], .• W..a...~

W,~ 'based, ,on '~e eJlumate Q:f their ,ave~e pd.et. e.stiimat'e Qbl~~ ftorn 'Uae lvt.nlg;e ~ O! a brg~ number or lidas~:-:h.61~:s wl~lnm ~h¢ block" >OF from. measunss (iN the case a( Uncruum unin,g) 6£ ~:ldioaotiv,ily ,O've:~' Ilhe Whole block. :M~the~n; 1970 e~q;d~ned 'mit! error wi'~ tbe f!!QW .c'las~h:a] plQt O'f Fig" 3~" lbis afJten Qve~Jookd, di~e·tef,t~ '~W~ '~b.e

11'-",';' ":·,;~,,::f"·v':""'~'~~,:,-,,~·,·,,-·,,-·,~·· ."'~: ~""" :'~~ .,"." f-'I:·:_,r.,·:~~:..:II:;h~:'-" -\. , .. ·"f ", ", ., .. _1, -' ~ am:aililit: o , a" or~ v~}'!le8 rneasU:I,~ over ,~arg,e;; IV. QC .. s any 1 .r: vanance 0: , ,1W,'vernge vames

measured, over snsall samples 'was, called by ,Ma-~hero.n the, "'Support Bff~t"; "'S~pport!! 1ine;mL'Il,g the vOO'llm~ on. wme'b. the 'P"O-p11:rli.y ''i,I,i',iU ave~.o,ged_

Krlgiing' and C-oOOIiiiloo:al SJmu1a~ioo:s. developed by ~m[JJ ,irn, the ear,l)" Se.ventie;s~, alsc proved very 'useful for rruni.liLg: applicatiolllS<. Th.~n. the tJenn-e de 06os-tatiis-tiqu.e jnl'lrOduood, i.'MoS"t~fSljii;;S "nl'O 'Dbe 'ilW"lrotel:lim ltl'ldl!lS"~i"II1 bv deve'IQi"Iitlil;iJi' ;0, oorn1'nCro:'~'1 :1~ftwar.e In ".: ' .. " .13''' .... ~"~ _I. ~ " .. L . .. ,I;""""~ ~ ~ -- ~~~ ~~~" ~" .. "',,1" . ;t ... ~ ~ ",I:'"~~~!tI, ~". - - , L :SiD ""' ~ "I" own a.s

:Blu~k (R0m.oo"dt. 1'990). that anli~d biiglng and 'cQnditlo:nal, sim.ulatiiDn. to :rnil.3ipp:~ng :p]';ob'lern~" 'B~!,:!~'k. was a {iompet~tor. t'O 'mQre 'w~dely used oOITL~~iaJ ~'ppin~: 't,ool~, It

fk d fl 'bil'" " bl '. cia" f d'f~ .. " nd d ~

Q, re' e:~I, .Ily :1iD com:I[fllifl.rg'~"JilI, ; rom. 'I·' I ":"";t ;fiI],gms. a ". ]ll10p0se' iI1J.GW' approaches

:s.'uC:h as 1D oom1ition:tii~ ;s!im.~atj;Q]lj fDr ,nmdo.oo.y samp!l:ir~ top ~strucl!Ure !Il1!:l,PS: and, assoo.i~ti~g '~ e~ s..tmo'!atioo a, l~Oss~!ble, Gross,.'Roo'k. Volume. B:llu:pac.k, was s6M, too So number 'of maj(l{ Qi~ ~ni,~~. 'but the imp1W.ct of :2D :pe.!iro.leum g,eOs~~tis1ic..s {F~,g. 3b} :remained ~S(}me:wbat: marginal until the [ea:~I!:Y Eigh&ies..

:]'__ ~"f!83 'iU,··'I~·C" ~ ~"~!. ~'~~~ tiU Ill,,'"' "."~t'i! 19~o;Jo~ :rt:n~welI! t'lJ)c, 'in"" ," "·;!.","w&F-"I' .. , ,;.110. .... 'H'· . "=

n iL~, .. , ,I[UIIUOlJ'.io"en!ii "~~"""~"" ¥"'~_~I!.!II'.l~~. ,~Qvl ~~~~~ """ ~~~~ ~~l"¢]'t&\, to "_~ !!H,!;;, assl

.Mes~.Ol!Id types of ,a"ppr-oach~" Ha1do:rsms d.~~.m e ..... a1UJati.cm, of '~M ql!l:miltati,'I{e lnt~atIi(t" ,a~aJJabie on the iSh. w:!d 8i~ of s .... aJes' ~~, ~~~, ~wlogi'Ca1J ~etting~ eonehided 'iihai, in most cas~. iunal!l shales coald 'es, rtpmen'ttd as: ilhm sh.r:iMs iiJ-f random

, ~

i9~a'l ~te~~ :EIa;]oorsen ,PIIQ,poSed :ne.w ~~'~y[k.a1, :mJ4\de'ls for caJlJ;l1i1abng the implKlt of

sl~al~s ,o:n.,~f¢ctivc vt.r1ic~1 ~abil1ty (FiJg" 4), l.at¢.r.'. ,il Was ~aJiSGd, that', atS, ~UlO:mm.e and GiamJ.es:.i!ni~, lm had ShOWIL" the use ,of these models was, not ]imilitedJ to the re~~sen~ti.oo, Q,f smill[ shales 'W:~~hn,;9, gloo~lly sand,Y 'backgtound. 'btu: cO"I!.dd, be naturally ex~ to, Sind bodY' di8i[Tj)~.uiO:iIIl1. 'HaMo~ mid Mac..])o:fild, ]:987. :presented applicathm.s: of ~bs stochastle ,a,p,pr-oach, to sand 'body modemlll,g: \R.g. . .5a), ~T,he fast prog.re.s:s, In computiin,g power: Mla,wed Ilhe ~.eb '00 be generated amid, 'v,i~ali:zed, :iln, 'three, d!j~'5iQ:~8<I' while"'!, pro~{ed tQ be, at!, :import.ant se.11ing po-int, w.ith~n the petro:l~, ¢.ngh1LG¢d~j;g cmrur:wntty.,

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:9',Q~ ~n '_ Iate EighMe.s", mff:e:rent g:eostatisti'cal ~schoo~~" ex is te11:: t'ha~: oJ the N!il'.l"J;V'6igianS:1 prom.oti.n.g. milin].y o:bj:e<:l~'b ased models. 'That of' Saror::dl ,p'lo:mo'~.!r:i'8~ ]ndicato~' ~imillaliOJ:'li iImLd &eq.ue~dal s~~j,llation ~:Pfimaches; and Ulat of Eoo:[~ de,5, :M±nesflFf', prot'!lJotirng ~ teCJhirni{jjUG of' tmltca't.sd :rando:li'n. f)u~cli:Ci\tI.'.9. The 3 ,~~, had ·it.e satrLe gt.n~talJ o:bj~~dv,e~ ,g,enerate 30 hete.wg;e.n.e5Jty medals of .pe~leum :rese:wojjrs., Th.e.y were jillSt ~lfig d~ffEre.trt aiI,gm'j~ms~ based 6l"i .d.uffe.l!'en~ ge.o1ogi\f:M quand:f1icatro:n~ to ac'~if:ve tbi$ ~l Hewett., 1~,g6 ,~dded ~ voice ,in the debate, by' ~n-i llb.e 'U~ ofl'fi,llCtIli'ls (Flg. 8), whii.clil ,generated, ,S.~glil!lfjcamt :in~e-res~: fbnowl~g: the ~, iS~s. of M'wnde1'brQfs 'I!mol

fiilli! <lI".,:j 'iik i' 9 Cl .... ,) '''~~.uJo:I..UoJe.iuIot:, J:.o.i"

~ t.I}e ~3'te Eigh~~, ~t 'became clear .hat '~be. .... arious g-eiJ.!u3tislic~, awroacJles 'were cOmp:1e.~_.elttQCY ~lleJ 'Ilh~, antago~istic:. Papen; b~ Dubmle, i'9·S9 Ot EJald!ors~, ,and, Damsleth, 1990 :s~~sodJ tfum: ~be ,cl~0ke Qf' iJhe ]f;¢~hoo t~ use ~oouiUd dIe,pend Q'EJJ~

1. the de~ticna[ e:nviimJll!Ile'nt.

:t 'lihe s~eaJe Qfllhe pro'blem

ri'""...!-. ""'t- ";,"~""" 11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~" ... 'I'., ~~;:; "","""","",,, "'~ "",rUM'1 ~ "n "'i ....... 'IL. ... ~~.'" o:'tlcih , .... ! Ilhe ii;'Ij''''''f~' A"''' .... 'I- ...... A 'V'!i'Ui~a.,i~bl'ciII:~ aiWJIJI)U~[!!Ol' ~~~:v,," ""y,..:.,~~_:, I;; lL~ -"""o . ..,"'<~ ~ ~ '" _ ~ _ ~ _~~ _ 9.i~!~lY~"-"'" 1iJ,~

OS] TO. .library (Deutsch and Jour.nel. 1:99,2)" The user cenld now pick: tbe g:oostatisliiical terch"~,~e mo..s.t 'iIfJ,p.~.op.riJate t:Ql' ~$. ~pp.iicaMQ'.Il$ or his ,Q1~ of' im,ttl';:e~t~ tile, tec'hnlq,~e [used was not :am:rrrno.i!t, a f~II.'tctlOii. ,(!if Ute ,bce w:he[t file, g-co..sta~i~~iic.i:an It:;w, ,!Jtoo~~,. or. of lM so:flware. 3r~'3ilii3ib1e, but oJ the al:lUal: Case 8nOO,y.

SI!11OC IJh~. '~Jae use 0'f pettoleum ,geos.ta~.stic$ ha;s. groWi![ rapid~y, Re&efVoor ,engineers w·~re the mste.st to a.d.op~ 'dns 'ieClmioqi!l¢." a_~ ~wtL by the :1M'ge '!Ilil!mltaer Q:f ~bliJcntjOD!j ~n

' ... ~ .:;'iliIt:l' '1["" ";I.._ 1I!:'~,,,,,'h;-· - 'iIfI1'.____ '11' 4;" tl.. TWiII\r>o - -, ra, '1 ;r~.. j""'..... "

itJiiC -.:J·c\ii:::. 1I.te:ral1Ure SIOOr;. me E.1.i;.L-.tI~" -~ ]~IJ! gtO.LOpill, 5::J,W 'l,Ie F....:..mi.iJ ,u~, 'hi~ ~Iiiiilq~

:f« ~.«tJ!Jigie:;j:l quanttf~atiQ.~. and ~~ studies '!MeJe oo:m'bmed, w~th gG08tatis~ica!l data, ·~!7-r-'i.- . . (- Ai< 'D('! 'jQ ... : '!'~.. J' •• I~: .~ ~~ J;;;o. ee ..... ';~'l!'1l1"'~ ~tliti"'tlt':lli 'm,,;"t.~... have:: 'ii"ol

,g[h~-.nng . nru;v .DJi.(Ji!!.II.' ...... , .. ,'Ii! '!j l·T~V~ • .- .~,.. ,~_ "",!:,",il;:r"~ ~"""''' &'-""",",' ,-. _-_- __ ,~ __ ~~ , _ ,,,," ~ _'

'had a greiIl1 hrnpact yet, 'perlmp8 because lhrm ~ of ~}icl!.tioii ~ to '~ 'bett~[ .id~tifiGd,.

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A jI.,,,",", -: --: ""l,;o"i"l r:. ....... .a ;'-~I "l... de.'Ii'~"'_"n.' .... f ,'" h~ -.:I - ~ ~ ................ - •• ,L_,t l'

, w..J pr9Vl ..... u ~ Hli UIhi _" _ ~~vf.'\m ..... ~" ~, g, ~\d'tK~iJIlI.uvll. ~-5Ie:[V<mr ,18 'u.lI:r, 100l

'COlilSIJIU.c1i~Df a reservoir model, thai; can ,g-i,lnGllL'te rellitiMe :p:rodu-cnion :r~&':~, 'I,lin'der Var1Q'IffiS< ~v-e~nptllenl 8~e:nm,ios:., Aft:e.r a :few 3p:p:rai:;ru, "-VeILs< have '~ driHled, Of ~l]eI ,:I e~w ~~,~_"'~ ,- f nrn~··"<t" .... ~ ~' ... _ ~~#""rodtr, ;jJ':;~o"io .... j~t. wHI ~'ilj'T"" '''', 7~.:r1-1 ,c,11. ,~It-, :' ,+, """,_.1'1 ill'=' _ _ :Y<:!i!-II,~ Q, !t-.,,,,.ljMI!o;.:bh.,D, U~ ,~ ... ~ '''-' ~ ~ S!;;"l,l'L""O~~ ~ _ ~~~ V"-..- JII,.!!I;;i '!11 H~, Oil ~u.o ilhiiii' WCi.LI

g:eolQ,gi,ca1, ,architecture" 'Tibti:s :mod!:~, (sec examplel :in. F'i:g, 10) :may be a (lO:trl.ce'p~ _,fii'i!'i::;Oi.;jiit",j"""n ""-t' i~'" '''''I<''''F'''_~'~''i''' Ill,f' .-rpn~tic:; bodies oi':it;.:n'- fiiuv1r"~ "'D"'''''~ ~I',,, .if'I;~~,.d·, 1- ': . ,I,' ... ¥"" ..... .,..,~I- !I!!~I ...... , ...... , ~I..... i(II~ ... nh,_!P'Ii!I".... . ~ ,O""~~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'I, ~ -:ec ~~~_ ~~ ",,"=,;j.III.llGl'lIiI' JlJiOO. ,p. .wn.

shale~) withla w,hkh petr-op:~i~l v~~loo:s can, lat~r be distFiiburea" .S,ne.h, represe:tlliations can :hav'e a very' ,important !impact on eco:rn.o:mic::lil decisions_ E'~~p1!eSi ~, the l~iJtiQ~ <if ,iln l~-'fi]1 weUJi' Q(' a re.senok shnulat1Q:1i'IJ e~r;c~se;, tbe, 'reslill.ts, O'f: whic.h, inrfl)III~]i].ce the choice of 3, devclopm.e:tLt strategy"

CotKlathm, :patte.l~ such M 'tbost; shoWil'l, l,n, !f1,;8'c U} ,ate a ~~tatiiQn of t'e ilJJbs.wfaDe: that :uncorporartes 'the w,eiJJ daL'l! and the; mt~:rpretati,cm, of the depositional, en."ioonmen~, :rades< associerions and geometties, It ]s we1Jl, UOW]lJ thar ,if' g,eo:Uo,gi.ca] mode'ls ~ to 'be

~I f' '" ~ ""' .-1 i!. 'I-. - " .. _ ~ -,l" " ~'Il.,_ -

iLl-'S~ rer :rGst:f¥OJf ,fi;j)mu~)Iji~jOO. ,anu nenee as. a u~.I.~ :.m ,W'V,CJlopillGn.t uSCI!iUo.nS:t ulO~f must

be ,ge.l1.e:ral'ed ,in. three dlmensiens, Cl'wo,mmcmsiOO3il :1D.Od.el.ls do not :p:[,O'v,id.e a reaJ~s.t.c ""'m.if>iio.O;"'-oifo.''''P; ....... , .... '" ~ .... R1\i'olr ~;nediv~t.,- Utlifnnutri~rel,,",'- iIfM"','Ii'·'''''. ~.r;~:oo;·"""~l;i'ri'l n.tr '"liD"

iIo~,f"-II .... -~I_II~'"'fV'.1_11 v,~ .• 1~"""""!I·!'V-.I::· ~::I_II~.·"·~' ~;~':" ~~~_.~~.~~.~ .. -~-~J] ~~~ ~...;.!~""~~iIt"""~ll v.~~, ,r .

getilo-g1ca[ models is, close to hnpooslb~.e~ w:hich. e::tpbimIs w.hy gooJOgi8ts miten. ,limit tne~!r iD~L~]'(:f.aitl.J)1t~, l'Q 2-U ,~,__,OO. paeels, fenee-diagrams or m.aps. As a, ;re~u.U qi Mlts-', there ~s, ,o:l:l:6D! :Ii ,ga,(J' between (lo:m.cc.pu'~a1 g;s.ol0,gi,clli1! ~s¢tl!tali.ml.tS, and, madels us-ed In rts..e.rv{)lf $~m-~~da,tionS! bee~~, '~e gridd.e:d 3-D> l!D.QdeJ used ~y ~~~' en~~~~ does 'ii,gt

u • .-...+ "'\.._..._ -.. 11 r - ~1' kn . -]L..,l - ~ _.._._.,.'I-.""AA..A '-- ...... ; - "1- _.. '2 'D" - - - '~~~~ - _'I[

mcorporate '~I.LWl g~{h)IJgI.:{:icu. .' . .ow ~g~' 1IOl1l~~ ,10. ~~:ani. eliOl- ,'~,." CQI['Guu.IiOn. pani;::JJ;S,

Airn!i)ther djrltlcl!ll'ity 's. that a ;CQ!'re'tati.llln, panel. 'built by i3J g.wlogJisl Is oni:y QUe ~ ~ '1-,,;- , :r- <T- ,::f 1~-,;~·,ib~~I!' --- '!!~1I.ti~11~" medels, In, mest eases, ::1, O"o'\(tihwih::t Cl!)~~~id!

,args ,.-.aml y o~ ,po:I:!!!i~., ~C: or """1- -.1"""""""'''''''' ~~.~ ~ .. ~~. ~ ~~ - - ~. ~ - - -~ - "":i' . - .eo"'" ~""~""" I.i! "

- - h -, ,;o'.~" '~I 'I~ ... n'·'I' - h -'io,_ ... '111 .!Il_-

ge:nemli~ ot Sr C]'o,s:s,.,sccIlOl:"lis, O-T ]~.oo""Ylagm._ii:fiS" ~.~. , ¢qri!:!la ~y QO!.mp~~li .e 'Wlit -, t.~, w~ , OO.l3i

,and, I!he JcnG(wiedg,e 6f g;~lQgiical ;arc'hitec1tum in this ty,pe, af 'lie_p° s:utiaool ,envlronmen:t.

!·S~ocbMtic;'!! or !!'G~tati.sHcaI," :m.o{lell~ pro-v.kle' :liitGrt.sting :so-JutiOTIS to these two eh a1!1.e:.u,ge s:

,- '~ ¢on~~ct!Qn 'o~ 3-D [G,«\t1Qgi.~ajt]y,"'ct'eQ]j'&ljo ~~tiJt:dM_$ ,of 'het¢rogeneai:y

• tOO quanli1!fiI:ation of' lmcertain.ty throuigb 'Uh.e ge:ne:m.tiun of :00:( O-TIe 'bl!I~ a, variety >0( ,po~sd!]1)'le models or "~if!lQ;~,".

iFi.g, ll s:nO'ws, three geosta~isti~al iire:ll~ati(insii' co.nstr'll'cli'e.d :~l'()im 't'w'o' weJJ~& "di~~l~" :In, ~lg;, ](lk '''Chnmtiona1i Si:m-uil!ati\O.~ii 18 used to ,generate tbese :urnage..~, "S\irmiil:iJ~,o;n'" me-atI.S tha~ N'~tu.re L~ "'Simull~ted,'· ~d, nCondJhi~,ln means [that aU >i)~.mJillatlo.lls :mmch the w~ll

data &,1, 'me:ir.loe:mQ.TL" .

Copy rig hted m ateri al

"The te.m"IinQXogy C3]1j be conrusmg:. The wards ii:si:ochaaM_cii',t. 'iipfl:;ibab.nu~'ti.Ci'" ~ "geo-smtif!l~,ca:r" Me 1,41;e4 by v'ariO'u~ am:tBors W c:~~eri~ mooe Of. iess l1'I~ ~MfiG thiiIn;g ..

t;r,_ ' ...... ~'L._ .'I!.. ~ - ... :I\""",!] ",~ ~ ........ i''L. ... , ",,,iL.;,11 .. ,':Il~U~ -- ~ ~'.~ [L.__'~ - - ~'L_ ~,"'~ . ..,i ''-~Iil ,~~, '1,;;wJ.W' 'I&~ifiI! '!.IJ""",,_~JJI,g ..,,oli, '~l~_"; ~W!IJ1.~ Wil.l,em~s I~W~ ~ u!L!L~ WU.I,'US:~ W~ 'Wl J.

co:midG.r '~~~ 'bn~" lndifF~~~ CQVGI 'I~:m,aque~ used for mod:e:n~ reserv6ir ~~rog,m¢];u.G:S, Us'In;g a, p.rob-ablhSllc :a.p(Jooacb.".

rn .. ~ -, , ~~ ~ I~ - "~'~"'" 'l1rj'JA---~' - ""'"it ""C 'k .. ~ __ ~ -. - "4 • - - ,'~ '1:._ -- l---·i .. .-:i f~'

...... u'l!'JOOS, y-" ~,[!JiI;;i!.-W-J, ~_~~~u:uJIi.:.!Lg iUiL ,1i!i:~,Gh:Y unpn.es 3, 'i~Ue:r" ,.i.IIUW'....u.~, Or'

WUW[1'OCtiv,ity bt~,we¢n 'pe~bl¢ ,and :ootL-pGlU!fi¢8iblf;. mne.s, and a ibetttw fmecast of'sweep, ;e,ffid'Gn.ci}" and rul sauu:aHon iII! the! 'Unswe_p~ ZOIlI.eB" Th~re are a, 'v.ery ,brge :tl1llln'bet Qf' eXMUftl'e:;; :mowitmg, ithe in'm::1rt: of'!he.teroi:"emeimies, on :fl)O'w Fo~' lills~aJIl"""- 'F~ ..... '12~·h·"'!i.'t'" t-h~'

----~.~'~~- ~ ~ , - -Jr~ - _ .. ~o. ------- ~~ - ~ _"! -~ _.~ ~.~l"'!~- l"'!_~~ __ ~ .-,~

,ittLp.&Ct (In, ,!flow Qf' di£feren~ ~hei.~,g~nelty modrtls, [Oti, '~hliS e:tampla" ~t Is elm' that, ,de~nrlillf QJ1 fus· ,1.ate:~.I, oxtGn1, of ilK· m.odelled betero,~e:..,dty", w,~teI'.breaktb.rou,gh. time at Ilhe ,produd~ we]1 can oillmg:e ~~reaml.y., This i.mportmre of heterogeneities ~ ~ ~t. Otf' :reco:ve.t'.ed, oj] bas 'been, CQ:!)iFi~ 'bv ,1lJ'Wjj,,,", ~ica'~ e'l:1WIi';letl !Il!fid ,"~~~,

"" "~ ~ "" ~"" "" ~.~ " ~ ~ ~~" ~"~ " ~ ,I" ~"" "~J "~" ~. "~"" " "~~" E ,~ ,~-" 1:!lIiSt;;

S!UdlC:S" For i-nSiaoo!:'. !flJ poot-moo¢'m ~tu;dJi' mN'anh. SGa fieMs dO-veloplJl6E.ts, (nfo:lng~ole and Spee.rs, i.997) :moW'Cd 'ihm: ~ :fu.etero,ge.neiri'es: ,;mdl :f.mIlS had, a cruteia] imp.i}C~ 00 fre'ld, 'be1~aviOllit',t. an Wpaclbt was den not ,I'.e(iQ,oruilzed earlv on_ ,Man-v ti~, beea u ~

~ ~ ~ ~.

a!Il o.v~imp1.inerll '"~aye1"-eakei" ty'pe of re.sm''Oirr ,model was 'UI~, ,early water prodQCti'nn Yr~ ~~. ,-r'ilcmttl ... '11I .. .iI""re""~~ ic!uilitliHI;i'i' ~tI1 a .. {tIru~~'m"'~ ;1 ...... I~n ,""r, '~_~,-f"'''''' w .. ;I;.i. ". ~ _PI!,! ~ "---~.1 "!!'I,!!I;'""?'I-~ """"" - t. ~ -"" "--IE> ""- "~ I, - ~~ 'V!I?''''''~~_;;I.:L ~~g~~ '<'! ~'_il_"" _. """"[

treatmen.t :faciliU:es" Oleady, :in ~y eas~, i~.ad,e-quate :m.od~, o-;F' goo]ogicoal berrerog;elle,ilies can have a dilire.cl irmp~t OD c~pimi! ,ex,pe.ndJw.1leS :11k:cl,Y, m. ilm:fuvOlrurabie, oil ,plioe, s.cenatiO$, tQ"~ the profitilhlUlty of~ on fIeld_

Let us ,c~ bac:k. to' '!Ih~ ~~1e 9cf':Fii],g" 10" fig. II snow,s; t'~ d!.iJffG~m: ~GOOyu;istical :reall'saUORS, 'bared 0II0 two' WO:II.s. 1,oose t'hree :mm~tiQ(n'S are dl:fferemt~ lmt. 'mey aJll, ~ihate '~h"e S~ 'ij,!ilue of: tl!;e Nl(l in, llbe areaof Lnt-ere~t. rSo; llb~e: m,OOeJ]~, ure :U~_y "[-0' ~ead to ,~tmiJ)ac va!lues. (Itt' oH-i'm.--p_l.aoe, vO:Il(une~, 00,t, tbe,y wHl '~ave, a dlff~I!c1it im,pact on fl)ow"

O;to" d - ·~-.!II '1. ... _ .- "'""'" ~- - '_.:Ii 1-" _'1- 1 -. .~' :il

Jll:en, .'etal~w J.-~LQro,gt.nBlQ" moolZ!~ ,iilm not :rtq'Umi~ ,I,vf 'C;rtill;U JI,tm.g 'QI!L .. :r~pJ!ilce

'V'o'h.une-s, 1,he·y ,eMIl bs cO,rusncte(l! bter", :tmd the! maps '!J~, for 9iE~in~'p:liilCe -caicwations can be used 8 a oons~ra1rbt mil IDe hete.rlOge.nelty' medels, .A rea]i.s~ m.oOOlling of hetero,g~eirti.es, ]S omen non ~ul~ for ~~a1ing the wiwmetric :p~i~ of the ~tiJt1c model.

In it'.h~ rest of this rape:r,~ Wlmo,st 00 time !is, s:pent on the, pwb1em 0-] running: :moW' slmllilation, on, a detailed hete:ro8t111.e1ry model: as wil!l 'be :se~ i~;, such i!l :moo~l often,

C:"'- ~ "~,~,,, d- '1ri~"""""'·11" .... t t". ..... ·'""'..,..:Il~ "",F "'" -'d' ~.I1'~ r"..· __ · .. t . ~.~ ~ __ - " __ ~.:__'_"-:II-I-- - ~ - .....;. '1:.'1

:,,,,;.nij],j!,;]l VJi ~JJ".IM~, 'v~: ,L~~M' 'v,I. e'D_, ee ,~, 'l;JIi-IU'IoriI.~.: ,~,rvmf sWlwa.:ors mre nVL a~.e

'~O, handle sueh ~:u,ge da~-aseilS, and sC&llng""'up OF' h.eterog;Em.~t,y models Is required, 'bef'bre 'ilhey can, be 'hamid~ed hY' flow ;siinmJ.lalnu;, ThtL~ to:p:L1J, '~Dgeilier wJ~ Ilhe ~l#m ,~~ '''a.nd!~~ not one ,. 'b!ll~; a Ji1fg'6 fwl:!!" of :p08s.iJb1~ ~ ill :flow :ilmulatiotl ,~ Js 'r:w1'1enlJ(y a 'very ac.liive and. :im,po:rtanl area, ,o:! .researci:JJ (see :for :instan-ce Christ]e (1996) or :rec-ent. Fl'QUeed!.ln,gs of the Anmruai SPE Conference)t. !rimt 'lbei so~je:ct 'wUl, nQ( be, oove.red 'hefe.. m'n ~bG f'oUowinJg;. ~be· .ai~S$ioo, win ~cep~te 00, h ~m.cUoo of dle'U1.Utd, 3D :re~·m[

8

Copy rig hted m ateri al

lin iiGCGnt pul\it!!ih~ ~,~,~]i~il~~S, the 'CQijJS~niictIO.n om-' tS~Uc" :motkJb, :w]I.o-ws: :iii: :RlI.U1ti~, step approaeh, w:her.e. m.ode.!l'un,g of jarg~.8ca1e hetemgern.eiti.e,s Is foJl~d ~y the reFJt.mltaU~ 'of smatlet :scal\e: ",ari:a:d~s (Fig;. 13}, The, f~ur rnili~, :s-te,ps. w:hlct!. 'Will 'be dfiseus5'ed :10, d~al.]. ~

~ Defining 8, :Iajimn:g ;sCKli1J.S; ,~ Moo:eU:i)~g ,g.eoaogii:a!l mums

- MDde:lliing :rlli')'k;-type variauo,[(s w,l~iiFiJ iUmts

- Dhstrilmtiln,g :peiropbrY8icaJ :prope.rnie.s, VWIllan.s pet r:oek,~'~J'pe or [,ul.h_o.]aci~

'The, :m.os~; COImll,e:n initial startin,~ point for a, slOOb.a.sth::, JeS'eJ'Volr mode'lJi.lltg: study' is, '~t Qti am, j.~~r.preled, seilismiIJ: dilla."!let. A number of' ~ur.tQ.CeS, ,aile m:.ua1[y pic'k:ed, [(.in '~me-,

""'~g" ....,;+ .... ..jI ;!,jIo,kn;'io"I'''; .r-jIo"j'-I''''~n'''' t"''''~~n i;ijl"""'if'ifiItl'II." ...... .l ':'rid' ,A~Ii .. ,.-~",,!"··~,~d: ~~,., -I'n"" a ...... , ';~'"'iJ""" iL.L:U ~ .• , ... L~·!JIJ ~.I~.dl_I,'" ~~b v _ ill.. 1 .. 111; ,u~~.tt"~!j ... -~ 'Li.lI_ , ~rW-IIr.··VLL _~..,.. , ~ii;l .. e-1 !LI".~ Lofo"1! ~~,~'lw:1

ve:locirty model (Figo 14)" ffigh-reso'lutL1;m .c'hrO'oo..5tira:ti'grophlc maces 1l,Qt. 'vi:s~h_lle ,00.

':'l·",~~·: ,-,I ': ai, F,"" ~'"]""~I-,,",,,'~~~-",J1,-~~ '11:--,",-'" ""j '(\11[1·· ~:' '1,1C.)' 'iI"i-' :j,-'-" ,:" '.'.:". :!!!1:lJ!iJIlI'c may _~~ 1'-"" corte~~ alii);!! ,m~Jlu.~ ~lWCGlJl. ~_'e~ s ,,.. 'Ig, J r e ,:lin m::my {:8.tSe8\"

these; sw:filCtS CQ~po:~ to ,dbroRD~3p"hic :nuI'~.r$." Wiilhm aacl1 ,layer' d~~ned by this surface mnde1, g:eo1iogkBl en.v,ironm.e~t$ ,~. likely t{) di.ffi1iro ni~ 'u~l,l~ ~U,¢S ,iii, d~fr,elierlt ~~ooic:~"1 arcnil:ecl!:Uiie.. Weber ~ v - - (X"" "., ~1990'i. d'~~"iOii'i;LsIh '~hr6e ~ 'F

~~, I.~, 0" - ~ . ,t:I~ " ""~ ""~" -~-" " ~ "~"~ ~" "" , , ,.. "cUln ., un:) Ii. ' 'l ,too',&'..... , ~.,iI,.t'"~8 (Ii

dlli:;trilMiltions: !<Il~~ake~! :fo:mulllQ1iJ.8 . .show' a good sand OO1l!tinuity ~ 'iijig:_sl:lw puule'," types ,aJ!e! s:imdi",ric'n, hut .show signm~anl ~abj]itl'" v,arlations be~ ~ands, and "l~yrlmith. .. res.erv4)1r.s a:re often ~d!Y~aus;. wl~ ,cmn_pk);; ~ mangem.t:nl: and dim~lt we:]I.-t9-w¢U Co.fMlatio.li (Flg, H)). A pro:per~ 1ayr£irmg scheme Is ,o:f crucial ,impm1an.ce, since, as will be seen. btioc!, srocllJastic ~'IH~_g assnmes that; 'W~l.hit'li a gj\'t:n bi.yeI', ciI,epCiSliflQti~d w£lUtGciutt; em, be climacte:rised, by a 1l1ilique geostaiistkaif mode1 and ,its assoeiared SotaristiealJ :parameters" 'Fhese, :p~e~ ,are ~8lnra.ed to ,rcmalm 're~"''''ti.v,~ 'ClIWU'~ Yil!wO.11e. 'I~.""er,", A'c,,"","A '1-'".' ;'~ ,.,<I,.~" :,.L .... ;~AI, ~'Il-""" li", , "..!I1.- ~"f',:, ~ ~ iI:""'- •• I;&L ••••• "~L ,~.:;. ~ , " g'vvM m~ng !9CU'Buv;; ::JolNl.'U'!.I! ",UIO: (eJiOf:e l'lKln'Lli~,,:r

lini.eI"Vi'lih~ 'liOOl; aile !!statlsiit:iill1, bemogeaeous" m ";;',ho:mogeneomdy ~1!J~t::: lin t'lU.iS

,context. 'nile :~,'iam11f1cmlce of' the 'WoM "hom .... Il"I"t'I i.~·:'" l:!;, ~ "'"J ""-~~ ";1 ''1,1'''1, • "cf

"" "", """'!:r"""" """ - " ~ ~ .!cL"'""b<""L., y ~ ~ ~~ ~ " cun:!il~aIiI" ";::uWi!S: Ol

'i"IIii-t ":, -:'1;- ",:s:.t:taJ m:l''''~'-~'''''~ w;,,..~, - ~ilo." wl;-," i' • I' ,', .. )! [1--'(" I!' C '.": ,,4" ,Ii- V,_I ," c-'T: ;;"n;I~ .. "i .. ·" .. :i

t"'"'.ro,PuY~ ~ " ""~ l'" .... -~~~~~'"" "" hum ~,I~ "~Uj)J~C ,.&yel' 't II:!'U, COnSi~~n~, ~ mU.es, O'li, S!l.<:lI!l1iZlUIUiiI.I

pti~m w.illii~ t'h~ w:ool~ myti!'" "

Copy rig hted m ateri al

10

Copy rig hted m ateri al

fultlal. awncati.~"s Qi'Ql)ject,-ba$ed, :models ~isrecl, of simply throwing a, dice t41 locate sh:~iIH, in :space. 'b~~ ~nl e.>:;~le$ ~~.~rru:e s.op'hi~tl.eated, geological OOt'l.'Str,aJm:s..

H" ' ,. " c' '.',' • ,C;~"_ 'I;!ofi'Ii1...1 "",""" "" "","""·n li~'" ~'V"",,~" "j;:it'if'ffiii"'~l'IjJ' tI1iilCt of' hol)HdJit'l!O' 11!I!1.OO~nt'll' .... ~

QWI~!'~reF, 'l{an,g~:Ji 'y,.,..UJ,~ms ~rniUn ~n::i9}" ~. (;~iI?'''''''''''~;;!!,I~.1 ~~~~., . ~ ~~","jO. ~. ~~ ~ ... ~~.;J V'!~,

cl~, -""ll ' , ",," " • c" )I' .i1:: "'11.:1] " """" "" " .. 1 "'110;, ... """ -, \Itt:'11 ,.I' .,,. "" , -'[l' ,. ,"' ..:11 '.', ., .1I!Io. C_

~ ~,~to·w~" 'c~Jfttmn. llIl! ,~.c:.~'!J! ~~~;;bI, es.1""'lll~nOnSi.",. ~~'.a~, ~ il:u!l!!X:'(:, ~!/I..!' l't. lSi O.I.'beH

~m,po,~ljb1:e to correlate sand bodies 'betw~liI, wcl19" o.n the ot'hG.f ~atJrl" w~Jt'n 'pro d udq: fie:lds:. a iIljL[mbe:r.' ,CIt sand 'bodhes: Qafl p0&.Swly {lone.law be~n. wellUs., In Cases OF' ]arge l'iJMd, bodies: '~at [elwly ,cIi).I'I'!e'late, ,over' a Large number of wells, M Is pos;sible to ,:cimply rn~ the l~aS¢' and. 't,o,p «f: ~ boojes. ~,sJmg' mgln,g Of {~~her .ctetermiDj~~(i m@mg te<:'hnique.s, (see fbr jjrllStan~ n~brnlle et at, ]:900). 'PHlbie:ms. ,appear wh.c:m trying to' nIDdel Mruts [nat ~ or. may '!\'{I!1. o~rre]ate bet1;!li\eM we'iis, becaus:e oojee'l_'based, ,mooe[s, h.a~"('; d[fficu~t.ies :hand.ling SUCli. 'U.~rt~I!I.tfus" 'F,he :rco~n.t wor':k of' 'W'aJj;g; a,nd, MacJ)ona!lii

I'19nn,,; _'Il.~. . h " '.L'I' "b"C1"" . "~" ..:I" ".'. _"'--..!I]' . L" .,' iL. __ ~""]

'!,. , .~.~)' ~LUWS t .at l~,~J!:C iLty COOl! oe, '~D' :s.mDe YJ:S~, lD.CIJl'(JOI,iI:I.lW lImo' Q'liJ:eCt-..;~

models, 'b"uLt with, th~ :Fisk of :generatIng sand 'boI;1,:i ,gf:omemt:S i:1I:Jm ,[U,e not ,s3t~fiactOl:y [(Fig" :4.7}, ,/V;), a OCi~I'lenre of these diffu;;ul~i.es, 'st'OCOOsttC i;)bject,~ m.Qde]s ~, :p]'e(t~t~~:!l~'y used ti~ cases; w:he.re sand 'body <dim~siO:R'S i!!.re smi!l!U as· ,oornp.ared '00< W',~J ~in.g~

:mdkato.r. iS~m.i;l!]atiQ:n has al.:so ilJct:UIi u5¢od! Jn a, number of i{Jplka.iQIits fm ,gen.erating' iiliel

..i;~~":JI,.._.;.:", .. ,~~ ;po ............ :"" ,---.,.:I '~-.,l~, '1i''1\'1I.'''' i":";:>," 1;,.,.................. i!],_.,,,,, ... !'!',,,, ;oo .. ...i 'lEI ~ •• .-; .. -.- ll.r!""!il' u..r;...A ~uJfIi.:lIi~.uJ.l.~! I;I'~' ~ uutJi;.- ...... !l.Z:iro F"'~,., ~.I·~~, LE\.iII,1t'~~ ~ ,D·t:.l!t~~1J ~.~Q!I;!I ~:~

m'fiatar ,silimol:ati.on, f'O'r' generatitwg :modells: (jof :flUt'y~al :rese.n'~'rs~ and, J'~Uf,!]el ,!lOti, OQ-Ji1I.r:.z-

n

Copy rig hted m ateri al

K~rnaruiez~ 1.[98'9 used the ,irndicot':o:r' ,approach. 'fOl" modellimg shale dj:ruibtui o,ns<. Ho,w d~ thIs a,p'p~~a diiU~ from 6b~ec~,-l~asOO t>ochn~.~lles?

'The, mrun. differe~, lies :in, 1he w.ay 'heterog~.ties are <Qu!m1.ifled_ W1t"h 'Q1d:)D~-Ca.sed t¢CbDJ'Ql;!.ts. s~fid Ot ~hai~ lx:;dj~ ate ~Ll,¢d ~ obj¢(~ di:std!~t¢d, im spaoe. To these

: ih..::<"' .. " .". "'. :""i."::~ t""i~' "" "dO ",'m'l; ,·Ito" ,:; : ,,,,'-,:, ·,"c":. iL~ ,","." ',' ,_'. ted "ilf"'h' • ~:' .. ,

O'L!'J,ects:, itt i:!!~lll~ ,v~n ran cOL,!' :tinapi: (I[ S.lue cam l~ :nI!!SOCI.at-e • TI ll., ,m".:d.cator

~~cbciq~5. geol ogi.c"t!l'i ,:Mch.it«!lu~ is QjuanlJiifi.ed throogh, ~he. i;i'lndi.cato.r" V'ari'ogram';., hri. sta:ndafd, ,illldusUj app:Iic.a~i61!1.s~ too variopam Is ca1cu~.ated, 001J one indi.cawr var1:1bh~ a~ a time.. ]f:' the, sludv coo.cel:'i;trare'ri, on, me mstrlli:iUtl.&J!J. of a 1i',V~, ~and hodv tJiiliit", Si!'Il' (!iniUincl

"~~~~ "" . .1 . . ""~ . .~~ . .., •. ~~ ~ .. ~ . .1 ,.l,!r""; ~. J . ~~~.. '.

ctr:;ya;s;se Of. ,S:~l~", lh~ fL~·t s~ep [cQns]M:s, of' '~~sf\ltrt'i&q t~ 'W'Oc]! dati trillo, '~~dkRtm'

, 'k~ "~1 ...... 1.,:. ~'L_ .,_'1 ," of' h 'k_..:I f'" , '._ . .:1 "-'~ ." -" - -

'v,aIUau...ii o,gS'lil!Ji.J!n,g ULti' tml!l'e I ,I ,t "e. lJ'I.IUy 0 ]me~8[\ ,IS pr6SGIlt ii1lLlL the viiilue 0 ,If ~l :~~

'no~ pres.eJ!!~ (Fig~ z.g,)\. Then the "'e!Xperim;en~~ ,ifUi~~to~' van.Qog~" is, caloohUe.(J aL<m,g 'ihe wclJl, data. 'I1b.e ddbiiti'OOiJ of'the cV'mogram, Is ,irnp;;JRa.rlJt, 'becausc ,it wm, a1JS'Q be 'used btu fa!' oontl'tl!UilU8 'pmilDli.ete:~, sueh ;3;8, 'po:mooi.ttY Of :pemre;;rbHity. Ibe 'vari~m iilWa~l!.!tres. es ,a, :[u~otion of 'Dh.e di~tance bet~, measl!.trenlen~, ~'heo diliftren.ce 'between. these !l:neaslllrerneD!t5:. :More 'pr,ed.srz[y (F'i$" :29a~~ fOe varlQ~ qu3Iltifies the aVe:Ji'a,~, $q~ared differettOe, between measurements as i3i 'fun"c~~NI, of lib.e]r' separati~n, Ji~~ce. A lk .. ~<~.~ 112 '1:;:0 also '~Se{IJ for' OOfiV~, TIle VmOi'il·~:UI1;'I; l:!'i zero at the Q.rl,oiin and the ~"""o

~~~II!I' "" __ ~_ . w...:. w •• .• .• • w 0.--- . .·w w " • w~ww .•• w'w w r.!J~~re

:slow,IS' 'tbe v,a.d,~ in~iI the ~ber. co,m;'lakd I!he V,!UI~b-le i~ ht r&.~, It. ~ ~,y ,t~, prow :m1Lthemt'l.ticall~t n~t, la the case of :iildl£·"ato:r vwiJables ,only, tbe 'v,ad,~ also :mea.~u~, as a, 'll;1ncMon off. etml.Ce, ]/2. times 'IDe prn'ba:bWI.ity that '[W'Gi me:umem~t.'5. dt~ff¢r. (Le. (!IRe, i:s ,~ and the .other' is 'Oolite:), D.e best w~y to; mders~ the, '~,P~ o:r indk.a~t. variJi)gmm ,!8 to ca:!lc~:iate 'one by !b~ Q~ ~ ~~pl,¢ '~XJjfi\p1~" Tnis ~ '~t; 'wpie of Exercise 1.. A :DJI.Illiibe[ of stsndard liIDdeJ.s, a.Te used :For oharaci:eris:iml,g i~i{':atm van.(),gram~. The most w.idely used are,'Iihe:'~.en.tiaJ, and, s.l'heritaA mocl!el~ (Fig., :JO)..

Figs, 32a and 32b ate Uik"e.ro. front Carle ,and Fogg. 1996~ t'hc:y cuscd ]iiho:fac.iss ]n~ations ,tbr' vemca!l boreholes dd'Ued ,inro;;m ,alLurVlal fan irn, CaJffim1Ia., Contiinu'QlmS d~, w-ere ,available [<or' each borellOle, but 80% of the data 'hM, 'been rer~ww to mumic H ,sp,us.e.ly' :~I?led geolQ,gic~l dQ~aset :F.ig. :32b ,show;s, '~Mo ~uicarot va[iiogramSi c!l;ln;e.spcndi~ to too ,r';,c'~e1rOl :indicator ¥ar,labie O]-:!F-,I,g_ :32a!.

'iI"lJ"i[]1' 99.:., "'T""""'''S' ·d.~~t ' .... .-~~.''';·+"I ..... ~' r.f '~I;- ... , -"j,'J". ~",",ll if'i'f 'iI'-'7~"';foin .. ~_,;I '[!,'_I "' .",..c'no-..:Il:ino

,£", ~ .. ~;.;I@i 'IJI..mlv~· ·~_.li~~~ll!r"~U~ ,1 . ._.'M_lIiJ1P11. ,YI_I.:. v." ~U'i?- ,-'".U' J~~_~u..... ~-wu~~ A.LI.tII. ,l\..I;Ul !Ir ~~.,.LIt""'"1fiW 1;;1

tn 'llie ~:n([j.e 'v,arl,o.;g:n.rn :1liI~1. 1:ttt [fi,if,e] images were. geJil.6l'3.t.ed using' Sequ.em.tial mdi.~ Slmulati.ooj "ihi.cli will be ues.c:r:Ubei1 below_ Fig~., 3:3b~;d! ,show how lib.e :rea.u~~~, e.bange ~, lhe r~r:s Qj'the irnd!i\calo; v~~ ~ modified.

,A[Q]lrj..!ook,vt.r.U.caI 'v,ildu,gr:ams ~, C1nm, 100 ca].cu1la~, frtml, ~JJ data, 'because] (lore and :Iog,.d~rived :rnf~mlatio:n irs available in w,ge quantny. ,Am ,~perimenIDlJ v;3:ri.(ig~ i~ c3!lJcu~3"t~, tne.n a .ilheoret.ica] m~l is "~tted,'" to. thns e:xpe:li',im~tQl, lIW!rogr~, '!,ni5

Copy rig hted m ateri al

app,raach. can ss:.ldUm be, :ti;ppUed. to :OOrizQ]jj;al ·v,mqgFams.~ because of too scarci[y of 'WeU dJai~ and ttJ.e; .Iartg,¢ distance be~n w-ells. ]'n. this SM OF .shuati'Q'n~ one way of cihoos.1r1!g

the, vmriio.-rr,am. mode.l is hili' IriaI and, ,"'~r~ ,~ha+'i'IJ"'" t'he- ~~I-~ ilo,;"A] 'r~i'ili:!l'" I;--,;f '~I;< : v; -;;-i\o'); - '" - ,- _, - ,i-'!

- -~ - - _ ~ o~ - - ~~. ~ _ . ,J: ._ _ .. _ ~ """!-'!."~ . _~ .~I,IO"'" ~. - ~. i, 'IlI.~!M' r. 'I'I~~>!t"'" "-'!. ,;u ~ ilfd .... ,g.nun. Ulhl

the cal:lieSg)(mdil~g geoohID5iticail l1¢ati!satio:ns are Slati.slylln,g from, ,[I, _goo:Uo,gica] PO:~!lt 'til! vl\e-W" "Jbe 1l'~er,;i't1-a: of rol::11l11rt.itilti~e Iruf.om:IJatioo. to .co.n.lItrrun h .... rh.lOiilt:d \i'''''';:;--'; -- - -: ,- :: ".~.:I]

~~ _ _ _~~ ~ __ ~ ~ _ '1-- ~ -~ - - - --~ -~ ~ ~~V ~_ ~~~ ~ __ ", .... grollms W.hJi

be dig.Cussed bw

'The romge (i.e-. (lo:nt~!I]uiity) of the, 'v,ario,g~am often. d1Ja.nges oocoming' 10 the d!urecdQn ,al~g w:hk'b. it is: ,ea1\colated .. If' this is the C'3.i8e~ Ilhe variable UI(J.d.er s.tl,(ldy is- [1I~j:,'l~". 'Thls ~s o:\:nihn:ts11J tille[ C3S6 betwoorIJ :~ate.rnlJ and, vert1cal, directioos: g:e-ologica], 'v,Ilri~Wllty i8, 'm-- ,'71 : '1-- - --, - ,,'It'l! [the. v,e-:;".CiiI ..... "'''f aloo' ~'F :k~~m.*"'I, ( f :~t~~~' c-:-- -,-~~:c~ ,""", -< ~. [-_

~~WCJH ~~ ~_~QJ!g ~~~_ _ ~[tlI ~ tlI~~ _"-!I~~~g: ~~!!I;' ~~~O~"~~Jt ~~!,~;gr~,Lli.Li' I,,!I~[~}I}]].:S~

'~ .. t~ ·It-~o"-."~ 'V:mriblbll~':lis: a!s(j,ft~'·.·-[r-ll~ ~i -,'-:Ic.c-~--' fr· [..:Il" ,--t'~,-' ,. il".~, ~Jl!rn_ ~,I,;>V,-~gl;Ci;:!J, _ ~_~~ _ ~~S '~~ ~~ ~, Q~_~~~ cu-rLo~ ~~_ 'cPJ' PlU:UC!.!!!FLt IoI.I~JOn!:j." JJ: II!

'o'bviou~ ihat. fh.n"i~'~ d~PQsits '~iU beha,y¢, film¢; QontinlloutS~J" alo:n,g diRictio,ns :pw;a]ltei. tD' flow, A recen.~ sUlI.dv 'h!!l S'Yttfle,t et id ],~r'll'r~'!"-:f the. '8'vde. 'Ri;;,.Jd L, fk... 'N .. :"'-";'11'-';" ~"'- (~l': -, ~'_"',\

_ _ _ ~ _ _ .J ~;r - - ~ ~, ~'TV ~ - ~'V ~ ~ !I.'-',I[l;;~_ ..Jl ~~!W ,_'VJ!'U! .,,,,i;!I, ,iIi".ig. ':;'''''''

documeats v,:i!ui.ogr.am rai!iJgeS, M~d ,along diff-stt-ni diJ~~iQIilS" Ty,IST et al, ],994a:ailso ,muw ~a,imp'Ie..~. ~f ;:m~~ic ,~ndJicatm 'vari~gr,~ m~lculated qn :filuviili. ,o~tcrops (!if the ~e~tJiUl~, F~fi~onl' SpaIn. (Fig" J5~

1M 1j.imoga-m, dOGS .not e'()Jfl..JlUcn :muc'h gc~J!lietricall :infO'E]]la~iQl1I, FocI' l[lltS~iJ[J.co, Fig~ ;36 slll.ow$ ithree. different ]mag:es that share '~h.e, ~I ~.dk::rt:o.r' 'vm'rog,ram. ,Alsoj, l!he 'varic::rgrun :~S< not c.'ElMged :![ ,il is eaJlcUlJilh'erl, ,QrIJ the '''n.e.gati,'!/le.'' image ,af the inir.hd, 'i,lltle. Thl8 :r.e!:!l'tive :f]~ldibmty 0-1' Ui/:, vi_tlui;l;5.· ~ihape..~ tll:i!1 'C~, b¢ ~~~~ WlJt~ !be ~, ~~m.dil~~ vWQgn,m :may' 8illso ibe 3D ,adiv.wItage.. If we c:ompare -vudogf;fJ._m-[b4iJed indtcalw sim~:~atio:n ,;ap,proaciJ.es wi~fiu. ,1j'lrrjoot-'b.Med, :m.ode:is:. we see that the fu.nn.er. !Can. 'beUet' ~oun~ far. 'tlncertaind:es a'bm1t. wen~ro.we.IL cmrelatioo, (SR. !Fi,g. 3'7), Unf~~eJ.y,~ if the indicator '~- -~ - t:iffim '"fl '1lI"""A]_ it. ,is [dl!ff'ie:U!l t'o asseciare to, it 'il~IJe.6lalJl-.cali,'IJ' sat412~mg"" s2n.d, 'bod ....

- anQ&,",,,",,,, •• , ,I ~ --~. ~~ ~ - - ~~~- - - ~ - - ~ ~ - - ~ - - - ,",' - - ~ '"' ,! ..... ,;J.. . _ - - ~~ ,~ ~ .J

-'I!._ "- .;_'Il.__.,;, - _." -f "t..' - . -, ...... -._A """" .... .-l\,..1- AJ -- _ fr'~" " ~"- \11" --,'" -- ,,- -- -- .-

::~.uapes &'S' 10 [Ui.'" C'WI¢.: Q. 'O!jj~~~i:.!, iLIi~t). ,n se, ~~acQ'~U[ ~TIO,gt!~ms ¢.3n.nG~:

• . "·: __ 1 . ~_ 'I!._ ."I!._ • ,:i\i.h "k~ - l.._ 'I·· - - hi -- - __ ,;£I' 'I!.. 'I).' '.

mco:rporate !Slatml~, 'cootro'N!' s:ucu ,ai5 h...:, W]1,n,~t.uC'1io.li.~S le.laU.Ql'I)SSps IIM:N! uy ou~ee1; .. ,

'based made]s:.,. HO''!iVOVef,!, indi;J::~ED.r .sin-m:lliUlon is convenlent 3II.d fast to run, and, lit ,IS :nO'n ~tINte;d by tbe, same al;gorithml'c probl~ as, {)1)ject-based, ,gne,s 'w\hen 't.Ilere :IB a mrre1!:iltio:n lll!:ncs.rtaiJn-ty"

AlthQugh the varfOgra:m is a filid,y ,silimple fi!mtltlon, hs ,im:erpretman is nQt ~lir~j~ihtl~rw'iU-d!. The 8iiJ 00' me "mi.ogtarn. Is ,the 'v,ah:ae ,read~ed ~' s~bfliza:~_tm, It ~s; ¢qlJial. ~D n!l~ :pro,pOl1tI.on, of li1Irll~'O'J' "[~iUe;s, eqU!~. to' one times tlie ~,p{1rt1Qn. [0:( hLdlciiit~r valaes equalto ~re·. Th.~ :r;:m:g~ (~ dlilstance; at w:mcb'ih.e l'm,(}:,g.ram becomes s.ta<l:d.e) is [o:ftt~, :mi~inte.rpreted. ]'0. some ,p!lID:Uis'hed ap']?1icati.on~t. too ,range is wWlli,gly ,id~mfied with, -U~e slse ,of !lb~ rn~Uoo bodies, In a ~nt paper;. C~le ,ilIldJ :f.'o-gg', ],99C5 ,give an ~~]le:riit. :re.vi~",· [(.if t'he ttm.ellDing' of.'fitJ~ :I!',anu" They' show tnilt the, i!1I~ope ,OIl Itbe· ~nm.ciUt'Of Vurlo~;!jDl :at '~I;o-: orl"l- l'[;, i!';firnlil ~,.., Nd '\,1;ihe-,;n, l';-;, t;fj;:;; 'if!f~i~ .... fflj .... Ai ... ui .. , .. 'Y.-,.1 "'.,;;;, ", ,c, - j ilo'l tol --.,...:1"',

~_ ~ ~~ie ~ ~:ng~n ~<:! ~ II-V !If!' ~ I' _ ~~ ~~,.. !I." 00 ~ J:-.,., ...... ¥""'~""'v-J!I, """ .JII~,.,...Q4.V1I~ _ ~I.......,.;;!O eqlJl!;L ~O aElU U

is Uli.~ ,:.'j,v·-SrajC lc:qit'h of U\!:, ~eJled, bod~~s, (in tM' dhrCCllOO, ,along' whkh Ilhe varlogl.'ml

Copy rig hted m ateri al

li~' , .... c{j;'I .. ,i~~I, .... ~')', '~~i'Ii ~Q, f~'~<i~~~ ~'L- ~ ... 'Iu' ",;:'I"j<Iji,,;, , .... r c', In "\L., ........ .04 '~:':'EI'~, ]~ ... ~.¢, .; ... "" ..... k~, "-iJl_ ~_ ... ~~~, ill ,[""""'.II.I!ir. ~~_ ~w.J~r.,~I,~o.,~ .[Llfe> !\.I'V'JJUr, I. ~"~IJ_1h1 'U., Alu;::l!llliU1 ,F'!UI~1i ,~:J~~ .. U.II::

gwmellrl~a!l ]nterpmtatloo, of the mdl,c8.tm v&'m,gI8iITI ..

WCi nft,vt, d~c:rnb¢d the twt), ~st poplW'IQir ~b~, for. ~ati~g fBid.t.\!, :niodsis. 'Obj¢ct.-i~ u.d :ilidi'c~w' rnoo~:s mtmr by tb¢ assimlptioo$ they Dlake about; '~b.e medelled p~~er,: Q'bj:«i?based modGls me ~io:n a'bout 'illie shape, size, and :reia:tl~e pn~iu'Q,~ of 'the sand bodles, wherea~, indiC-atQt' ~im.u~~U~n8 are oo:~triined, 'by aiQ, illl~i l'Rrinpa;n, :tJKt.t1le]. HoW' '~,en, wt: rcalis!tj,otl.!S such, as 'm.at of' FigS" 23 or' :3;3, ,~e"et'a1e4,?

14

Copy rig hted m ateri al

1., ... ..:11''''''' 'If Ib"" "'k ...... ,O"I' '1I'r'i:iV'Cl'~"'" "b" ..... ·,"" ... b ~~ .• ,,. .:'1."" ,-- ~ - - ~[ - - ,- ""';!;E' ". """ ~ - ~ .. A 'H 4-

1J!4J'f.!.I1~"." '. uus ;';;U;IlI~~,.. ,I •• ,".F""_' ~w ~., r"." ~HiI!J~ , W,hlJ~, U)1io;i m,p" : io.v..~i!M'aJ,uM", h ]a. ,a,c-..:.r.f"~' llu,Si

change d0C~ not ,improilj',~ this matdl~ .it liS [lot ,r:e~c:cted, but accepted, wiit"n 8 :pro'babiHty ¢quail t'Q' 'the :ta'tio between the, ,objeenve, 'func~, be:ftJre, 'l!he C1~<mg'e, and, the [O!bj~ti"~ f:cmctiM after '~h~ c~. :Fiig" :l9 ~h~W'8 ~,:s.:ir~lltSu~ e~wpi¢ ,a.:f aD, :iiniihd. model,

jnleml.l'\di.:a<t~ (I11te-S, and the; itLOde:l at 100 end of the ,iiG:l13tions:, ~

'[Ji' ... ftJ;F"lv ... .,,-nn~~~Ij. .. .r; f\;';r~ ;D,oii' .. ~t'I'ri ... liilId:;'iLi'li ... ~' "'~"'fIiilat~,;..".~, 'L.;'WOi\Oo 'a,.-,",Tfo i!'rri'LTT1nt.;.,d b.", '1")I-.,it.".,.}I:.,

'".'r'I.1>.:: ".:~.:'~:'~c.;~,~ ~7::' f:r:~~ ~.~ ::~- ~ :,......t~'<"~'lr···I·,:~~~: :"::1;: ~~h~' p~~;~:: ~:! .. ., !:',':':..~=

m [lal5: WA;iSJ!5 !j,LI'Ii'!oI.5iC.ii. j.j7~!,' ~~, us JUs, l!!liIJiS. I,~ '.URo'i ~,,~l"",SOp Y ilJ'J, ~ a.i!,gO:OU1!UI, I",,,

uS±n:g the examplf:J from 8rirvasta,va, ,AJ!..P(i9.4. [ (F]_g" 40'):: Ihl;s, exarnpl.e IS :!li.rnp]ifled ~rI! 'd"li!lt it. ~ces a sandtshale .mpael iIha~: bas 3, I!te.t'"'to~grn&s. r3~io of 1-O%.~ ami, ,av-.e.rag,e ~iheje 'I~'tl, Or &1m. Mti, ,an ~,verage, shale tl\1j;d:;~s, [O'f 10m_.. The sc~nm'lation, ,s.t~ wUh U:1e

'-, . [.- _-,",f,": [ [<);f ,.", --'-~~I~:' ,,_,c~,~ -~:"'~iM Wi' ",~'''' a, "fI"'~'-it6=~':_;;:; '~j}UA ... tr 11"1% p-a;';;'il ""1:',,,-~c ~" ""~ ,g!U1lM"'~UJ11I. 'o.?, :jIj plJ.h>l3J' Jlh~1 Inw ~ ~ .. ~I! ,~ ~.~......, <L '!!!"""~~ ~ __ ~!IV ""J, ,v, ~. U ... "i<iJ!~ 1ioi.L1iP~{ji !RiJO""

io,moo!i' ][e.mii,'!j'{!~' 00, lh.G rn1Qd~~, and. :PFtsetve<li if they' impro'¥Si an {)bjecti,¥Si function '!!bat dl~~~ ~he: m.tsmatc'b. be~ween. 'dle cll~l'eri<S.ti~~ ~-tthe, ~t inodel ~ 'tibe ta.q,et. 'CJJ],at~etriMi~,

A~ we (i~, see, bt:e.ratlv.e, appmac'he.s 'fQl!low ,11 similar metb0d'0logy :lor >tibjoot .. bascd, 'modeh ~.md f:m m.dlcamr :~.hn~:IIU-tJo:l:'IJ" The ~iff~ :is; thtiIt, 'W~th o:bjecl'-lbu$ed ~l:s, ,~~jllJtl'· E o".:innUed, to l!lldilv1dl.w!l! eb '00[81 iilt ooc'li'IJ "rerj}~iOl1l-, 'Whilst wl0. 1Ii'1.d'c.Ktor

1;;. . _ \&,,",5 '- "'1:'1:" ,~~ ~. ~~ - -~ ". ~. --~ ... J ~ - ~~ ~ . ~ _~ - ~ IL - ~ ~ ~~, ~.~, ~ . ~ , ~~, ~~~ ~ I. -- ~

!!timuihU±o:n. cha.ng~s ,!We" appU.ed ~Q in\lJjv,id[1lQj, ")J~'e~s.

W:U~ :1tt:raMve ~Wf'Pao]le':> a, random reservolr mode] its. ,initially g~nc.rnted the.n ~1i1I,p'.[I11iIli,ed,

- 'I' L __ ;r,-.- -" W"'L -. 11,,~ ""1\ -1:'"" 3D 'I e

II.l8m:g :3i.Jarg,~ !Il!lm~ OJ:" Lrot:;{IaOllS.:_ :hli, SGquen~la. ~.g;.,;jlt";ci_ms.., l:~-~ ,~'. m~Qlit vOj;u:m~ 1'S

filled ptm~J)eSs:.iv-.e~y!, making suee ,at eaeh :ite:ral!]on thltt ,all oollldiitionS! are satisf1\e:d. The ~h, h~, ~~ v~ s-uooeSJlful, ~~ bo'th, eases of' objec1!~'ba8ed, and ,indicQ:.!:or :slm.lJ.ilati.ollls"

ltrii ilie: 'case of abJect--based, mod.eLs. we can, .0 'we om e.~ilmpl¢ :frorn, Srivastava (Fig" 41)~ we ~Iart, 'by ge.trle.:rating~ one aifter a:nutbeI', ,5'3]1d 'llKJdies o:ncO'lil/fit¢md, :ali: the we-Il;s" Once '~hHs, jjs; daD$; ~ij'Jd bOOks are genera'~ed, 1i~ 'Dhe hU.e!"wel[ 'vo1L(1m~,-, Sand. bodies at the weNs

.•. .,." ..... ...:1 -- - .... .;'1 ... -; ~[11:-~ '~w~ ~~'-"i"" ,.' .... , '~. ~ --~~....,,,;;'i;jo .il"'''rl tit"".., ~!Iltelfi2~ itbe, 'Yi\e:]]s: 8" ... (1 bodies

,are. ,~IIGUUNI,J, mu.u.vIDLY,. !l.l!ll!~, Wlu.L !..lit;; ii:Qli]'!51i!1,1;!'_~_HI' II-_LI:.!L, ,__IJ_I,'!;i,~ ~~ __ ~.~Q""""~, 1_ ~~ _ __ _ ~ ~~!, _~ 'QI~ _ ' 1,""""",,1!1.0~

'~"':l"":'':;·''·'''' '~i:-"'[ ",,!~[i'i .. ,~0;<11 'P!1""1' ....... ted ...., .. ·d'~"i"""iy, L~r': '~I"''''''''-,:Ij -"i ~'h..,,-. r ] [Ji] ....... ,".,.,.t: ~'I;...... ' •• r.-.;IIC"' F~ ~ 4'')

~. _ !I!'If'~"I:~ ~,g l!'Ir~1:I! ~,~ iP.""~Q ~ .1.u.lI. WIU'J.'!II IJ.I!UI,,- '~~J. .... w'1ARI .I.JJ lunr,' ,II P..oJi1ii3 ......... llolll!;i !l"l'1r;~'lI '~II L'~

~U!]It~W~ '~e :!i!]g-orith~ Ge.1i'I.'¢~,~rui.()n, s.t'o_ps, as S(IiOi1i, as 'the. wg_.et :ne~:.w.gooss. tis, ,rea.c'hed_

1.5

Copy rig hted m ateri al

:o.p,p.~O:1Ch COIlSisO's "[it of s'3!Illp]in,g :fac.ies 1. 'c(!d~ng' all '~h.e: loc.a~iQru: where facies I has :mot been s~pted ali "net t". Oaee facles 1 has been, ~s;ampl!ed~ facies: i its: sampled w,i~

!!,. t- 11'" '1.;.-_ ..... " """"--_..:11 ",,,,,A ~" ....... , iilo~t'l 'tllC';o..r; ill ,],k";:o, 'iT1I,,;,.r;iI!I~ ~:1.~* iI'ii'I~,;:;l"'_']Je ............. ,~~~'-iliit"· "' ....... 1'

[lO·.Ii ~ .. gro!ll[ll'!.~" ""'~J.I!, ~tl' V-.£!! ~[JU , '_'_. _I~ ~'I~ _ nhl' n~~~·_ ~,t"H' F ... ~~)!J\ _' ""' v ,u'-:i.m'l!i._~ iIW'!J'\i!,

'l!I!J.e re1Jati!ve, ,pos:imi.oJ], (if vadeas ~s Me not takJin, .in.iD a.c~nt.

,AB. exp:~a_jood kf-ore, dlir.:eci; ~~m:uJ,aU.on. approaclue:s are ne.~iJic:r :ih~:taii,"V~ nor sr:-quonrtial: ~bey d.irecU:" ;gel!le.~,alre a s.Um.uIi3:tiQ~ :!HttUsry~n:g Il100 req,uired. 'var.1.ogrnrn, '1"0 our :kncrw'Iedge, lhe:re· :is ~Q dj~l a1gQ:~ithm €co:r s.im.ld.31ting Qb!i:ecl.based modeJs;, For get.nera]j.~'8: i~dl~at'Or , n,: .• ,11- i·:. -, " ~p" ,;;<IId, '~Ir--, 'Centi1e de n';;:;'''-r'''I'llitt[ffiii'''' JRailjier.Jttrle W'rI~ :B~~,- If'.08-

S.lmwa.uO:ns" c!]I;"'c. !II-IIL !II.J!i: ~_ _ _ ~_~_ --":Ii'i!-'L' '1;,_ _ _ __ !I_iI!ilJ. ~ __ • ~-!)_,

!Rlildkicwic~ d ",'I. 19'90) hay,e poopooed, ,a, [~U~c<t ~ro~, ~lii~~ :ln~c~')i ~~rj'J,t ,In~.f.ac.i~,

.~'i"":''''''~~·'I:'II''I~ "I'L" ;;rr,'nm", ... ",""'..J [i""'~,,;:o,,~ "'"" E,II., .... lons'' <I~'IJ'tI.:rii,-;.'L.- ~'L: <ii .. :11:,......,..·, o::.nnro-·"'C"'1.. "I'lIo.", ~~I:iU."UIJ.bi.W,F~' ,I. U.w.'] J".,~~L~u~~~UI, '-J1I.-Ua.QW+.II_II_~ rw • .-.w~:~/.- - , _" lOI~e~.'~I .. :Ul.IJU ~~..,., ["I WIJ'!P"IP- J !fI:.r-t-,,'.'!It ... 11. ,l ~U~

idea eonsias Qf n~t. gefilerot~Jlg the· ~]mulat:~c;m of a {:lO~t1~UOl!lS, varr.iioiliie then aw1y]~_g cut.t'f.' in thls :!iimC.'~iI'~on, rm. "" 44·). _ We ''(111m, see below how SilnilUl:a'tlons ,of rontln-"ryil.-':;

0.1 S ."v L~.8 __ ~ruJ! __ "",_ v'-'t'ic . _ ~_. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ~ u"" __

vmiill'hl~s: 3Jf: grMIDLied.:ht~. ~~D,~ ~ihnreface ~i~; wb~ '~rao~UiQm frem one tooje.s, to i3lJ.l(}tner tend to 'be sy;s.te:maii", (fum:dmI6=>upperr sho:uefaoe,.·>:lowe:r shoreface·· ><Dffirn~~), the· atgp~,ilhm :provides Jndicater sirrm~iLti.o.nS' 'lbat honom the s:y$t~ti~

• -" j._,-r .... - hi' - 1 119"fj;"l! iIo. ~"' ... A "1.~.. h - .,'1.", .:I1 .. 'I~~' ,," en • - ·1",

transuron, lli.'.mi& .. au ~ a " . .:':i:!',,:JI, ~itiV¢i :fiPPll'W, 1lI!W' appro::.c-. UJ u~ :rn.o~!uing (b a, 'llllvl.3t-l1~'

gilS :rese.r'ltll'lir.!in France 'c:P1$, 45)1. Mi.lCJ~.al)d ~t al, 1:99,2, have documented all inierestUng ,~,p,.,lkatii(.;n ,of TmncatNl! Gaussien :Functio:ns, to t'ne :m.ode.mng 0:£ tim eoastal-deltaic .hJ:to~~_g(:~ld~ Q:f t1l.e 'F,ar'bert: FOr:n1latiiolll! lli'W it'I.e Gull'''. :Fi'eld~ :Nort.h! Sea., HQ''We~:; the· '~I1I.e:rlrt: of' ~,(lnoi,(iriii.g ,~y'Stemil~.i$ ~r,~rL'5~ltiOfil8i can prO''i''f: ito 'be· a sig_tnruc;ant di:nw'back :1,., cases 'W:he.~.e. dis-con~IDuitiij!s ,:,u;e >OXp¢Ctt.d I»t.~ :~~~8i"

AI abert :and M:as.oo:mat, 1.990 used ~q,ue[Uiial :hLdicid.or SimWatitm fur model:lilrn.g re.!!e.'fV{jiJrr' ,q!aa!lil[~' l'M~~~:tMS wj~h.i~, iI1Wbididc Jobes and 'cifu.anneJis. fie iEle:rmm a.roup iiliIso used, Trun.aated, Gauss:llan !F.'IIm.ctioos: i!IJI, {iO:[I!junc~ioo, 'w1th pro.portion. cnm,res. ~or.' :&e:aer,d~ ]UMI-o_gi.Ci!l!] va-t'.~atiQ.t'l8, with~n ehaenels :tn. a fiu.vlo-delltaiC: en-v~r'QJl!rnent (Rtu:dk.._rewtc~ et ~l; '~ (i,iVi,'i" Th -. 1'~:Ubf 'W~.:b, :iiIloo oufi..o:;.h:;1.Od ,of: inCii.!i,unii!l ",,' ",..."..1\0 "Lt::a.iI ~iti""' ", ;WH]! drimifl" 'Ij. .... '! -. ",

~'7~_'. ~~ ,~. __ ~ 'Qt ..... ~ . .~_ .. "'. ~ __ ._. .~t'l,~""""" ._g~_",~ ... J,orr:5 .. , ._~; nv, ~

,. N" : ",' ,--'h 'iE:',,:,,'--r].e--..l [- ,ott - :-: -,-': - . ,f~,,·tiCl~· 'W~t'lfl t'~, ,-b'tcl·'iv~, 0;11 ,:--" - --i.ii'P' ir; ,- ']~I'T"'_ll -,' _."', ,-'II

m. 31ft .. ~~ __ Ol,l! ou __ mppJDg ,Il\,P,I,HlillL __ Olio", __ L~_~ _~ ... [) -!J __ ~J _ ~ _ I~ I;JI/.I!i!ln-~y~ng ~"'JIN'JilJglCa~

,arohite,ctu~ 'W.u[mn fiiU,,,i~~ttak: geihtct~C" :facit-5: ,ai501SociJl.tions-., Fig, 46 shows a c.ross~ sectlon of 31m. QUte[or 'ver_:;sus lhlH: reaJi.sa~iOIliS, g;e:rnern.ted by condltlonal shnulation, These

],6

Copy rig hted m ateri al

~atlisaltiom, are ,CQIltdrahled !by' '~l1iical ~p.wporitio:n curves and two pseude we]ls 'L<:driEled" at each .exlre:nMJty of the ooicmp" In. 'L1o~lunotion wirtb :undkator var,t()!g~, geoiogic:IiJJ ,an::h:'tO'o!un-e ibe'twetn we]ls: ~:s' OOIliS~ned ........ ' 'n~:"~,' ct!.i'li" wnu1.'h . ~!iii:'&. : t .d

L c .~ ,. .. ... ... ,~ ~. . ,_, _. ~.q ,1:""".'yv' .. ,,_IGn- .~,.. C pro.lJ.;3, if(

mani.graphic llev.~~ the, 'poo.prution '0:£ each lithofa.cles"

,As, mendoned ,at '~h.G 'boe,ginnililg', ooj~~F;baiSsd, IiIllJllieJs: :p'l;ajl'Gd an ilmportmt mlle :iin i!he, :his~ry o:r s:mallus;caile ,geOSltaJisti~a!l models, Haildorsen and, tbmg, 1'986 used Q1:;J~t:-,

llo. ....... ~,,' -',"~"el':r;, ,iI ....... i)i!"!i'i;-',''''MfI'i-ili' 4.,~j .. '11<1"~,,,~ - ..... ,r;.rr ~,-,,""I~ ,~iL,~,ll:.. .... w': .... :,·· ,'.,' d" ,', .. ,., .. " ,- - -i", 1a~1JI. m~,,}i! ,~Jv., &"", •• ;;:U;9I.~110 lI,!!.,w-ulv~~mnOJi ""iL ,~m_~:L ,:JIlIill<L~~ .. ,huiI[L ol!i:e.I1!- y i!:n.v~n!l'::l~,

SL:K:h, as 'bmiided ,rrtr-eiiIffiDJ deposits. where the n~gmss Is lliSually 'very Eti,g'h. (,F'&g. 49);, R·;'-'~Jt 'Be . ,t a! ]'996' -' 'b."r-,c] :'--di.c!M'Ot'i-; l t' .. w"th ' .. 'b"·~ba··d, " ." b :e«n fY. _, gg e .~" . ~ com ,~ne ~ HI!. . ",. " s'l.imtl anen .. L I an, Q'~ct . ti:'e .. 8.p]l'I-OOC ,

to ge.nemte IUtOdels of a :OlLlv,i.o~~tai,c; ]m6rv& '0:( the F:rudhoe :Bay !Fie1:d. Afit-er :rn.0IleI]]ing: the dis~bution, OF m~o-r faeies ,a&Sooiati,oos uring ,Sequet'Ltiai ['nmefitQ1' .s:tm.ul.atj~.;, U~ey fiIled t'ne~ ~!n {Mi'e$; ~OGl~'tion~ ~lrng: o'~~oot-~~~ :rn~'I$ '(F1g" !1Q),

The 'VmQgr;fUlil-u;a~d, g~lallstl~l ~RC;b I~ by f,au' l~ :mDIjt, popoltl.!t '~Qr mode:lHng' fOO,

. . - ~ ~

di.sIil'1blil1!iQIL ,of eontinuoas parameters sueh as perme:l'b.iiI:iI[~ or :pmQ8~ty. ''['he iIndicali01'

vario~lIam oenceet has ::dread:... been nresemed ,":~.r:'ve_ The {lienera]i7'Ja'~~"""fi, ,,,,f ~-A''',-~'~''

~,~ __ , " -11'"" - ~. ;t" .. ,~ ,I',," ... - .. ~]I;.!'., ~ ,~HO;;:; "" .. ~. ~ .... ~~IV\I~ v~ ~OUll..,.a~or

~u.Lati;('n ~'m~q~~, t'g ~t~n~, pm~~_t.:W,rs Js triy,ua~;; :fiig, 51 ,~mI1lIirii:li~~ how' a ,hoo:ro:m.nu ~liI::I.rn:lJtal 'v,adogrnm Js ia1m.d.3~ec:L Geoomtls;tica] sblm'kirions 'O[ oorrLit!'!!UO'U-'5, I"iPtl'iW!lh!l1'sii.cai ntcln;:;rt[e.8.i ~IJCfh ;ihIl, ~it\'J' or '~nue~bU '{'!.'I' are 'CliJrtttralnGd [hi<.!' a ,_ .. It!.beI. if

,t="""""~jI. ... I:'~" ,~~~, ....... , .. ~ ,t » """ .... , • ._r ~, ,to'" ~, .. _l-J' . ~, ..... ." ... 'L!'J!' .. nu. 0'

input pa_i[am~'ei1!i, :nme~y 'the mean, vati~ gwpm ,and v:uiogram or '~~¢ pr~r1g"" If ~, Lit h.olacie:5, m'cKll¢l :has bees ,g-¢,~Ol~ ,in, a pmrl.trn'S, sOOF. 'i~ 'pG£m.e:3'bilic,y' OJ' p6ro.;:iiy IIn~l can 'be co:nrru,ain.oo iby mput parameter,so which 'Vary d\e'cpending: on, ~ihich :Ii,tho't;;u;,__i:e~ is: presenlL

Copy rig hted m ateri al

Vari'Og.ra:m,~ 0:£ oo:niinuQl!Is parameters me :rep.re,seI!J.te.d 1l8irng a nnmber of:s~ :model:s~ MDd.ru8 moM commonly 'uSGG m ~nt ;sph,~eaj. ,socponotiid, g3l1Ssi:lln~ :ilJJid. puw.er' :Iaw :~jbrul [(Mg. 52).. The ,J.ID'weT Iaw model w.iilJ be discm::ssed m more d~r.;ijls ]ata':~ ~,'it is, [~~Qt;;di~t¢d wtth foo~ ~(Jets- ~ f!t~!ng, ~ cq,ar,~()i,gratm,~, 'the '~M~" t~ c@~1.WI~' bet,WMI1. sphGri,eal, ~enthd :tm.d, gau:s,~uaii. :5p'ne:rl~a~. and ,expo:ncldial, t!.1, fixed ru_ge:, are dillffe:r,en~ in, t~ir behaviour ,at the, oo:gl.n; tb.t :i~~ \'jf the 'OXIJllJlil:otJJal 'v,ari.og.mm [,s, g_reate:r:, :me~ t'ha1i'~ at pve:~ r~:e.~ expon.entlal, y,ariogr:amS (:O,l"res:pcrM to ,more i':randmu'· variables itha:n :spl1l.erica1 enes, nn 'rJ;j.e oilher ood~ gaussilian 'v.aJio,gr'aJ1[]B~ w:hiCib. 'ha~e:3J par~lID1ic !;iehavi\QUr at lfhe,m'j,gin~ correspond t'l:) 'very :!lmoo~ ~~Jf:$; V~,~y,g~ 'mOO ~: Q'J)1'(:n 'i'lresent: iili d$scoruiLnwt." ,at the 'Oritlilin the "'],!;U'ili>i);,et effect''' - wlf,Clh ," "-00 -j b fur

" Ii! _ _ 1_"" ,1:"_ - """ -" - - ~ ~ . ~ ---~,~ - - - ~ . ~~D~' -_.. ~""'l£I1!I _ ~ ~.. _" .. , I. , IICC.1iI ,

variatioJ1ls '0.£ t'M> pa~n1I.el:eI' at. 'Vt.'tY' 8:rn~dl dl:Sl:li.ttces" I'~: Q-lfutn. :K:s.u1til: Ito.m; iIlle1!l,:jUIe:nIGJilt '0f[11)U: :in h &ra. A nat v.m.)I)Il!iNI:Tii11 m.odG]~ 'Wm:c~h cOTIG,soonds. to an uncerrelated variab.le:.

~~. ~~

is ,caUed a "\pUle n.l.:Igge~ 'eIf:ect" .

'W:eJ w,i~'~ see ,late:C" :ww JattFai -vmo,gFiIi.m, :infQ:rnlai~,rniI, can bel obia:i!Md ,in cases -where '~ke number ,o:r data, iis. too' lSniI.:niU to 'be s~atiJstka]ly re~ntatirve" One ~I1:fumJ.ati.on. that can

_'I"L ........ ~ '1:._, d .. rji---": nnjl ' •• r.r·;~1 d"'~"', ~L: .. ~ntiil7 'r"'I'" ¥"';rnIl'\1ilI"'::l'i'"'.... ,i<lr-'I·_,;I." , ........ o'il ~i._,~~,

ru~III.J·~ ~ ....... u, ~~ JlU •• JI, IP.' .... ~, [ .1rI_"_~ ~"_"I AlL~-.II!~I~~.u. w.. "_ !R.II=~,~~ .• ,IrI~,HI.~r. .t':'U..IJl.~' U_QI u.aJL-'I..-I. .a·I.~r.JU'ru~1i

~~2l!, ,gi,v,e an exce]1.Gnt ;ex;ampte of a ":stru.ctl.!lir31 ana1,y.~S"i :Ieailin,g' to the ~c~t<l~~ ()f al®gb~~le v~»:g~ ,mdj tneir a$~e:d, ,models (Fig., ~-3J

v -."~ ,J!" - -- "- "" ..... " ... ~ '""1.--.-' .. A ,.--.'11" -, _iL,",' - 'L. .. -' '-" --- - ,t '" - "" ",- "" "-"- - -"·LJ1 .... ,-,-

_~l1Tcal YaI1l,O~' csn !!)1;i Ci:l-!l.OOJ.Gt,~, :ru.:IJ:I:'I!_g llU~.e. !<)~ll!m: :rIil.llJS, CoWi~, n :15 mlpOS:SIu-~ ito

c:ikubre '.at-era!. 'v8.1iogram8 'between we'lts.!, bec:mse of _ 's.c:uc.ity 'of data. AgaJ"; AJmc.ida. ,and f,rymaUIJ ~F:~g" 53) ,mow how '~he Wl.iiiQgnIm :rruJMJl ,in, tie h-mirzo.ntaIJ dhecfuian can 'bel iDf'"6lmI!l :ioin g00l1}~aI eoasideratioas and ,coolinuilit,y illffonnatiorn, iililong, one h,orironta), 'ho:l~o ,A~ for :~ndij(iatQr ~-m~datio~, :if :!J,() 1~,aI inftlrmat[~n lis il!~"tl._~lahle INID weU:s, :il!, goOO! apvt-OilCh ~, Itt() tty' ,Il number >O'f morkJliii M.d d~Qns.-e the oo.e at

~ -, - '-'1:. .. -- -, "" -'1,-" -'II" "" ... ~" -f" '~'Il. "-, - ---

~J....,..M~: hl'!.'i, mID.~ gee 'o8JC~ , Y :R:!:I-iIU! _J;(: ~i~aV,I.iDU~'.

'~ercl8t :s :iJl'ustt~tes ho.w' M ~ls~~'i.c, varl:Op_rrn 'mDdel can 'be :fjj~re.d to :mj;zo:n~'3ilJ and ~ertkM po'~i!ty 'vmogram~ i'm. ~rttIJ ~al flcld t~,pllJ;.

Co-rui'tlOD.a1 sim'i.iLhili . .QtI.ts of ,c{lni~ntKItis. 'pro-pe:r:tiss, C:a.!J, be, obtMned using, j.te~Ql~ve'j Siilqille:llitiaili (![' e:ltilcl ,ap,pr-o,ac'bes<. ,[temnve !JiII.e1hods are aU iliIspjjjcd, f:rom llbe g~.eral S~'" I'lated ,Ji.i'"ililea'ililil::' f»~",i",'-,,, t .. " t -- '- '~4',"'-j C,', ~.I;-",'~ --!,"~.","',,-, ' ',1 V'''''lk "~ ,.:;;i.; iib- 'II'

_ ,~1Il ' ;!"'!i.!JJ ~_ ~ g, ~I;.!'~, .~11!11!1 \~ ,IJW l"il;:I'I;A[lQe "n.": it=1p~!IIaJ.4I;~I.IlJn. Oil. l'!IX.af iHI.~, .;lIliUI_ U!I,

AAPG94-'2{ij, 'wf~ :s~_um~tj.al awooachss ~ !l"SJ1,'IICOO, '~O the 'velJ sUL1re~fial !!Sequemti.a] -Ga~ss.i.a:m, S!mu1ni{lfi'" (SaS) approach promoted by St~~mdJ Uii:'dvem~y

18

Copy rig hted m ateri al

(Go:~~Hemmtd:e-.z, Imd, i'omnel, 199,3.):: '~bis approac'liJ. is, very siimil8l' ~o 'IDe s,m al,g:oddun, diS'C~ed '~Dier (,Flg. !14i-a). B~ seqUJe.ntial and ~t,etatiive: :m~, :prO'v.lde: ~t nteiXibiiUty. ¢~hdiy, a;s we will see i!t ,luteJ:. Wln.rn ~ta,tis:U~ ~~~io~.!5 m,~t ,a.I:so'

iI-~ ... on .... '~.:..:~~:::.1 'h-,: ..... ,,~"i"'ri .... 'd"'~"', ...... '·"'"c'~1 .......,. l'Tjlif.~"";:~.nri ~ 1IoI..·c. i:l!1I~ UJ. i;!I~~.~.Il.L-~ I. L'IIc"H V'I. W~ ,!I~~ .~. 'V'JdULWII~II,~h

A :Wtmibe4: Q'f di~tt ~ppJ'O.iliChes a.[SQ eX'u~t, '[hey are not alway,s; v:ecy' :Oeocible;, blill deSCl',ibing one ,of'~,em ,illl, 10. ~brou,g'h an ,e:t.erciS4i! is 8 goOO, Isamim.g; Gxpe:r,ism::c" Bxereise 2; ics ] D and, the ,g.enerated rea1isaJi~fI$ are nmt-oond~tio.nal. The mD 3ipProac'h ge:nef,aH~, :i1Il~e~y ~O 21), and 3[) .• whe.ut m;4)l'tng a~e~f$, <:rver ,~~e.i. s.pberes. 01: f'fil!W' V(Q~fm:iS, ,act

lied· " I"'" " ""'all l "d ali"· (Or ]99:5'

app' "'" '~O m~aw:,ciU.m: .alwns lIltO liIlll",Y iLliilc~;atI::_,,[C" 5alilOOS "':'lver,I,.

WU:h dJiil'6C¢ s~mlllli!ltion ,ailgur.ittnms" simulatlon is 'per.1fhr.med ln 00·0 steps: lihe :fjjr,st 'One is enil.Jed n "InoJ!i-.Q!!)IndlriQD.IQJ cSt~mllllatlot'l!";: a, tn6.J1-l(t(tl!.idi!'tional siowlation, ,Sial11shf;5, the m~~ '~I;- ': '1,?';~:"'~ ~ ill." I;-l.r;i~i)oi',;");n:;l e.'ljld, , ..... , V~~,io~~01onjl 'k.'t ~e"- .;o;.u ~QnOli"" tl1.e, W'f;~1 ',"~ ,f;"~,~t' ~_. Yi!;; "_~I'r~, ',H~ Ii 'i''!-V\£II,o;~H~ !P.i!.~~" !'llelft;' . _ ~ . .[;i~~n, V!oJ.'. ~ ,IJ,Y!L ~_ • ~~ ~ ~ ~ _~ ~ ~ ,liI1I,.!,'v!,L'U!!1!.i:! ..... ,I,"

M:OO.e1:t C!IIn then be cond.iiioo.ed 10' th¢; dliIta wsing: now :standlar.dl tee:hrwiqillC-5 (Dh.ett ls lilt) 'fun~ too, COVel' 1'ilew re<:'hn.iq,ul:S ~11 deta:it, but, fig, 54'b 'P:[o'!f.~des an, ill,u81rntiim). fl,i,g, ;5$ (\Vu~'r et ,ilI-oi' AA_PG94-15) shows, ,a 'v,arl.o.gr,an-!! !m.ods1 and fotu, :po:s~!ble 1D conditional

" " 11_ ", "" "" ." " _ . ..:l" '" "" .10.' ~ '" "" ' ~ ,"'"

,5(lmlilw~lQ'[]i5, ~,pO:I~m:g to' 'IiH.~.:s 'V,IU1l),g-,,~m,

'B,Y ,c(ttl.~~ioo; !n.OO'~ etc:c,;__b5tin.g Ct#oo]n]J)nai ~mldath)n le~ni.q_~.es, fbI: oomti!ll(lou-s, vMabl:es ,genetat~ n~lly dhilmootedi fYiictjC\l!iIS. ThiLJ:!, ~s a. di~t. :~sult ,~r the cill~~J'C~' Central :Limit ThJ~~(}IC-n. of :ProtJ.a:b-illt]i' 'if'hwry'" A normal di;gtrib:utl~n ~.~ u.s~al[y ,ad¢q,uat.e to ,~~ ~ ~dty hl'stQgrom~ but, not permeaD.ility ~ whidl, is a skewed ~te:r' often ~·SQ(~u~cd w~th 1o~ _l1riib'lltJ,~~_ If the varhmle :is ske:wedt 'b ,approach 'used ," ,:;"" :~' '1"" .... ~'~"I""'i"" .... ~'I):c ,;.r,-,IifI","mtnijl;OO It,ii1lj .... '.-no~tliIl'~diMbDtOO variable, This can

CQ:mI~;tlS'la 0] .[I]il3.11o.ITI_"I4,L'C!;l.ilJi}" "~_~.'JOII ···IlD," ,_"' .. ~ " ",~",","o} " "~ "~ " "" " ~~"" ~ '"" "'~" '"'

'i.~. ,..:i'1'''''''; .,c~,lm'~ C'imri~'" 1"-"i'i<';I1r..;:rn"'~~"",,,, sueh "''; ~ ... Lo:n"";to' ~'If-= y.u-.wrrii.l;-m !£i).i'- ]',,", ... _~ ... ~]I;;, ~ U!Ul.I:~ ~~ ~~ ••• , .... ~.... ."!RI.L!.I_~llv.-J.J~,._HIII"II~"U'I.1::I1I! IJI~ _ !R&I! l~~, _,~ l~l~ ~V~_ ... §_U~ ~~. ~"\,t& ~ . l.!_;_ , _~_ 1,1

d.iJSmbQ~ var:iatiles. {sucb as pennoobHiiy)t or mJ.ini the ,Rll.O.re g~al n.o"~'Is;care tr.ms;wrm FIfim.o~~d. by 'tJj,e; ~~fQIid ~c[ttoot

A de~n~ anaJly,ri.30 of'the, v;ario,gllmll, ]s. interesting', because a, vario,gram model has ~ !!nIilIi1I ~feaUl£e8 tliat. s.1IDlmari~ 'V,iU!OI.!lS aspects of hete.roge:ne.ily" These are.1!he ibe:hali'IOlU at U.o, or.lgim'L" lhe ramge ood 'liI1e sHt To, b¢tlW ~nae_!':SlQ:OO their :m~LtiJ$t W!e: 'MU use a base case slmulanon of~ ,c·ooiinuoo:s panmtetet., whidl ooClilld 'be ~ity. (Fig" 56a)'" and s~ud~'t ithe, hn,pac,t of va:ry~n,g the vm.qgram mode[ char;acteF.iistics"

']'be, 'bebw,'I,i',iouf. of lhe var.io.gmm, at '!he oIiigin ,etw-acte_r.ises 1he, degree of'smootlmess of the v; ,"-"l.t:, ~,FlU';fl;" .5'6b c\" the :r,an~ o:f :t'he, 'V,arlo'\{i!~iIft'Il c.~l'erl.:se8, .,,.~ Iateral "',flntitr.l·~~'F" ~

,,~ ~n~"" ~~ ",g .. , " ," 1 "h' "-" .t;...,.. ~ ~ "" '-D"'''''- " '"""'"" " "" ~ 4.1!iii """"~ ....... "~.'y

or w.a1j':eil~ngih'~ oftbG 'v.aF.iabl.e ~fi~g" 56dl), and'DtJs sin of t'hG vario,~am. characterises me 'variance, ~ m' amp]i.rude • of the ~arl.a:ble (Fig~ 500)(, F!g, ,'57 s.~ize$ the vm!olaS< ,t~t~Ie·5 of ~be, 'v~~ ~~ are ()f '!n~t :~~ ,ge5:~j}'t,j$~~, iIi~~ti(in_

:Bx.oreise, 3 d\~~Cl.!Sse8 aD, ¢;":t!Irnp:'le of varii.ogr,!W], calcu~;!,ti~n am;! m.u4elHng 00 a, single :prn--,Qsirty' log (Fi®S. ,5S~ ,and ,S81b)~

Copy rig hted m ateri al

Let us ,app~,y a ''I,iI~ry SCmp~Si transfhmJ.atiO'[IJ to, tM dlat.a, of' F,ig. 58:~, by iil'.re.mgiIng tb.em ,o:ver a rno:v,i~~g: wlwk"w" It Is clear btt i.I the mean of t'ne data, remillns: more or: less t'i.e, :!!~., 'dre 'v~ aoo '~ OO'hilV,io.!IIIl1 Of'dl,6 Yoo-rogrnm, at 'dle ml,g~n. c~ge~ (Fil_g, 58b~, V,ilrla~, i.iJ; ,~, funcd<lt'!! '()I'f l!he ,~,ple, size 'or 'jsumwrt"', ~,Matlh~, cillJ;!l, £~ ~!:eI'!Ctl)e" ~~, " ~·'r -, :''''' ":I~ ,-~"""j'l: '-I~i" j;If--~IlL~ eff'i'" .. l-'.... T~I~' ~~ 'l,Iilf.·, .... ,~""1., ' -, ~.'~~" ~-, th.: '0'1·1.,........ ~' :Hi 51i.IIl(!'l!;; I ~,USu,i;!,l._I;:m ilL ~JL[I!;i is --!r,t-'''''"'' ~ ~=_ I' = ~Uj; L __ ,[Ii)'" ,~~J,L m~u_n:~ ~ ,~ .. I;, JIJ.UH£a-

Parso:nS! coeffici'O:m: 'O:~' t'hS· cooffid.¢.1i1t ,of VaL',ia iiQJ1I" w:hIik'h. :provhk measures, of' Mterogene:iJlIY' ~ 011 the- 'wi'dt'h of the :h.ist'o,gr-am, are d,ependetlt ~oo,,~ s~le voJ)larne and 'fl1~st no( 'be, considered ,iU an ",Qbs.oiute'· ,~1IU!'e ~f hf.ten):_getle.!~y. 'lyle( e~: ~d" 1994b

(11,"~ ':5n,~ .c.··.~-;l...._.t .-',;,.:11 [·0····-- (~~, ... -'~,r.1 ,;"I'~ D'-~,-, ',<1-.';':1.[ 11'~ ~I(_-- ---- ,,-";':- ,. -,- ,~ .... ~ , g'~g.,~ "Of!LH;'L lhLY' ,~e_setl, .' ~~~';;'I or ,l!;[I]J~, _ ::i1im.!S, t:'I-'L~" ~:l-":1'!J' '""~:scuss lu~s, ,I SS\il,G , ,II. ~e

OOfi8~rle.r,a.tiQ]];S, 'O:rIi t'he Gffect.t 0:[ volnme ,~,veDlgiJ1jg' OIl, varianee 3ire very im:portan[ to k,eep ~n mnd. 'In same. ntu.ceSiI, too ''!;,aJ:Ii3!Jli.ce of' p:lug ,pOIositie:;:; ,IS; stl!.l 'Wm1~i'gly ,ident1:fied w~tll ,the. '!ifarialtlce aff:eoting Iihe -I},v-er,il,ge :po:ros~ty 'O've~ :Iarg.e, l.''Oh,!Unes~ th'1,1S, tI1e,gllect~ng the ,-"~, - :>- .... ~E"'-:'":i, it:I;j)i~ ?r and,'E_--'\f:rol~"" 4'):"

;li'!.!!PiKI"~,'" ;;;::U~'" 'I..- ~o- ._ a --~~ _ ~;!Ij) - ~ ~ -"'"' '-

P:i!I!'ItlM" 1m propooed ,a g~~:uzatiQn 0:[1 ~'he, lm .. U~t,ur' v,ariqg~,f;{m tbmMgh bls cot'I~; of' Ihe tW\i)-po~nt ihistag_rnm" lns:t.oead of co:nsl.do:rin,g only 'O:~ :lJacies at: a, timet. as, illl,dkator :si:i]\ulation d(~-; true iika :h ..... n cG:I!'L'51rl.er :re'iati,O'n~,ps between ''!,I',ar.ioos f'acieSi~ V-ru:~rms, of' FlI;g, :.t2b £br. lt1staijj~; ,~, :Ilm.lt:ed because t~y are ~.i!m,p"ly ~e indJtc~tor 'v~o.g~ of "the charmrnel, fac.i,GS'" er ·'m!; qvttbuk :fkci~-s"'" '1]lcs.e 1,i',arl®,g~,~ms: are calc~i;Q~¢d, 00, !"blac'J[(J!>otvirulte"' 'bi.InOdlaI types, of' vaTiabl~, [On, i:hc ,oth.e:r hand, with. fh~ 't,~int hi.!S~ogmm,

'-I ~ 'I:..: ii...... ..:I~#..,--,- '.:I,:, - ·_L,'__ .... 'I.~ '.-" " "1':1.._ .. - • .-

re atlons;~upS! iLI!inwoon U;UJI:ll~.vt ]J[I;uJ.:C;;!l~(lr 'v,anw~, ~ ~L mto acc,oun~'. rue tw'Q-o:po,u~t

his.togr.am ev:l!!tuilil)e$, as, ;il, 'function, (1;(' the, se,p~.m!.'~ 'vec~f bet.w-ee:n lW\!! sp.mlll, locati(lns~

';1It I ',1.o.'--.'~.~'j~J ~~ ",-, d ,ip-~~'e~ " ,~l . -- 'IOC,-,j'r.UI! and 1-;.,,.;-i.,,., " ,iJ[ .Il.M'~""" r ,.,j"iWin

h~.e p.r-O!.nllIi!l.I.~l!~~ ",'0 iLliL ,~:l!,C.L _ I, I:I! _ on!:' '~~ ~ iM_O~~ __ ~~ _' _~..,.~ ,J-- _~ __ ~ ~ "'~, JQC~L~~.

r;;~~-"~ .. ~~ ... ",:i ... ""''i"''~, "'"I~1,., ~t:-- ""'"1'~, g .... ..,1 ]j'in '""i"~-'iI i'r_~, ~"Ii!J-:I~ ~ .... oonm-n+ of '~n-'li'I'·c'1- .. ,I1ir. ~!l-dI.l..J&l!I..L~~c~~'I' .... -, W ll~~ ~I:I.U_~~'" .. ,UI:iiI_. _. , •• ~.!:llU, ~lJ..iUJI ~~IT.I.jllV~1 1J1_te- ---:-..-:----,.-lr-.I .il: JI Ll. -U'L ...... ,

,eru;s~v-~o.gr,a~, w:~j~l1i, W,~8i ,aI$Q ,~m.ed ,~t ~,ptll~.ung ~]a.tio~hliP$ 'bet\Veen :i"d~tQr.

"~ :','1;.'1- ~~, 'IH··~, '."'_'-- b·l'I·i:1· j:1..-. ~w~~, 'nn-"-'~ Lr-'o<;~""''''';ifo'o ~~ j'be '''-~-d' ':-":VW c--,~-""-v~ '-'''-{io~~'-i-l , .. --~ '!,?amato', CiS" "OW .... '!I""'," ",,!<I,I, !-'uQ ~,_ 9-,~ .... Jih nl.~"""l!Il,!iI-II~!L _~",,,," 11" ,_' ,In . IC""'J""I\~ CJ'OL!£I '_ ,~r.b"",e;.ram l(II.re-

difflLC'lllt to interpret goologi.catUy. ~

Carle and :F6~, 1996~ rece'littly ex,pl3ilinedi .he :Iin'l-:, between Cl'08fi-va:r±o,~amS:t- tw-o-pt)int blstiOgr,Q:mf!i ~i:t'td M'ari;::o~' tt~~t~on :pt:DM"biUties ~.iJ,g~ 1)" Th~,y $OO:w' e~arnple..5 0:' '~$-\'''tIrio.g~, ~'I[l.U~a~ed on, the da~a already '~~~, at. :F.ig. 3'2il (f.,i,g, (lOa). 'J'beoy d(:fi:~, ~ mootioo, t'M~; is ~los.e1y :rtlated to '~he l\¥o~~ifit :hJs-to,gram, and. ,cws~,~ariQpm 'but ]~ more mtuitive from a s:mlQ~(:al"lt'o:ini; Qf''Ij',Ww'. cJbe;,y ,e3il1 ,~t Ue 'n-a.ro"siti'O:rIJ ]l'I{Kbahll~ty (Fi;g" 6Ob)" Dis, FUr:!cUQn -ctmraoterises; geol\ogit~ ,~'tlJlectI)Ue 'by m~ur.i"g~ ~, ~,fl,!linc~»tl ~f t.h,e; ,~aoo(\(n ".~t'w' 'OOweei1, tW() loo~iaoo.s, tlLt pi~mnty nUtl ,~.cies j lis; ~se:rn\ at one Iocaden g±v-en 'Ihat :r.acie<s i, ~lS 'present .a.t anotne:F' 10c atlon , l,nis :fwIction. is ;8, 'wry ,i.flLte.re.stl!flg ,gern.ernJii:mtion of :Mwk:ol!,1 chains (f,I,g-Sl. i and ,6'[)~ wMc'h, Is closely re'lated, to~ 'bm easier to Interpret 'mrun, ithe >CtG.s,s"vru',iogr.am, und t\VQ~~rt!t. hh1~~, T.he, tt~-5JiUom, prCibnbil!ity bcticn, ,1lS iIhe, E,wo-pujnl: ihlSt6~ (bu~ not the ~S-~1!4fl\ogra_ot} :has the -- ro ...... !i1'11' o:f 'b¢iriiQ' :t'i.;j);jl!~!ii~m~B1 with ~lath)!'ii t~ 'the Y«-tm h 'Th:',s, 'i't\e!:m's, ~~iU :~, • -;!ttl·

p~ wl1.~~L~il w w • -=.",!ZI www ~ .j!'!"!!"!!!._.w· ••• ~ww.w ~.ww w w • ww.w ,·w .www •• w. w.l _II ~~1. _"W_·w_ • _.~~ i ~. __ rli

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'llhj$ ~, :fuii¢~l,ooiS ~~~ ~oo'ij\e <:~ ,~t:so' ib¢ y~ as !g,Vij~ bJI cOfHl!th:~:md, simubtllO:r.s if' :OOti o:nly htdiiv,irluw facit:~ vaDngram:s must k b.on.e~IGd bu~ also ~laHQli1ISbi(l!S, lbeu,lreen diffuFe:m: :fa(ies" Tine ;simti£ilauo:n algorithms used are seque:u.ti.a] or :ii:eFa~i,ve w:hern, cross~~(i,S~' ere 'UlsM ,Q$ inprrL '\¥hen m,o"poJnt ru:s~~ or l1t'an~ldon ,prot;abHlitk,s au;

.II "" ". ..1 '"h " ........A 'r;' ".,.,.. D' 'Innn '1I''''''''"iL ~ • "

u~el!.'!" neratiL'Ve ~gon:[-n~Si ~ prt:1.e~~w, ,I;;M, lD~~MOe. ' .'!D,yen, .. j:i;ru'• ~,~IIi::Y, 'h~.~ '~,wtli~po:mt

tmtogram ,appro:a,ch ,in, [cQ~jun~tiO:IJJ w'lifl, fF.Im.trI~mGd. ,armeiilHml!g to the modeJlilng of a, saadshale disnriiibution. 'lIIsiling mg'hrre:soh.d±OII! seislifl!.k dam as, a oonsmrint

Unfo.rrnl1lateJly" ~, SOOll! as Hw number itIf :indw.ato.r 'vooiabl~ beoolD1.tli equal to 4. ,0[" 'rnJ.(}re, the ,imp1e:mentatlon, of t'i)ese sirn'lJiU3itiul18 Cami, '00 "'i~ry tedious, be 0 3.'i,!lse. 3. ~~ ~ill!1~ 0'[ f\!I~~i~8 'm.u~~ be s~tf1ed .~ ~mrllt.

A w.cd.e. Iltuttb¢:r' oI' atl[)ltcalID.tis, «f fraot3il ~h e~t, H¢w~, [98.'6. Oi' ~rez ;md Cho,p~,a, 1'99 [ (the. :Iatter used statii~tica11!nfOl'rnal1i.M d.en.ved from, h.or.iZU1tt:ai W'eUi~} l[~ve ,a,p,p~kd. tli¢5e :model~ to the d~~~ ~Ung of' :permeab:~'llty or poot'(t8ity 'vanations.

,.,,':;'.I:-:o'"··u~ ,~'L_ ,J;:.iI< .... ,,'""-"fI; "'~;,>. ",.~';04i, of iorilo"l'''''':'''' ~'rrf';t"" ...... '1'~'7'+~'1''''''' ""-"'t..:·~~i1'i,~ (~·I'g" "'''.''', 'L ,.. ""' .. .... nU . ~, ~!I.Ull "',lil,,",l.n!l.li"tll>lJ"~'" iJo~~1:'" ...... ~ .... ~.~"" ''''''''-1 '" '!.!II .•• !L~t'IJ'Ji.~ .... '" .LI!~,·u~.n~."b "[",, " "",, 'I.J ..... ~IJ,r-'~ "'''''''

also :Fig. ~S)., 'With, :froctal !tnOOelst. :parLmleter VM.hW![·uty ,IS cbar,at:rer,~redi, ~' ot:rly o;ne :parnmerer:t. the lTIrnc:tH!l dinte:n1[OO D, This oo.n~tij~tn~ ati de, stlime time t!J simn,wt'h and a. 'W'e~ne:ss; ~ 8tre.ru_glt·h be!:li3.mse ~,t :is: 'very ;atl1raa~,ve t,o eenelude thin fue vati.Q~, of ,~. , ' ..... , "·';1 ,'I,.~. tlimi:~,jjIi::HiI ,a..:;: Dhruxlic. ail: '11'II}l'68if'IJ' ur fViot'tlll;jloe'biHit'!l' eM be &Imlmari:ted, 'k1:. !i'rlieaiili:i ,n-.....[;jIj :pll'!ji,~L~~~~ ~~ ~ ~"~ " "~" ~ ~"~.... ~"",l' ~ r-- .. ..,. .. ~ "~;.';r " " ~ ~ ~ ""I' '"~ ~ .. ~~

~f a, single n,um~" A. WeaknGSs bee~st> fi"aotal :mtJdlf:-l5. wl1i~n, ~tmnd t-o powc~ law vari.og~a:m.s; do not aeeounr [:o:~' 'Iih.el facti thai; geo]o,gka1 'lheh[l,'I"ioo[ can be di:ffin-e:nt; ati d~U~fi!, scales, Jim, ~t1ry i:rus~s:!, a d.epo~itbJ:na:I. envlromnent asseclated wifnh di:Fre:reQtt

"" .. ~", i' . -1 ... ~~1~· ~,~k '~c .. -~. ~ .. "~'~r;onnhfi:.;.~,,"" .... '1 'v,an j'[.c",~ ,)' l:illiInt '....,_ ._- ' .. ~]-: m· .. · .... Jl'f,~_""' S!C!;I!J)!:5 ,-SHu !);;:;h;'!!!j~, .roc~~, ~ype:s. pe! ...... J:"""'\ISI~ ~"~Jl'l.jO,fiIS""" ~~~J)" '-""'"' ~ y ~~J)~J..l:u.

w,ii:h fractM.'S., 'IJnless. a dLifferen.t '&.ac[a!l mtnl:ns.1-'O.TL ;i5 us!;d, :a~; diff:e.rent seales ([lil.liViI±frootlds), wibk:b goe.s against '~Iil~ raHo:nale for iIJ.S~rng, fractals ,~[l, t'ne f!ll'8~ p]ace" :F1lfIt et :u.], 1'99 ~ Slhuw iru.'eres.t~",g a~P.lication8; of' ~talf,i ~t. 'tbe· ~ide Q'f' irnten1lQ] l)etrophJ ... ~l,cal l.'aflla:tio:ns wj~.m sand bo dies. 'iFms may be the ~ w:he.re fhwtaJJS ,~Ut" most UiScliUl fur ~mr' ;et~amcterlsat~o:n.

llimy 1~~ll~r!i~ ~~ ,and b~~'ks ba,ve ~.t'Jj wrlue~ ~bQut :&ac~~ Md, tlle1r ·~itC~~fi8. 'but.wme of tkm. :ha,ve, ,;I teildeo£iY '~.see :m.ctalls le~«yW"\k[¢. Also; a. willhsiM ~s O-;i'Wn made hetwe.eLl ;i·relf...;simi.W'i! MId 'i!fhi.cta]," ~~s. (M~!, personal oolm!lum.cwO'rl.). W~Jtb. ,~lf:'(),lri'lnr 'models", the '~~irnu ,O't 'dle v,Qri~bk :is dl.e ~~"~ ~~I scales';: seJf:rilt:lilarlty ~;s, ,a, i;~,oW] :p'~YE:ieJt.y ~a pO'~' ~Ia,w Y~ QJlsj'!U(y~, a ,st'!f:'~imi]ar bt.bi!.v,i.our). :F1'act.'.I. 'behtviw'lf c;QII'¢$,pomils, 'to< w~na lila! are c(tnnnli.IDl.1s but, not diffiaentiable,

;I~", ... L "''', ,,,:1,...., co, 17>"'M' ,o:f '~'Il:";""~n ;r:>1' ":"~"''''''P:l'lO!', "'f:_-;,,l ... III-~~. 1" ",o,"i;';, ~~-. ~"" ;'>, '11",,:,:-1, ' rn- .... """ .A.

'I.,~~II, I.Iii.:I ~ .U~!ll . ,H = NIiIi.II .• 'U.I ,~,y.., 1!"I' .... ~:r f. ~m.lIiJr..2:lLLJl-lH.f. ' ~u.~j"' ,l m.:'.§ ~ u. J~ ,r.: I:" .. I,!IL~ ,I. ,.,

p<}w-er Ia-,w' Vllir1:0gram, is both eself--simiflar atrn.d fraotat FlQwf::vet;. ~ sJihed~il! ",r~~g~,w ls

.c:....".. .. l ;"Il.._ .• " """'''"f I"·~, ~,"ncat ..... jL~~," .. · - ,wi; ','L~ 'C""'",''''!! ..... " ," -a, ' ... .-.;1; ~ .1"-:' "" "'I" "{ .. ~~""" ,,'", 11---.

lI.i;lIi,,'l!;u \~c8UlSe (L ~ts, ~oL ~ "= !)w,Lla~ i(II~ !.iIJ,Iii; ,CI.Qgln .... uut .I!j .Iru~· se .],~SJiI1lJl ar '!;.~ause lt, ~

a finite :r;an8~), and Iai ·v,~nab.le ,eq.uai 'i(il a, OOIlSIDILt ,efl;.)xywhere is, s.olf-.simiw' 'but no~ f~'l I'n '&p1Ite &f 'th!i.~I' the tw'1) '~oopts, are Q:ften :~den~Hled, :In 'the ii~ture"

21

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The firsl; exa:m.pb~iS of :rrmlti4ta,ge .~twhastic moo.o1!Iilllg: weIe :r,iI~~er tcd.iitlU5 t-o- .run~ 'because of ~ I~k;(!if e:ffi~ient co:mpute.~' tooJ)s.., The verY:[$t prqgress .. i~.lD reservnir .~]li1l!g ~o1h1'at¢ .gmatly facil~)taies· tflilis ,a.~m. .. Stt'iiCliastic ~·~o.ir, m<t&Ilit1Jg bGcOIfiCS dose1!Y ooupled w.ilh s~ruci:iLJrn] mooe:Ui·tD,g,. as :S.hOW.C1 for .instance in ftg:, 6"7. :3:0 mode1Jl~ reels

olo" ~ ~ 1~ .... 1~~ t'Ir.fi'",.-iiji!'i.jl- .• 1..:;, I-d' ~~il f: .... - ... u·, .... ~·i,. -i:t.r i!I""'""~ ...... :".~~~ .• ' .... ~,:i~'1 ...... n~"" .. f'""' ........... ;('C!~;j'i' CO) 1I9I_P.:'.a _I:~Y. r.;~I,..~~.__A~!-O ~Y;, "_ -~ ~!!!,w~ ...... ''4\~~ JJ~ , ~~!I.,;t;lUi:lw.t~ JJut.1UCc,!I;.I9- i:l?U,U'Li~YU 'F'~~ I~Q!,:

conlr.Qlled, 'by a blgh"'r."e$olulion $equenoe: :;;;trmgraphi~ framew'£ttik.

Slk:eptical {lomme:r.ts are ofte:n made thffi; "Nature 1.8, not ],anOOm~ thf:re£o.re dlese ,~(lro~, 'based 00, r~:ndo:m ~:s ,are l11.15eks:s,". Of OOoor!$; uae ~~oi( that ls ,111Litid~lsd is urtliiq,oo ,a'oo has '~n. ~ited. 3cQ(Jr.dilog to ,goo:logk.j], :pIQCCsse~. 'The

C\ .... .,.·at·I"" .... ., .. '".". ..... r ''"~sjflm .. ., ",'1:.-+ .. ' .... .,""rvrl/,'" ~!." _,_...:1......"..,'11 11:..- "''''''''''mn~''''';' -IS ''''li"l.~_ ,;0;.. ...... , ~!i?'I.J.~~ t. "-~~IiI.I.~ ,~_~~T-~c , W ~_, ~9.~ Wi:Ii .. , !IIi ,.!~ ",~: 1I.i;:I. lL"inlUv.'oIlU", ,1m ~i:::IlI.I •• ~n .. 'u..L.1 ,. .InIJLllI.~ ~L~

,gi,\'f,fi the greil~ {lompleri~' .or any' ,sltngle :re·&e.l!'V'oJr,t. pro'buiHstic, '~.bli'i!iq,~$. whl¢,ll are very good a~ g.e~r;QMjii'g he~ern,geneo((is 1fru!i,PiS:. tI1t'¢ c~efiUt W¢, wi[] ~ later, that: too g:eooltatisncail fb.nruilism. by' ,allQw,ing' tlfe, genernrlm of :ml1lhiplle, scenarios an ,oomp.iltibie w.illh 'llhe ~np.uJt data, (wells. sratlstlcal iDlbrmJati.on. about geom.etr,ies __ .')~ ~ ([urnll!'tlf~{ :ttJf:; lm.c.en:a1i1l!ty rema3n!Dg ,after aI[ 'I:h.~g,e jjrl'putt data !have been, aecenmed fOJ' (~Jim' ~~tQ:ooe Fl_;g" II}, 'm~~ ~$ tti~, if d1;¢J'e ,IS ~e ~!i1g1le Id:~ter:m~~l~M"' re~~' :!n IJh¢ oS~·.Mij_dac¢.

~'.... ~ ,,"olo~ ~ '.~~ .,r.' ... 11 .... " • ~ ~.""h ~'k ~. '" ~~ .",J , ~ ,. ~ ~ .....J!' ~. ",..:Ii_I ~ -'1[1 II'. ", . 'k_'1l..1 'j'. _i11u

HI!;' ili~Ci,'O' (ttl' 'I,!)P.I~'i!. 115 ~_.., I.~ia~; '!<II, WluCi Iang~, !IJ'] :m~ s, 0:l:J!., ··GqlJUprol,ijni.6' or eqlill..iJ.I! .....

oompiltlbl.e wid] Uw, darn. can be ge:m.erat:ed, l~s:in,g a, ~prohEhil.ist~0 approac:t..,

22

Copy rig hted m ateri al

'Ib~ ~]],t~t ojf' ,g,eolQpb fo:r ~babl]lstic t~hniq.ues has .Dol gmW1Ii1 8.8, 'fast: as that ~r ,~;eselVoir e.n,gin.ee:r8. !R!easOI1if.i can'~

,_ '~nea~*'Le$5, ~~'"a--vi~ the D'tiUhem!lticid, f~rma;tii~

'~Ief i''k'''I '·.='""t.''''~i'''C ..... _.._;L."lil" -- - "- nu~ .. ~ 'l ~ ~ "~.-.~ -.._,J; - ." - . f' ~,:: .-'11 -L.lJr"

'~ .':. c ~ c ~ '-.L1i!;(c' 8Ii!ili!':'H~";! ,; ~~,~~JI7Ig ~~, ~~:' ~eQLogL'C!;I.iI, any conS-liSts, (t. , !UlEt~~, more tnan ulppmg

a ,emn '~O dGt-Gnmru:· 'woot ls 'pr.cse:u.t 'estwu-n, '\!rolls"

,_ :p.~fere~e fur ",deter.mi~U;tic ap,p~a.ehes'"

Smn,r:; ,gGoiQg:i!~ts; ~tillJ imist on dl.fmrmtlmn,s betwee:Dl! models sueh as n'le, one oI'Fig, 'lO; w'l:"lli.ich. thoey regMd as ii'de1ierrruiJni:nio';i (simpl~ 'because they are hitw4ka,""~) ~n ~It¢ 'of tho fact ttm.t Ute;f are hL.glcl[y ~~,-[jni.q,lle~ and "random' get;.\~t~.~tl'Ca[ models wbi~h U~y ;sti~]

-~;j)i,r;~1 "'0<; "fI"'''fI_;j)i ........ ]' ~iir;'"'ll ;!;,,~i;, ... rlc.- "':!'IV "4"_"""''"''t''~-,~'i~~''_i'! ',~~ :'~'I-':-' '.'. ~~, ........ ,- -~ .. eh '"I'

,~~iI!">'!.!' ~ ~~,V~~" ~",",,",l i ,e-o--...-!;!.J!" n'C'I!1.!Im. y, ~ ~1NI.1~iUmiJI~IC, oons. ir8il!~'iL\ can '""" usea as .SllIC ~n

'the cD:nSotrliK:tilO:n of the ~ratislk.al, mod.elL The mtJ..5t ~ucces...~tijl ~tQ¢llas:tl¢

'n;,1'ire8ertt"'i'to"foi'lii" ,"'~ ""","' tJ"'Y .... 0<; ......... "''''~]i61'- are fli'')-~e t'Iil"'~' ~ ..... ~~- 'iII,;,n,ll,r;;".. '1';0;,,,,111 V' ",·.-..;,;;"-''''~n-_..j' ,1'""IP"(.!"!!l ~ ~ ~ ~~!;M._~~~!}.Ir. ~ ~'Ip" ~~!i+. _ Iir'l ~1ir1!r."!I.!!J ~,_ ~ ~!!l:l __ !!l~' .JL..rv.-~_. ~.~~~!p ~11!P.'i 1~1~1ii?J. ~~.1-v..e .. @!lll1 'ir.-v.~U!LU c~.b,

AnlJ~mer c.'Lm,~'C_rous rniseo:ooeptio:n is fM~; g~olS~atls.1iC8. s'hollJ:d anI, 'be used !in ~s.iituati!i)fl~ ,of ~t. ·tlf (:ompTere plloglca] :~goor~!lOe~ ~, is ,a, .~ure ~cpe" 'foo' diusaiW!r. G.emtatlslics' is' ,not· a sub3titrlte .Jar geoJo,-g_ictlJ l'gItO,r:aMCC" On the oonir-ary ~ jj~ is. a tool for he'~.pimg tie, g;ro]o,gl.!S~ _:pro~iX~, b~s ,g-Gol,QgLca), :m~del InlQ a ~t~taHve [ru-~d.im.ensionail repre.S:entaticn.

:2:3

Copy rig hted m ateri al

It'i! tibe [c~e cr I1Dat~ reser.voU!'.s~, the tI1ium'ber of wells may be S:l.ldific.ier.ii: to. :infer. ]a.te:ral Q(Jn~itl;uiicy ~!n;f~tion fl"o:m 'Ute: we'U~. fot itlS~~ei' Jl'oume1 ~d, Glome~-H(L~wrdc.~ 1.969' ,0]" Ala:bert ar!I,e, M'assonliat,. 199() hay,~ [been ,;;!Ible to {::alcu1ate 'ho:r,tiironlali iinmilCaim

, ",~ '. , ' .r [ ." . ',,' 'I" [ -7=- 'Id lEt" '7'"0; til '~', . ,."",.,,:. .,. ......'1,.-;" . i "~'''''ii:- "r " v,mograms on ,ma.'1,uro U~. s ",n;g, ~",U'owe.ve.r,.m. !III.\ffi],), eases, "..,..UC.f means OJ. ,g"I!I~elI.1!Df

,qa~fitativ.e inf'Onnat~on :nms.t be lI1S~d._

'The most 'COInmOOl! app.roac'h is '10 d.erl,ve qumti~ti" ~.ater.al jnf01'l]l8'~ion From ,:mai'Og.ue QukropS. {Fi,g" 21)" A ~tY Wge D'U-...rmbt:r [~lf iPij~JI"atIODS :I~ ~~r~:ti'~ab~);') '00 tl\~S topic, s~e for in&a.nCCI B.ryui 'et :F~im',' 1993 er :l::>reyc£ e~ a'~, ]'99,3\, Suciln, wtc.r~ :Sit1.:1il!.i~5 ,nills~; clem~y idienufy,~ from the begilrumngt. 'the scale of' 'vmiatiiJfl that is qrua:ntifle{i':, qlltan't1t~ve, 'O"~';'I ... ",ii " , . .M .: lill the '1-".""\"",'. "~~l "if':" •.... t'c W!I:"'~, Will c.c.i!lU ... ~l':: " ,"(",,~, 'c',' :, ,~ .. 'c; ': :., ~n •. Oif:Uil!;!".l'OIt ,c~O .. ~ .. ,. ,~~41! ~~~, 00 pe~I, ~ ,JI~ '~, Ut, ~,~,y ,reql;!J,l[e ~Jliuger OUleIUpS

t'h::m q~tmtifi.eatl,{~JiI, of ].ittuYJ.omf variaU,on, wl,(n~Cl 'Unl~s. Ra .... ~~ns; ,and Be.ucl!.e:r ~ ],988 preseni.ed, ;,1fI! exrerusiive fmldy ,~eadi:CJg to' the cal~ulatBOOlJ ,of ~~tholcgy mri;Q$l'Olmr5 on 1l~d;;8ihire, :filuv,io",deltaki: outc.rops. At. a smaller seale, :pe~ph:f$ica1 p1I1l.g ~urement$, ,and, mEPj,-petmeilmeter dar.a w~E, o:ilten 'be used 't'O, ~n ~~I8itkailJ lnf~t.ioo, ,aooUl~

",: ' I'~ ''k''I:';', W','!'~] ':., wlt'EIii', dii'f6~'"f'~' l"nirll::til;: ·ie.s i'if'~,'l r' ..t, ,!II ],iJlfII'fi;, ~':' "'l'1

:pcnIil.G'.jl;IJI] lily ,:Mfl;;!Mom! ~~n ~,~~I;',I,~~ ~L~ ~~q),g~ ,_ \, ~ J' ~eii ""~ ~,~, _7)' ~.1' = ~g, r .

:s.ummaflzes: '~Iw:maimJ. :~~ at w!lfi.k:h qt.:!arFliti,tati"'~ d\ata eMI! '~, d,eri,vcCI! [[Om ooterc0p8" For ~~ (ii;me4L~h:m, of c~~, $'t"!ales~ e~tensiiVe work,:has aiw been :PfOO1J.ce.d and ;summar,ited [by (reehan 'Gt al, ]'986 [CF~;g, 72).

iI'io~.,itl, .~-.! .. :a:. . .,..,~,~""", , ,h .. mi .. ",",.,""""."

~~r· [~~f.lliW'U'~ i.'- ~I· .~~ 'iJ'~I- ..-~:~~

It liS ,o'~V,iOU5 nw~~ :j;¢!mj~, Icrnfttrm,atJ~ 'W;iiU bG 'U~ mQt¢ g~, mn.£e, q~~ne:u' w.U'n results ~~irtd, wilh, if~h 't'W]5 ,;jS ~ ~nd-~~l:iIg ~. Th~ art, nYJI1i,ewus: e~amp:l~s: 'f ' rn' rtf '.arll· ~"!$d s,ci-c'" it: , .. , '.w-s E ~a'" "I ~ ..... , 'h .. 'fl" 74 '''l~'~ '" . -and

'0 ' e::~: , . .0,' m '~y~' l' : '~ • ~;~I!o"';" , ''"mp Jl! !!o1J!C: as~~g" ," WI' I . ~ :more· , ,

more easy to obtaln ,and will provi.& ~he 'Ij',is.i.on (If' ~:nera1i g;e61Q.gie.aiI, ,conti!nm~,y' lhat eaanot be obtained :fimn lD oo~oop, smdies, Tbe.re, Is ;IIi l1Iuge, :aIn'olinti ,oJ shillrow ~.ismii.c data '~at~ :Itf intelPre~:ed; cOIDild karl, to a muCin, betnei 'l!IR&:rst:mdling or ,1'!e$ei'Vi)lr ~'~j~~ in 3D.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

Ia the absence or any' ,geologic::"1 :~~t~~l'O~ alwut l:lltel:a~, ,continuity,. results from """"""MiUfe l'e.~ liav~ 'nroved, Ito b¢ ~(Ul! aJJth,Ou",h 'i;r;n."':!it: Cafe] ,should be taken in ,MalIUz3n~

r~w·~ w.·~w ow .... w ... wwww. w ,t,'!"w. • - ww _. ~ •• - •• ~-, ••• _ . - - ~ ~~. ,.. • c., _ .. "" ,_ ,.r.'--i

them, A 1.3'0011: and ]:990' :ha,v~ shewn iIrow v.!IetltesllS ClO'tlkl pro~iile, ,In fbMl ali o-n, ;it!OOU)t '~h.e width ,of' tm'b:iditk, s~d bodies (fig. 7S)" 'Ilb,¢,y ,com;"bi_FLGdJ 'i%~, ]ntfo:nnatio:n 'Wj~h bOO'jmfit~, v~,~o.gr.aITiS ealcuillaitd:f'OOm well data (Fi;g~ 10).

:F.lUt et al, ]:99] 'med ~:o' ililoorporate :furithe.t:' ge!l)logicai, ,conSnrafntts; into' '~e models, 'b:y' i~ltl1l]l.y ~il,g tbe ~\ogl~t. '~ draw f~,~di~~~ d~~.rlJbiI~ ~'ne, ,g~{I!l()g±cal miOd~" Th.en the goosta~i:sticaJ: iSo£Mam "learns" from these :im.age.s, iib.e mm.ensioJiJ.8 of 'the V'ar,i!l)~~ 'bodlei:!" m'td 'U'Se5, the ,feooe--d~.grams ~ C'Ol]Js~tariTI~s In n~e mOOe:~s, '[',tl~s ap~]'o~cli.J, w.as ,applllse, t.o 3, NOliii:h, SG.a, R~fVlO:lr [of coastal m:mrns ocitiFIJ (M~, 78).

'Co.(K, et al, AAPG94~n~ at a ;s:maUer seale, also caicalated vario,gr;a)'[].8 J.ro.m, hand'OO11$~t,ro ~s-~di~g~ ~ef!~ j~$l?!.red ~~oom R~"bh~, (.f';~g; 47)

Copy rig hted m ateri al

AeUl~I.y·; ~me Of the ,e31lli'er' applica~ of ~tali:~H~ ;siml;!!])~~· Were two-

ditntMlsi.ui'!i:!il .. '~.i'i thei~ :sl~ler' ft."""'~ these atui!l11li~~ ~~.:I. :iLli, ·In .... D~ .~·L : '1 ~, ' " _," c, " ': '-~

"~,, .. "" ""~" "" .. "'r .. ~ .. ., .." ".L-1.L"'" .. ~"""'~ ""~ ,,1;,11 ""~ ~,t' ~'" ~u~ ,~-yer~"'fe:iag~u,

\,~]iw.ii (liE' FG~[ophy,5J;c(;!ll :PIop¢tti~.s at we:U~., :Foc :lliManor::. M$. fro shows four :r;ea]ismams. ofa oomjill!uo.us iPMmnete:.r map' generated 'by ,eondiriq.m.aJj 8~mu1.aI1i(ion. The values ~t t'he' three: Icaf!llrrQ] tpoin1l':: are tIile SaJ!I16 in ~ rep]i~a~oo_ These :fOO!F ,reaU~ti.oo~ :sH:t~rt the fullaw]t1(g pmperneg;: M, itfe.ntj~'~ (&ph~il!) 'variti;gram, a "m'ilar. hiis-to ',,," ',~_ and ~hey all ~:...::."" "~- ~~"~"lil~'~l:~I:..<;. "~-"-'~\,: ":,":~; :- ""~"_~ ~l ' 'I'::~ ,,_~~.~" ~'1;~I:.'I·';;~' ~~mn', ," t'~ "[;,, .. LLY.IJ,Q\iI( tn'!i' ... ¢'i:5. ..L~ ,m!ill.liiJ;il.lmnS me QJi~i (:8.R'U ~mpro!jili51ue m u[c sense Ulat they

wi, sbe '~hII] ,~ii51ti.stk:iUl (If"OpGrtielS oo]ie¥~cl, 1.0 be those of '~e actual {~,~J m~, The use Q:f ~.OO S<tIi'algh~fb.m~ 1D C0ndll~ooa] S~!ln:"lati~, ~,~~" n_,e~ C~D Prol¥~

"",...s', ~ ,f~ - '~, ';i'\i'I'" _ i'rII"- ~"!.111"j~' "n t''''_' """''' - -f' l.."- 'k ",,",.,f~ .. __ " I" . ' - ".", , .. '. """"';..:1 :&

'~l;;il.il!L w[ :11la::L'L,lllIg :1;~~, ••• ,I:~,uh.y L '_ii!;i ~t: ;;) . J.~'ll.SU • .",.~,S!OO'S'" ,caycI~' \:RS, enceun .•. eren J,QI'

il/l;5ta:noe with bxaidlcd-!Sl!reiims. d!epo:si}i;5,) 'wh~ ]aMual vma~~OliIs 8itt more .im]J'Oftmti tha

've:rti.cal (lnes. ' , ~

:M~ ~mpo:rtMt ,IS .~~ use o:Jl2D oomcl~J~~nal :sl.muilia~km. :[ur ~1te 'sv1!::luatiotJ, ;fir ~trucl1l~ '~.maerta.ililti'es. cTi.his l\las been one] of '~he, me.s.t ,i[J(Jie:resrimg ,ap,plicat!DJ1IS of po.~tiics SG! Car_ U;!)ualJl,y" ~;fbmliMiorIJ aooUit the ,depth. qf it selsm(\c, ~ ~, ~l~~ ~. ~n .g)~, Wid, 'by 3D cs:ej~nrlc; eithe.r, ,in time or :UrIi de,plih. Ii: :~Si 'weJ!l kQQ'w", t:b't, beesuse of the sma'U, number Qf 'WC:U~· (es,pec~.a'Uy M :fi~ld appmliSid 5,ta8,~) Wid '~b.e llMeriamty affectliDg the: S11:l:Stn1c, kn(iw:l~dg:G of' SoI:~SmlC mat:b:rs, ~s ,o:l1ten ,af'fectOO! ~' great iliImce:rtai.!IILtY.. Wnils: illit'tCe~n~:r' dhee~[y imP:lCts,lll!nool'lJ'3inty em, 'GoofiS .. ,Roct::,·'Vt'!lmne {GRV}; l,il;:hl()Jb. Is, in shnp]ost 'CM~, ~ ~'k 'v.ol~~ bem~ ~ :res.etli'OU" ~M HyQN~ll,ctbon.-W·ate:r ~t~t (H.W'C),. CooMt!Q:na] -~rnd.:ifti~n w"l1 k '; sed! ' , Uci - .," T - "j' t:", .. rate ~'" 'b~ ;;. ',' ,.- ," :ID

".." _'''~" :iJLIlU _ _ _" ",L~, U, "" 10:; con,~., i;1i g~ne. PO,S:51 e ,scenano,s Xi{'

~'k.. d 01"lll1.· ~,~,", " • ~ u .. ," 'Ik...- " L ~ n "__~--.:II '1:.,..,.1. ~H ~~...i ~'i..~ .. •

'~.!.~'''~¥'''_~~ map Vol' :n: 5e15JIIIC; :mar,!!d.'.1" oacu, :scel1l3NQ OOD.SIJlil1l..llW'U! u.1 tne W~ IIl!IlIa iUn;;. 8e.1SrnrIC:

] nfomiatio:n I(C~ '". 82,)., '

.~. l~ •

26

Copy rig hted m ateri al

8;~on. G~ ,al~, 1'996 h1J.rvt :V!"((!.~ ,il ~ ~imp:l'(:. and .I.imikii approach~ bll1¢ ;somerw:hilt '1i8sJ.e.r to uiSs and! u&.r:stand" The.ir 8lptJr®:\'Ich com:hi~ (jof 8.8 Sll!ming: tna1!: an illJl.Certainty' map' (or bG~t~r a. map of Ufl.OOl1Jlilitty "i'ect01'S~. wiilh. a. d~re.ctjoo. depending~ on the· diJ!p 0:[1 ~¢

.;;(i" f"1~ '.' ion take In~\I'o. .. ~·;,...;t mi ... rai~"""', ''"'"'''''P.li). '''':'''':"'~..:I ... ~ .~ i;j. ... ~ ... :.e~. ~~c ,'. , . ~., .'1,.' :.~:' '._"~ .. ~ .,;!I,...., ~1It~,I!!i!lCe. 'I!V ,~~~ ~ ='I-Y ~~"-"'~ =~o~ ~,""J'O.'\'C'J ...,..I ..... ~ ~. ~il'!.l- 'IJfr ;;!I_M"" !I!.Iy :tli geopll~W.15~, I.U' !I!IR'

dGpth ma:p' of' a, 5¢is . mie herizon, 1bey ,c·ombl.~Gd ·iih.o depth. map and 1111.6 de.prub: l!I00~ai~ty f.llii:)11'1 la8l!l1·a: 'ruke aeostattnl.ca1 Fonna:i!ism- b~' iS1rnpl,..- mli"lli~lulnill' iIbe de~~ 'unce~"~ t'I.'J' '-,-: .n ,-

-E,' ~ ~~~,t;< '.", ' - ~ -- , 'J' .. J' --~- ~-~1t".;[- '" - -- --J!".~ --- .. ~~ _~In-J"~

by' H)e. oondJiiMtJfiai ~lmufullQD of u tom map of mean .:rem and ;s.tandard dev.jat:ion otI.e ~fl~' :R.:t).' The. iI1wa:ve~.et'iJ~t'h"' of tMs ;f:D'fO~' wa~ "Yi't't'ti',..U~ ~. ~'~. r.o:ioito;(i"": ~ If [t-·Ii ... · v:~'" ,

~- ~S" - , ., , - ~ - -'-b" . ~ - ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~- --~ ",'",,\! .. L~ ~.-~ '''-'J:- -~ ~ !!."""'~-'" Q~. lor' • 'I'Iuog.l1IillI.

'nus alilow,e:d I hem. ~o obtain. !!Gqw.r.l.p.rllJbab1~'" &.pt'tl. maps, ~l :ho:m.ouriIn,g the weU data ,and. boonded 'by the .~[J:furmati'on. prolll.id~. by the seismic and. lts .atttoched. um:certai!nly_ A GRV r~. eeuld e.3rily- 'be, ettadred.l'O eaeh ~llipro:ba!b1te. :map~ 'nJn:n~ pt'M'~fiS ·a :hjs~, ·of (]iRV~~~1f'IiJirl!~ the i:ml'lad: CI[' ~l~lIInd unoefl~l-·~.¢S, {In GRV ",-'-~m-,-r'" 1M

.. ~~ - q'~'-~~--"'~AO -~ ~cl"--~- ~~ ~-~- ~---~ ~~~~~~ _0 .... ~~_.~ iLiIiI1I ..... !n~~, .

:A'01i'iI7",,""::·h .. .4: ,'"""'1111''- ~1\'11 , .. ;j. "'~ . ~ ~ ·'1',:. ""'''''''·I~·Y· 1:Wir;1 ... -~·il~_,,:I. to ~1,.-'"o ""oI'WT"" '~"'~':i~t--I'"' C'~~"at--I"'"i' wfj..,~~-~

~.t'!'I""ViJI.v. ,V,I, ..-, .... , __ ...... ~II_11 'i?III "'~Ii l·"',~, IJI '!r~ l.. ~1I_1I'!r1,!iU_II_"''r.'~ l~ ~ ,1_IU.""?IL''r.'I ,1IIi~IrtUJ.:;p- !iJr IINI~NI_'" ...... _~ .. ~~

bOih a :ser.ismic time and iil"i:emge ve1Oc~ty maps ,are: arva:ilab1:e, together with drejr a~Qdared.l[looe(t!lhll)l' rn~

T.Ms ,S!hoot chaptGt !b.38. s:hoWIi :how :2D c0ndiHo:nal. sim.u[atiCllis oouiId. be used to g:e.nerat-e po;s:~dbl.e SC~O~ :for UiC, vad~th:m. ·of ,s, 2D 'Varlabl¢, The e:I06¢ Ilt'lk ~!.wGen. p-oobtis,tiCill.

';;""'l'.;i",~rI111'1:r ';;Iil~. ·1'I1\'1ol""",-'+;"':n·~""· ;fI~'''''''i;'';'·I~''''''''~'"'IlI. 1"~ .-.'Li\'~'-"~i<' '~i~' mn -- c,+ L-; i<'~;rn;<'C'J:II-d·. ~.h- at, ~if ~'i.~;

~.11U~J.IJ .• ~I .... II !i.I.II~II,!L:w ~IJ ~~Il JJl¥l"u~~'IJ.'; ,,-!V'<1Ji _ J..-v..u_,,-. .lJjlj],. __ 1JI'l- ~ ""IL~~'. LI; ~ ~ IUn;:;

qrua~nJ__'__fica.tt.lon. Q:f uncertilinri:es. ·Qn the -de_pllh! 'Gil ~tmo~'I,!ltrol! ~ori~. oo\:W· ,~,pe~. '~ 'be -,~-,- - ,; --£I' wi'd.re~"'~ - q-fj ~ --!ilicali-at'iJ uf r."noertlln~ie& on ~~" locntl.oo. ·lilIf :£~ -~lts, is ~~]I -,

],.H'11!e; . Y -- -- ~ .. ~ ~ .!lJ!m _ ~~ ~ ~~ . ~ I;L. _ ~ __ ~~~ _~ _ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ _ _ _ ~~ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~!WL ~ ~. ~ ~ . .. :iii

:~-se~ topic" :MWiJi'tl¢· tt ,Qt, 1993, ha..y~ :pru.PQ~ ltl~~~lj~8: ()'bjei!;,,;t-·~.a5¢d. mOO~l1m-,g

,:::iI'lI'l""",.., ... iii"~C' for ...... ....." ....... :in!l' .a.,I,.--·I;tO"lI'" ·;f_·I'II~'" il'El~~ .Q~~ I,.·r;j. ~'h'I'~ is 'n;ii~' ""'·11-;'llv used ln ~., .. ""'":t'",t'"~,~~c~rtiQ! ,~ ~~".n,iI,au. -1;;1 [Qo,.dJ.~c.:l •• Il!IN ,liI.Ww. ~["'j~~.J cr..J' )'i!l (JU", Ll .. L'- .L'-,. ulll ..... .I~llCJJ...... . ~. , llJ~c""

:indus~ry'"

Kl'.igine:

80 far;. '\il'e have tpre8etr1ted ,ap_p.rlJ.OO'hf:s -for .generatling {londiti:.o:ruaI. smm'lations 'Qi the

,1:o;~~;Il:,,"~l-rI! ''It: tl~ro');g:lu""li or """"",1;'Ai'iIl'i 'I;!-'" " ",_,",,]1 'l;'!I:lInJit(i'ii"'t""- ",;;'i[ ",_ U"'o' ", ... ..-ll ~h-"', dii'ifiw'"- -.'~ ~-

1;,i!~_o;:!lI:Il~!<!'U!O-J..Q~~ 'Y\I! ~"" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !if'>'.~..,.,.J:o"'---"'.r ~I ... ..,.._ .t"""" . .,..,."",,,..,.,.~,,, ,h~ 1,"". ~ ~u."" IUlIi!!;ll;' ~ ~u ..... n5.l~nS,

!.he goal of 'U]¢;Sit; a,p,p.~o.ac~ ls to .g~li¢ratc ~liiatinns ·of tm ~aria'bl¢ ,of int¢tt:8t 'ilh:at; mimric: '~ liD.kn.oWllJ spatial dilstr.i'Dm]rn!i. Q:r. thi!& 'Yarlab1Je~ .O·bjro1:-'based. :rnodeh h.on.Q\!!f w~dlb-'~Jc'knes~ dl.$ldbutions, var1-ogmm-bued modeJ8 honoul: 'k h~Llt, ·v·a.Goglt'am

_.!Ii_! - W 'L ;Io'h ' iI1 '11._ - f 11.~ ,lj' - - -. -" -! ~ !," 1,.,,-

mIJ ..... n~ erc.; : _0. ~xave sec--1i. i~- at, :,Qt. ,sacu SSt ,0: . W'e.Ji2;, anu H1.~t. !Statl.s~Wru. :r~J;MlQD.iSu!Lp8! .. il

]arg,e [Jjum'.ber of Fepreseniations: CQUJ]d 'fu;e:, g~n.ern.ted, all matcllin,g the we1Jls and the st:a~tical .par:amere:rs. 'I1bi;s. is s.irnpiy· a oonS-eq}u.en.ce >of the n.on.-·un~.qyene~. of Ute ]mQD:lm" The, 'Wells and t·ne· ,!U~~~U¢~l pmtme-t·;xs aFt mol 5iii!ffi:OlDt to, tiniqu~ly canS!tr,am the :m.odcl betwee ... the wells, VariabHity '~eep. dlltferen:t :~e.U$Q'U.(ms ~:;; ,S'impty ~ ·~~me· Q:f ·~.e lUlo~n.l:y .Qffecth .. _g fue :knQ'wJ.1ed.St· of 'nhe :p~tet ,at ~' .ii.¥G.tio .I,oeali.olt Tbe ~!WdauJ. ·de~iJ;Q'~oo. of ~n ~~'~8 '0-£ me l't~i:s.ution.s ,at ,a, fJ~,ed !.ooafio:o i.~, a. 'qumtiflCati!O:n of this 'uncertBrlint.y,

27

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In :nlaa],)" iJ18t.imCt~. g,¢OOhid~tical ~'~ISlftl,oo:s offer ali, ,iniMe;stiTIIg solui~on to the :p.rob1\em of g:e.ne:rating realistie ima_ges, of' the 'v,aDorb'lliil,y m '~he, inter .. wcll ¥QLu:.me, and O'f '(:I,Uafi.t!!(yjn,g ~'~, a~sool3ted uooemlltlty" In $Ome, siniattcns, '~be. :Ii~:~.e ~O!Qlbe[ of Ra'~i~atiCLt'H~ m~' {fvt~h~Jm Ule 'l:L.J)et of' ~o.~~~~.~J ~'lut'ql1e~. woo :may jl[!~t, need 3, simple· rnllI.P Qf' the Y..m~l~l~ (}f ira~i: in (he :ifi~e[-'W¢,l~ 1,iIQ:hui1,~

Comsid.er the a.verage of ,s~ ,geo.statis~ feMscatiltins ali the sa:me, ~.oc.atl.rn!L A ID e:x;~p:Ie, (fig. $S) ~ShOW'8, fum, the aver:ag,e; ,of an conditional 8h~IDilUQP$, ~s a; ,&_moolh :flunc~i~, fm" smoO'~hel' ~ aJ[,Y of' the ~jsa:~.Q'u:" n also :~i:'S the wen~, ~iill.Oe Uts ,~,vemg~ 9cl' RW'I;SaUOrls aU ~D!.:i_rlng nte, cwGUs ~t ei~so bonOU:l' t'M we:U.s. This 'smooth. inl'eIpQ]a1img funetlen, ,equal to '~he ill,iVerage ,oJ al[ oiJJiJ:diti.onail, iSJIm!lilarioru!" :Us called

"1.,~"" -' ~," lj',.. ' .... , c'hec'lo-:e(I d~t lh 'W-:,;,' 'ft'~ "'~I, .. ·I .... ,,· .. ,+··1 '-; -,,,,1':,- - ... , ':. ,t'k-

,I';J;.I;,gm~, " ,~j can ~ _~_~ ~-",,_, "~Ia_, __ e ~~m 0_, ~~I!;i. ,._,_g~ H~", lIS, Il'IJioA eq,U!:!-:JI ~D .I~

''!/,::uiogram of the 'co~.dijj[J;g: ,cood.itilO:m1.;d &ilt:ty.lat~O:ils" 'The :mo.st diftic·-Ullt: ln lh.i31

u &'11.....::· .. ", .:1 - d·-' 'II· ~ -. "_ ............ }Ll". - d ..,j

'pt'.es:e:nl1.anon. O,~, ,1UI.lgJng, as. com~: 00 COn Inona.~ iSlm~~.atlDnSi ~.tS ~""";"'L.I'-l" to un emi3[J!i.!I.

~ C(lnoep~ 'und!edy.ing, 'both, ,app.roaches" n.es~ ceneepts 'will, 'be exp]ain.e4, lil~i~g: ~ &llnpl.e <;:v.;: artlp,_.l:e~

Y ...... u . ,,:~. ,,1;-, -..:I .. ',,' ,~~,:~- W'I;T '-"~~" , - ... -"I!,..:II_l"o: -- - v~, :,-iI.;._'I .... ,~ .. ~1-' - ~'Io.-v~:1 ,""".'Ii :'''1i'---d J....Ct us pJ)i:1~ n.G~ 0;[ ~!1~S: __ 1,,"-IUI:g, !Omn ,:;!II1t.!' ~ .. Ine, a vanatne ~~ng msva ue ~ or .Ii ~.Ii.!I.mi:II. s

or tall)~ is, o'bt~, A typita~, sequence of values c01J]d be the (Jn~ di.sp:la;yed, In ,!Fjg. ,go" Otbe-r simililar seqlIlenoes can 'be, ,ge~r:\I.tted. by fj~mpl.y '~oow'Wg: the Cil~!l ,agalJl ~ Qain;:'

~'Il._"", - - - ........ :11 •. ~.~ ~ -- "'f' ~'L"," .~ - - ,', ....... - - .. f o· ,,,,"A 'I ~~ ~1- - - ,", '~ ..... - ~~ ....... ~'t....~ - .. 'III ............... the 1~1.c:5'e are ,1,l~IS~!I!.I,OJ]S ;,.;.' lUI!;;; ~~:ru:e "'-"_ I. ~'iI!- " ''!fa ue:~ ~!IU!!!JoY l.~~:y iniJ! ~""J:!'J:vUuce .' ..

variJabilit'j' OF ifue eX,peomeIl!t.. What ~s ilhe varrogramn, of these :rea[i!sati.ons:~ ,AJjI, va])m:s: .-, ,--'-'J -~, ,,,,'I'" -- ~'M.lii~ ate ,itndi1:nPndent from eaeh o.the.r:- ,~.eadir~~ 10 ,il.:fl:o~ 'va:Jtlt)li'I'r,ilm - ,alsn :samp,l;l:I '!;II_vog --~- ~~ - -~~ ~ ~,F- - - -- . --- - -- • ~ - -- ',0 -""" ---~ ~

called a "':P!li.I'G t1M~~~ ~«t" tFlg~ $g.)~ A'~ e~h, L\t)¥,i}tj.on; if'~e :~~~1Ilty to d~,ilW «) or l is U2~'~ avel'ag$ 'of all ~'he It~disall)(ttJ~ ,18 ttbe f~cti~n eqUl~'1 to 0.5, '"K.rlgil'l!_g''' In 'tbl.S Yet)' ,sillmpie sirua~1i.on Is not'hilln,g 'elWse 'i~.an, '~IIC· QQn~t!lm, :liu!JiI.cti(rl~ c-.qiU.~ ~~ US e""~w:tleJC!,t: ,AiIlIrl, '!.he v,ari~, ,of 8Mb a, crnnrst8!Jijl ru[!J.ction irs iJ].ii)l a 'pUlot· [aU,gg.st, ¢'_1f'GC~ but a 'fui[Lct~.OlII, ~Il!a~, tu.lre.~.o f~ all. ~is.tliJices:.,

V"_' u ·.!Il .. ~ "'~"" j~1 .._" -'_",".JI ........ A - u ~ -. d'·-'-~

.r ... ,;r~gmg' ,1.15 a W~~~~bIC· ,Iii";';"",!t:-'':;' Jablon :i:'ElC~j~W. as. 'Cgmp.;...:~, lQ &IIViLU~.ttl,{lnS; can Ilm:ni:t!l,

,sJ.m.Ubhl,olll. generates, 3j, laTge :~Umber of ,~~u.~preba~ble; r6a1.isaU.:QD8, but there is only one ,kr:ig,ed :~im" Kcigi.lI.g does :ooi, 'p.re~:end to Ie~ent the actual Yi1iJJa'b.iiity of' the ~tlldied variabte;. It. is, '~hB :iJwm.cii.on tha:1. ~m:.il.'eS,;, on 'Ole, average .• ~ dijfrerence ''W~t'h poos.ibls V~ue8 of t~, ,,",a[i_;d\les MiMle-r ,~tl.il:d"'"

Copy rig hted m ateri al

cSQ :far'~ 'We nave diseassed krriQ'irn,a onlv :in r.reilation, w,utlrJ, ,(lonri~moU8, 'lj'W'ia'bl~; :'Iluch, ~5,

~ ~ Ir.

:PQrQs.~~y, per.m~~IHity or depm" Whllt. wOil.l:ld, be, tlit¢ $!luh!'~knt '(1f ~tiiung ~fbt. '~:e; dj;sCICt~

Yi!ria:~I¢$ ~t],(jd,Jed earUer.? :r~l(}w dt;ci¢S ~jl~~tig g~etaHze ,~, ipaj~a1QU' ~m~I~, Q:r Q(b:jcct~

L -..l ",--I ,t~"l W' 'Ik..... oiiL '! d d~ '". f'L-""'::" ~h "'r' UMliiU m0Ur:lJ.'3,[;>"¢: elm "~p I<Ij~ Pt~iy w!¢"ioiiL~;rl1rtl,('ll U' I';.u:gl'm:g as ' •. I:i aV1nag:e1 0:,

OO'.Ildiliiional, simnlatlans, In. the ciliso o:ff' an 1indkat.m ,""mabI:c ttakillJ,g: valaes zem m' one, krlg~og, Is $um.pily the ,a.verage;., at any given ]ocatii(mt. 0'1" alIJ oondUl'Cltta'l ~imtl]atiQ:_~, 'iF,hi~ rmruii~ Uiat,,~ U! sifmulati'on.~ -Uf.ly take Ul¢; 'Vldu~ z.Gm or QfiCj, ~ w,i~] u8ti.alfl,y' ~ake :non~jni:ege.r values {ex;oopl at wells, themselves, where kri;gjng i:s, equaJl to ~r'o {(IJ Q:~, ,dei"IP.iiidinc.' on, w:hich, 'lades. is 'i'lreseJIrt. 'nhelie~ I]b\jflio lIo"'i:); It ;"., clea .. 't ....... t 'L:; ... ' .... ~"~~, ,~~ n :' 'I !"h', "" ",If'"'" Q"""~"" " " """ = ,I",," """ "~" ~ 'I,~ "0" ;!~" ,~" WQ!! . u,~ MlD~ng CamJ" iLll! '~ IS

.situation, ~~.m.p:ly be ~'tlt'er.pre[ed, ,eJS u :rrohaibjjlity~ tns· cloSG11 ins v,~UG ls to one, the iIrl,gner the nmtmhiilit'L' 'that the imticcator value Is one, This :hig'hh~"k"t!, ~,j)-niir. 'iih~ foot thJi:u, ~~:' ~ "0' ~.

it'.L"-"'-"'" ','i! . " • """oP" ...... -v-'""" """" "" "~"""" """riI,glinD ~~

~iff:~t. :f-mm. a :reaii$rlo, :re,p.~~tl!taJi6.l1 - 00" a ~~~t!O~aI, &'ijm~~ti~m. ,_ of ~ 'Varl8!01~

jI'o.T~."" ~lhe'I"',,;"" l-...l ~ '·ne." l'i> 'h)~""" ~:'L ... 'Fl!inc~+~"~ ~''''''''' ,"""'""'!..". '"'," " ...... , ~"" . , .... ~ d"-=- ..

~;,!Q,nc:", "~~~. ru,j;g:li . .t"i ,",,' ~atTl! "Ho;;;; ,"'.~ "c'uQlJ! ~.I;I""" mumml~ ~u,.,,; a,YlNilige iSq,IJ.I~'~, 'lucrence

w"·!'L, ,an '~' .' ' .. "''I-.'Il~" n::.a'n ... ~":.,,'"·,;"·" etill.1i~~, ' ... , .~,~",4"~" .. '"1 .:'":'~i;I"""" ,I 'i" " .. ···dl.·;' .. , 'j<~', :"1, "" hH """"" ,po~,,,,,~e """" ,,"~0;!4,JOJL'!! It'll."" """I;-U! tJ~ roJJI'!'!!JJ~I.o.na, Slm1il.l moo" dli~rolllCmg ,!I;.r.lgmg

aft-er condiHon.a1i :9J.IDildatio:n!lo .~s a dilffGmm; appt:Jtiacn nom, most teiXJlbooks, because we 'beJjierve that: the di~, 'bet",,':een kr1.[iin,1i ~and, ~ditb;ma.l, lS,imUJ'lat~o:ns :is ,emJ,e,r.' to

Copy rig hted m ateri al

In lll¢ C~ [~t Qbjeet-b#Sed, ,mode'is tile ge.ne:r,ahz9nion, "xl krlglit1Jg., ~:llU~O'u,SIi :not, fiJiWRd :hi ~ ~iJ~~r~il!Ju'¢> ls Qb!w,ious~ i:~' the o:~j~~-l'!~ JRQde'I is, ~am.pled on. a, :f.t.gl!.llar grid. mghll,g; IS again the i3.iVeI1agc of 8ilJl pcss~ble facles 'va11l19 ,:n 3 gi,v.en. ~L\Cati~., 'wbiidl m~.y ~ 'be i!llte[prel'¢d!, :UIl cases w:her.e, ,on;'~y two faedes are ~n~; a~ ,Q, p.rom:bility of oc:c-umre:nQC;.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

~,r.uiln.m,g t'hs· fb}w :s.imulatio.l) oeer 100 cQnditic]tnill s.imu~j;tl nn s ad] a:1ltn~,gliilg 'me rc:SlU!l~s Ql'

~ ~~~l't'i!g ~'he: filnw ,Si~m!llati,on Q'ver' the, bi,ged, JnQdell'?

CertaIDUy file· :~~uill~: wHl ~ diiff~t~ ]f we '~u the ,case of 8, ~~ 'maiic yaT'1~b~e~ wndillEioTha], SlimulaDiom; will, ,:;how IlIiJ.'Cn vrurkti[Qll~ wh1i'c.h, will, Impoot Flow'. On tbe ,olhe~' ~d!. '~ kJ',ig,ed :~'1~, ibee:rus.e 'nile Viar,hmi.e is, v'UlJ' erratic, win be, very' :5-'mOOth: now ~d.mt:lla:tin~, en SlE:h,;3 ,m.od~l win ge:urale 'veil srnoolh. results. ,ID~ ,jf!; very 'un'll!kel:r that the ~'ve~ {1Q~, ii>f :fllo''W' ~imUJJ)~tl()l'lS Q .. !!he cond!d~t]QI Si~mi;UiorJ{s, wm be '~Wiv,~IMi:t: t-o

+'1. .. , oo ......... """~ ~ fl.-.=' S·.'Iifr'I.,l"'"t: ...... ""0"' ,.,'L .. , ~",,"\ ~-:U 'm-.!Ii-I In .,., .... 'I).-""""'t" ~ -.'III 'Ii-.ai...."" .. , ~ ""......" 111 '. "' ear'

,Ulcy'i u I Md.~.~w UJL ;U"I!II! ',.~J.-um -WI •. U !I.h). n.a~~ " ~c.. ' ,.lu.uIJJK=cIIlW Irc m W.a::aJiJ~l 1J ... 1..r.,u'-lJ, .,~c . __ :

~r~W.nSi [(~h :IU :ii!o'~' s!muj;~~ must; 'be perl~ o:n ooMtiti-~ ~~m~()¥\~ Mid, ,a¥~~. wbe~, ]in~ opermioos (~\W]] as ,c~_lliililatjo~ ,of ~a.gt, valtiGS) call H dir:ectly peifonllGd om, kirigcd m.ode4s. Fig, 94 i9lUllmari~ t:he discussion 8:1J.o'Il!t the. :re'i:,llli,vt medj't~ of ~'gL~ and CQndiLtkm~, si.!n~.$.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

]'~ '""';1" ...... '"n-...:'~-.l .. ·",,;1]'1;;'''' ,.L,,;' "''''''::OOro:rm- based ,;.,_k_=nij...,." "'ool..J 't._ ::Inpl~-.!II "0 . ..l~._""_.",, .... r ill .,....,1PI.a JJI.J~ . ~,~UJJ~ 'iPUJ!.U ....... - ~nlRA ·r.·KI:.~~.I'" I ~ .~ lL~IUU~~1:JI ~" UJ ~ ''"T..: ~ IL.' !LL:Qi~~~lc""; ~c~:

""""""it!nU"'U~ .... IlifiL9bl\es_ Sln:'lUi~;:r;tifli'li!l. ,are, ~"'~t .. ~: ~~ .. ...,.'~I di~~"", V",ri ... - ,1"dI1lr;i, ' : ~ ,,1 ... 11, -, .-.":'~

"""'-!',~.L~~ ~_V ~__ _=~~_ ~ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ ~_~ ~ ~ ~~_ _~ ~ ~ ~L~ '!2,!! - .. ""n ~~, _ ~~,,,,,~~,,,,,,;.~ m Ir!II;IJiS, AtlI;J,

hhstQpams of ~h¢ moos:lI~d, 'V'a:FEa'lblG8" Un,C~rtBiin1ie;S ,alia quantifloo [b,y ,g.enerati~g, a tI'.IIJIDbet'" [0:( possible i~U3ige,s, ()f:' 'iirerusations:'ii an sathsrying Ilhe above ,st~tiieail, ¢Q~g,t.r,(ti~t5., The, S'C~]ty !Oi well. data, [~s,peciaWf ,II~: ficl\d"ap,p~isa1 S.1ag~~ ~p~a!lns, tile, g~t 'uncertamty,a!f&[}~hl,S ~~~ h¢i,!f:oo,gt:r1:eity models, 'I1~e.ref'ore, ii'1!my ol!1n.et' a'~Mlabl¢ diiI~a;, eve~ :if' a~ffl"t:~e>d 'b.y 'UlMert.a']Dty, m__,U~t: 'be u~ to b¢1Je-r Ci):mSJtr,~ln '~e modeJl"i jn d1e lI1Jter-w¢:l1 '1,!Io.hU1D.G"

A hllr-ge.r ,rr~mber. of uta, can De acqu~red, 'lfbal provide ;8, 'bette:~, control en :hete:roge~itf ,rnod.eJJling between wens (FJig" 95) toge.tlIer w.im, well. data, seismic and dy.~k data, ~ '~s'iii!!lIiy :!r'llEt!1E1ible, 'W'e! w,iii now see how Slli:J~, [diQta 'CWl be ij$~, to OOII..'5lOOn the

h"'te- cr-riolj"I"n,",4'11 ' ..... ""~ .. ,J,; Id: 1'I!ij ,.,m vit,fr~"ld ~,~l,.._.. il:!iiig <:j"C-'L t- "" comb :;,.. .. -~'II 'a"IJ ..... ,il-il..~,- ..,j.., ..... '1"'"1

elM-. -" ~[~~. ~J~L'I ,IUlUU~~. . !I=UJ,~ Ii ·~u ~_''''''!I.I. c l~li.~ 'I;['".J"1_'." ~.! Ju '~-.... .~ i:tl1..IJ .1r~_ ault."; '~lhp.'~ .IJJ.J

'Qroer 'ttl, !je~Uce the "sampl.e SpilGe';' 'Q:~ the :t'i.iU~~rber Q{ t'OO(1)~ti~y.eaJJ m~l-~ ~o~'Ub(L¢ wj~h lhe a~~lable dat~. '['wo, ~~n elasses of' ~!h win, '~ ~~std" D.. feet, mGl~fl,gds iiI!I'6 used in silU:il.tions w:tlt:Fe the Qo;i;tSiro-~fiin:g ~ta, can 'be written as a &~ern:ti)niiS~k: nm.otion. of the, simlilbt~d !l'Sprese:ntatimt" For itJ)S~am.ce, lhs. seismic ,~:spo:ncse can 'be d.ertv-ed, t:rom, mJ! 3.001l.8tlc rm:pedla:m.ce model 'by KD conveh .. ULQl1 or 1be weU test ~e~ib;ill~ty esn ib¢ expressed as an 3,ve.rage ;j)f' lllie, :permeabllitl.es: itt gnd ceU.8, ~yt!"tiuiidmg: 'the we'll. ,o.~, lhe:, otl1er' hand, ±ndirect methods :simply iiiiSmme, that some sort, of ~tati~tk:;;!!'! 16~iQn!illi~ ,~Jsl$ '~een, the 'V,~:rhuile s&rro:d~ at o-ne '1,Oq},1:Lon, ,~nd, 1itJ_t;

- ., , r~,,,,-- F "~"........... I~'~ .... ~ "d

(lOJISll\::UI.mng lIl!lV,j,~:"'.:Qttii.m" ,·ur llrus~i;Lii.~. ~y:C iJi.I,~ •• dU1C¢' :mtOy,gJ.liS :may :Pf0VI ~

:tnf-O~Jrui.tiQn about po.~-osit,y throu,g'h po:ros[t,y versus, :itOo-ltsti>c :i'D~-dance ,cros&.p-'lOts aad ',; ~ c':In.eulJ"rt'll' l~f'Ormatl~t'i. C-iU'ii o:rte.~ be ~vM 'fro 1 !J"j, i'lora!llr~ esUm:;ue,il.

])!!:, . , ., lilL" ~ .. , ~ ~~~.. ~. ~ .~.. ~ ~ .. ~~ . . .. ~ ~. . _ c , • ~~~ ,I;' .. = ~ ~ ~ s· .-,. - .. ~ .

1·,·1~ fth-'-Qti,~ - ~,~'-'lvlMfl toiit'ililrti~']nt1)ii,- -~a---roBclle.sJ"J],·, - C~'i--'~- E>----,]

n. $FV~ii Q, ~ ,I;' C::L ~ n~ g~, . ~ ~ ~ ~~~ .. dj _~~ __ !tee. "PV~"" ~ ~~ - !.:~~ '.. .~,~8~~;g;, =~tern~

Dl',in" Collocaioo, Col(F~ging".")I" :Mady .111 ~he methods so]ve 'ihe general pro'blem. [0:( map,pi~~g: iIIi 'vaJi'.irible ,000000y irno-w,!l! a~; the 'wells: iJJs~ng'l 'between Ilh.e wclls:~ infor:mation ~.ced! by mlJ amliary vm;aMe oo:rreUared with Ilhe mt~.rpo1:ne.d variable), Bxrump:~e.s ,are: '- PO:mb!ning Yrl'f:U vek""~ii~s wiil:h seismic 'j!e:~ooldes. to g~w ,il'velocit.y model '

~ ~''''',-~:'-_~c!)- ~'~~;o.:;.i!,(i~A i'iiI!'t-i'i""i;'il'II;.I~I""",,,l_ t'i"'i'ilo~i~ 'wljil1c tu:rri;'w[~~~.I~~ ," - '"~-A ~: .] .. ," ,....F,

~JJ~rulil1llIl& "''VJ;~ ~""'". "'e¥-!,!! Y"".'",¥,ug oorriI!i.L ,!:!lI'I"" •• & ....... ~ .~ ,I}~U ~'I>;]DIi!, , ... ,r,~ u.~n. ~ num ID,gS ;OIL,

non-cored wells"

.. cO!nbit't!ijn,g Sreli,jimic al!1rr:iJhuL'tes. witrb tIiI.et'-:lo-gr~s ,~t the wdl:5l to obtain ~ .6e:ld-w.id·e ;i1cH'(I;g;ro;siS :m.a [p'"

~ combll1!ung :5~~5oIDtC~ ~~nct5 w.lth ~U pttIros,ilti~ to ,~Mr,a~~:s. VOro&~lY' Illa-p."",

Many tpl!ibJjs:b.edi 'i.}Nample& ,illC lID and cornb~ne Ii ~pa:ra:rncte:r [dc:liy,ed, from se.ismic w,ilih a .p~ete.r :know1I1I, m: wetb, on1y., :~bi1!hed teclmiqUJeS: {iatn, usuil!liy be appUed both ~'O ~t.tQn__j]J slmul:~l!~$ and, 'kdglng ~whic'h :!~ an, ad~~.m_g,e '4\'ver- d~~1, rnetiloos. willen,

~~- ..... - oj!- - 1f... ..... ,; .. ..A - ....... 1 .. 1 "~ ~ ~-~ r - ~I:'U' ~ ~ , ~'I~- 'Il. ... ~ .. l''"-'" - - - ~ -~.,-", - aI ." -- 'I~-" __

w~~n ~ :~,,,",,,, 'ri"i;I!',"", ~~ ~,'n~mr-~lrK! __ , can QIl Y ""'" ,a,PJu~ ro ,COfiI:u.ltiOJIi . ,S.U[]lh.:dlOJil.SJ"

M'rt;"t ri'r;i",p."'~FI" ,,,""'"n.r;.;."'j:i, ti"I;-,.., lft ...... """""'}u.-i\-"" i'iAF1llr;riWi".~""" F"~rfrl ,j'''''; '"_~'Il.s ..... 'a ,.,,,,, il-''''il-r:t ... d'

~.~~-I;I~' ~"""!ili!w~~ ~l.':'~·T711'1'~ l!l~~ =--=r~II,,~~!ltr.-li.I' ,t,'! .......... IUIIi.I:'r'lT."IL 1~~·.II!!·~IJ_1J 'ii~ W~ ~, ~~~ ~ .. ,

a-,~rage of.:

~' the value of t'~ 'var,i.ab~e of ~[Jte:rest at the wells

31

Copy rig hted m ateri al

"[;"IITn<'" ,C\;.b4,fri:nu 'Ui""i,,,,,,1r- iI'-,;:j,~, L._ifi; if .... ""..:! ';:;,l'i;i,;;.;w ~1f-_" S::i'>"~~,,~, is a ,;,iioru ,."n.,,;, .. """"'I::" nl' "'PP""'-"'1f., 'f"'"' £ ............ ·1UN,~e.-._.,~,. ·.·.lb- ... I_~l U,~ 'IJ~II_. ~~ lii:l';,lo_I:~ LJ.,~~ .. ~.nll~N.-.:Ill' _QO iLl' T'''':.,.)" 'ir."'v.'-..L.Io!ll! v.L.I:"~' _ 'W :', .• ;~~~ ~.,

m::'ir'i"":~niJ< data, ilhm, are affeeted b~' me~uremenl errers, 'ID1la:nks to ;P;':;"""tlitislic:;;, ;;1..- ',"~' '",.".rL,,1:;I ","" '"~ - ~.~ "o~" ~~ ,~~-, ,;ue U~[

Qn'~,Y has ro ,a .. ~socjat'e '~ '~h 'Indiy.i~~~.1 'm.¢,~M~t, an, 'e8tiHl:.U'¢ 0.1 ths vmm.ce of the, e."QF' ~ated, w~th t'ms: me:lSiure.menL. Then, as s'how!!'!!, jn. the. ~Fj,g_ f1l e~~le, EiU)[ .f"'I ... '[ed" j;dO' :D'1lf~Dftt'ba'tle.,an'IjJ' filJ)li'6fs the:: vailUefi, :i:rff~t~, 'kr. ," nun-:zeru' me" "." ,", " ~ ,'.,. "\r.4,i'~~~;~ ~.~ " . .J . ~ . ~. . ~ .. ~ .~~~ ~ . ~ ~~. v.Y ~ ~~. ~~ ~ ~ ~. ~~~. ~'!J.I'C:m~TIJ~ el"'ref

'v,arimw~" and ,of' OO'lIIrse Ute h~~J\teJ Uds vtri::utce the m,O:~ :f'iil~ thG 'vaMto" Duheule and :Haidorsenj :ElM 'Used thills ':JPP~'OOGI1I, wben. oo.m'b.ln.~ng ~nneifboi'l!IZY v~uef!i ~eri'1,I'>ed, :fuo:m, logs w,~~h !p¢fme.am'l~ty 'v,~'!~eI derl.ved :~rum ooteS"

Ohamibern, et, al, ,AAP'G94~ 13 and 'W:olf 'e.l al, AAFG94·15 b.OiIVe used the; e:Xjliem.a'~ drift ,.._ ... ~ .. " ";, ... fbr ,~b.lnilil;P;c, .

1~'1Jmt.l~ - ., ,~~ >:;I"

~ acoustic: ,impedan.c:e;s, from s~t~rruc ,Qnd ~ii.t:y :from wells ~n JD (ChJI!i:l!ibe[S et ~~

~ se.iJsmic ,amp]liruilc infonnatio:rn. w~)tn sm, thicknesses, at th.So ~Ik, ln 2D' ~'o1f et ali"

Fi8. 99 ,appiies '!he external drift: ap.PI:QaJ:lI1l, 'to tma,p the depth of' a horimn using 'WeU de,ph and. seismic tilm~ imlfonnatilO]}"

From, 8 ,th.roret1c~!, pnYili~, of' "iew" nIb ,~,p.P1Q~ch (Xu ,~t al, 1.992) ~, bst~sr than the exre:maJ, drift methed, m a reoe.nt :paper!, Doyen, -et a1 (1996,} ~"howoo lhat. tire 1mplem~UfiQ:n of Icg.l1oca~W ¢u'~!irglil'lg 001111(.1, 'be fIlS, &impiJ,e ,~s tut of thlii ej,tt.mell &'tilt, method, At: each ~,ocatho:n~ ,co:Uocat-Gd, c:Qkri!,~Jng 1:a:l~UI.at.e5i ,3, 'W!e<lghted ,iiI: .... ,emg~ 0'1 ,mgi.!Il'g ibas.OO ,only' 0l'I! '~~e we[l)s with, '~he va lUG of OM} :ilUx~['~ary 'variable between dIe, wells, fhe ,ad,'W~lll'tiHme 0:£ CQ.Uoo~ cO:bigrng is lhat the ,aJ.'lliUai :Ieve] ,ot oo~ntio~ betwe-en, the ~UXI~ary yana'Dle (tl8 uiJil.y' ~e]smlc:} :ilnd '~h~ varrJald.G! of :Ini~~st :IS 'mk:en into, aeceum, The 'better this OOEre'lation~ the mere wei,'''iht ~s tl!)I.~Ye'l1 ito the: auxiHLilio-u' 'v,ar,iable ao:; oomriaJ!:'ed to "~',~, 'r,"'",.

, .~ 0"" 1;1 , • ~,,~ "~~~-'~ ,~- . ,~ ~F"~ ~ ~ . .". _",n;gm:g

b'"""""', "'Ii weils: 'Il'lnl,,",_ ':FlU' 100 l!~, ,~ ~x';'of"p"JO; .p['l~ '~~l ,.;ii, , .. 1 11'0;0i~ ~'I(II: l"lj"tiJ ,~'i-."".;" ... ,::...

~ -~y v.~ _. _ . ;J __ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~1l ..... ~ "P_ ~M~_~ -L~ i, ,-..:AII.I.I. ~.fIlr\UJ "P!ii ~_I::I ~,,;!,;!JQ. ,r., --~II , V,I . .:.lIU.V.W".3! U

',"~~ ~,]" ,::'k> ",I"', ~~'i~1(. .,1."" iI:'" •••. "'c.~" ",,""fP;',', '56""1 '

I.e:f1,!J.l1 !l)'mal1!Le1Jl 'Mi~n, uu;; '1.nII!i(; case 0: ,1$,. .~"

Copy rig hted m ateri al

u.se:d a, lot on. 2D and 3D eumples, and in ,as;sociatio:n wlitn kri,~ing jJJ' oondioomd ,sinmlati(M!ls. :F'jig" 102 summariaes the pro:perEie.s, ,of 1ihe, '~ methodsjustt discu~sedL

W:e sarW earl:illl[" '~'hat oon.dLti.o:md siImub.ti.>O.RS, 'were m:Ji attii~mni: to :reInlIl'P&A1!It the aciuail

- ~ ~~ -

'v,ar:iabiU~,.y af the: variable, 'bel'We~n. we]Jls" The, fonQ,wifn_g qu.e.stia.ll then ,i~jatel~t" 'comes '00 m"--.j; ~f a 3D ~s.entii~,_,OO fif acol!i~r~ i-- ...... dan c ~ (~ifl'tj' fmt;S, :.-',- :, ,<, vel ·:tu)" " ~m, ~~, ,_ "' .... ,I:'""..,,_~,___ ,_, ~~ "__ L ~m~ ,Del:; '~" ,. ,I,_., 1 " S~t9II1!l.C ~ OC!IJ.:;,

has been ,goeM~ '~Iu:Ol!l!Eh oondlJtio:naJ, sijmul\a1ii.oo~ then we: !rnmt use 'nbe: ,:Iv:a]Jable s.ei:smic; daea t'1) make 'sure that 'the aeeustie irn~, rea1'i~~tion. is ~Qniivs.ten~ wLt-n f~, d~" By 'Ule S~ t-oke~; ~f ,il Q@nd!U_j~a!l ~irm~]~Iikm, of;' :penne@oUity ~, b«n generated, 'between wd~" ,ayail~le 'w'ell, :~st ~ 'm.~trt be ~d, tbO ~nncii'L ~~:~imy l,r,anati,Qii.S imL lh.e 'V]CDI\'U" of' tllti weUs. "nis is p.l!edscJJy '~h.s; oi:tj¢cti,ve of 'Iifus rn.eilli.od.s ~611te.d,

~ ~ _ u ~

'~\QW_

m, ;app:licatiions, ~ys:ici;s~ oftJ:m, use t'rn:, w¢11.;.bi.own, OOTIwlulio:n iIiKtode:~ to i3iS:IDciat~ a sy,nllhetic se1soi: ,1lJIiI.pl:LtI!Ide :respo:nse toO ;3, cae-dhaenslonal vmea] trace of ~ iLm.ped.ain.ce va]ue~. The approach. described here~ b.Qwl'iJ WI "'Geo5ita.uJSti~al Jnvwl00,~!

{E' - -- - .. .:Ii i'""".''1.0......~ - ~ ;('jj[j,;I~ -- """'k-'" "" .. ; fl"]~"""""''''- a ''If.O'' ' ...... "'"" -t~~ "~'" - - - - .... .:II"..:' - -- -I ~, aliul iI.,I"P",l,!!i!~.e. ~~,~)'; W..".,U-_'" =' ~V,~,.".'!'!'~: ' ~ .. , ~",,!IIl5 ,J!'.; ~'~i~~nol: O"",liub·~'OEiIl,

simalatien is eenstrueted IDlm 'J.V¢~m d~" hut :making sm that 'me ,gi¢'ooraitd mOO:e], after mte-dim.ensioOII.aiI co:nvQ1mioo, ls :identica1 to ilb~ actual. 3D ~isrrn.ic amp:I~~ 'bJock.

How can tm.s 'be ac:hrtti,ved,?' Thallks; to tltLe Seq.uen~~l ,ilIguilJihm fut C'Onditlunai cSimu~ation, ('SGS)~ a :3D aceustlc im;~ real~s.a!ion, is, OOD.8irucoro ~iIl a, sequential ma__tm.eL~'; one 'vertical oollJ,ImN of 3CQl,lSt1c ,Im~re 'v;a)ueg after. an.othe.r" The, ~g~j~ '-j "". ,C_ :';n--:~t ,.J"'i~ ,~J.:;~ "~it:i",ll i:Afjll.ei'lre ",,~I .i}IY·O"'t"l:±c: r-;-,-~l~",::"" lI\i'iiUt1e~ "'~"""",.::r-fiith \iU:'Iil-, ~~ 115 ,~~_":p\i!, I.!~ !ilL~.".,~IL~iF!,li '"'""'I" .~ .. v.", .. ~'<'~.~. ~~~".".,. .~ .. ~ ~._).,t> (; ... ~~ . ~~,

""'_ ~T1;t."'-[-:~W""I;1 ,-v-"..'Ii,,'m-'~ ,'I',:. Q;l~;u.~d' '''~fU- "''ifli~: .. 'I!ru' ~I'i\:l~ 'U,I[iL~)', A- 'i; ... "' .. It ,,"~, I';' 1""''''.~',-",;,;, ..... .e' ,4._ .1 ~w ~"-'1I.i, ~~ ~, , . ...,,~!LI .. _ .... ," lULl... ,oa"''WJ, _ .... J_IIA-..1AP1 JJ.]. \L ~~b'J .l1iJ.J.! I' ',' III ~-1rI .... 1,~, 'QI~,"". ill] ~A.UIYI..II_. uJ. ~

Ch.,," ",-..,~'i'"ii"'=i.': ,d",c"I'-'C~,._,:j_iI1. A-,~..J.j':,11,~"c~',-:, "'ll~r"<f:",' 'fi1.-1"";""'::",-,1 , .G!!',lroJ1I14I, p'J!an,~ lS! ,l)a,'!iWl, F..-uwOJwy.. , ,]. !U~.s locai~,OO, a ,rn.I1J:Ji]t1J'l[:JJ 0 poiJ'SSJiIll. ,C; Ve!u.J.iCiIIll

S'equen~, of eeoustic impedance: 'V,~I!I.es are, :SM1lpled by' Seq-u.e.ntia1 Gms.sian S~m'Ll!]ation using the ,~isttin,g weUs ~, ~t {O!i)ln.ex-He.man~ and Joume'l; I 993}- ~h. p1).iJsi.ble 'vmi'c~_ccc 'coee 'j', O~F~~-l"1l¢di, wl1th ~~ i,J,t(s;m~" Wilve!¢1;- and, oo:m'"'~~, 'wim t'~ "c_~]

, c'C'c ~ ~~ ]~ ~ .rliVQ~ ~ ~ ~ .. , c'~' , .L~~~, ..... , h~' ~c,.I~""'" ... c ~~ :t.\iC,

seismic ,000iiIn.dJ:. ''!,!',ahii.es a~ 'UiJe: same ,location" 1M oom_pmsmiL can be ~ed, on varioes ,orlt.eri:o, su.Ch 3,8, ;QOI'If:IatJ.O'~, OQe'ffit;i~n.t or IiIlIiimnmm .meaa squ.ared! mffe.r.eoce" 'f.be, ~eq,!i!enQC. ~t. 'bestt fits Uk: ,goodln.-ess of fit ,cri!ter:i~ ~ ~elec~ed; tl1e :sa.mp]img: at libd;~ Jooatiflll of' '!l]:s; 'plane is ~[,o-ppctl .• th !S¢1.med, ~r:q,Y¢nce ,i.iS m¢.u,gc.d! wHh. U}C, well &1~,t 81I.a ill: 1iJ:ew' '~~~miQ1iI fStm-is': a r-.m@m '~~atiWi of' ~'M 'nl~~ is e:boom iii 'Il1JmllbiD:.:' 'or 1'Ii'v:z9i'bl~, YCrti.cal

, •• - - t •. , •• , __ I., l _ [.~ .. ,_ , .' •• •. ._l __ ••• r, - __ . .. c ••• 'cl .. , .. ~ __ .. - ~'~""" ~, ,

s~u~.5: are g¢n~~ unil] enS, ]s ,selected and meJge{Il wl~h, the ~lJJ daia.se.11. Once, ~l wh~o.le jn~.iw,~lJ 'voJ)wne is fllled mlOtliI.e.r' ~posrib:le:~J.[[) im~e ~IS·WQll! can 'be gemen.ted" Thii~ is, done bY' stafliTll,g, ,a_g,airn, [Forn, the :ini.tiJaI, wen data, pic'k.i.n,g' ,9. :nmd0ID :Iooation, ~fi tbe plane,; sam,p'ILfig a sel'i~ at !POSdble, oolulm's :Q't, '~e S~ l~ati;on,o,o"

,34

Copy rig hted m ateri al

DeYt:.i)Qh. AAPG94·,t2 applied! i!Ii OO'.rni1(what. :shnil3I' ,appro:.ch, to, 'the g;eneralllion Qf "'"'," ...... ii;'kuliit,~," 'reaH!i.a'MA'IIi:!i: M"'~!i1l:!riiilin.ed ~' ~IldUi :frotmJ ~s.111t'e bulld,-'11F '~I!i_ ~

pcnn,'r."!'!I,O~~~y ~ ~ "~~ ¥.,~ "~,0iI: "~" " ''''J" ~~ ~"" "!J:-""" " ",p """ ~~~

d!i!ffi;::il.~ty, :IliS, oompared, wnt:t g,rost.atiiSotiC~ :ha,~en:Ji~n ,ot S'e.1&nlIC dJil~, :~s '~~t Ihe ~o:rwjr~ model re.iating: i3J~ pe:mmabm~y d~ilriibutiO:fI to a, 'Weill te£t is :O.O~: as simple as ],[J oonvtdutio:n. To ~ol~e thjs: :p..rotlJ.lem. [)eQiSch, ~~s '~hi;U. :in f~v'01!irohLe, eases, pe:ml.ro'ilility dsri.wd! :from a wGtl ~¢:8t CD! 00 GX,p.re s.;s ed, a8 an, aital:y1tical '~pre8sj.on, or a geneta1Jize.d ,av;erag-e of. the pe:rmeab,iiliities willhihl ;3, vollJ!lDe ,1lliO:~[lrl fhe well.

TI;o"." -To ;·t ....... ~·~'·'i,i\~, cs,fm.:il",Ac.;;, . .i., '-~tr.re.ilillfi"" ;;o'fo"'!1.~ IS: ,;"j ........ ]'.I .. ;i~ an, itl!l~ti"'l] f'IiI>r.m~'k,'iI;·.'~-:-·:

•. ~n" ~Hl ~,''''''',!M.I" I: _~~~~_ ~""'!VI.!I :u.ld..~ ~ ""~~~i!I ,~I.~~.H~ ~~ ~J:o'IJ:'I'-.-I;Q" "~~ ~~~.~~~~~ l'"""~ ~~~ ~ ""'""~ hY

realisation is g.tl!l1I.e:IoiI.1-ed, :iin the vo'lUiitLt (l.f. ~iIJte.res-t :fll'Ql!IllId. 'th_t; w-e:ll, tb.e:i!'i! iftr:t:ati,vclIlt' :pert~ iWnitifthe wriO,g_ram, m~JlcubIed, ,00rIi the, , ...... olum.e is the d.G8.ired va:riO,gFarnL and tDe gm¢l'~;dlzed, u¥"«a..ge Q:f pe.rmeabjl~~y' 'vah~es, b;, thw: of the 'Wci] test

'~tgs lOOa and mot; ~OOW ,~amp,1e.s Q'f pcIlJiGa])iJ)Uy mll.sati~, o:btailJiOO try [)Gutsch be;f~re ~ after' ~tl:ting: fAX 'we.H teS-t ,pemreabil.~ti~. FiG~ 106b1, as for ,ge0statisti,Caj,

~i"'!'I ...... a~""ljIl ,o"elf' ~·I"'''''~''' l.:l",i~l ,;;,r.ljlrOMiljl",in- ;f<'I'jo; ~liliiH"",i-.;i.<; "'n" "',~ :iii~!liio ;,1. .. '''''''"''-u'"~n'''''' ...... C'a .~ t" he II.l.L;,IJ !I·~,iIN.~IHI ~ ,~ •• _OUh.I .... !rI~'@i1i ~IJ_IJ 1I!·.IJ_IJ_L·!r.· .. __ ~. ';.I" ~,NI~ •• IIrI_.~1 V _}r.T.'l ~~ ,~,II_.v.,Ll_I;-' :;U.L-1~._r.r711!-Q1 VJ, - _ ....

OON.ttaimDg darra: cl[ffere:[I;t. heter:0,g~neo!/Jis geometries may resuLt :10 the same wel~, lest pemloob.mty_

Copy rig hted m ateri al

match is obtaiO!:id" ,Fig" :[07., from Sclllidbelg et 001 1[99'7'", shows doo e:vO:~g~:rn. m the: mode:~ied! well-te8[ res,po:n."'le as, a ft.mmial!l, of the ,geGl,s.:tati:snl.ca1 pamrnetet8. ll~lii a ~tdh, is. ~;ib~~ned, w.~lh the at;;'uuaJi, we U .. te8it., D(f~~ et al, ]'9%;, ~~SQ s:l'i;Qw ,!1!!, ~~:s;.iifu[ d.1fmpl.e Qf.'

a ptJ:sJtJ;I'I'(lri \'a1hja~ the rnodel!led, welil-test agMnBl the oot.ua], weU ... test, ~

3D seismic and "NOn WSit daI8i MIVS too ;a,d,v,anm,ge o:[reJucing u!llce:rtaimy ,in.1lhe ,jnre.r~w'f:l] vo1mne: early ,in, the ]ifel or lihe fieM" ,Olilce OOve:io,p.ment has ,Sotmed'j pfQdl!L'1J~on dJa'Ul: art, ga1ih.ered and used, to' update, me 'mode!, 'UI11Ul :rl is :pr~ty [IIMs~"'n!atcbed,II'. ,1\, ~, amuufit~f 're~'h '~Si ,t:oMD'!enitl'!IJ' dane on 'tile: !.U--:iCi: ,of ~:t~r:ai!fil~j't~ ~r.v({t' rod -~, 'b',

~ ~~ _ ~~ _!U ,_ ~ _ ~ _ ~" _ ~_~~ _ " _ ~__ _ _ _ _ ~IL _ ~ ~ , ~~ ~ __ g ~ ~ ~ _ ,_ ,cL m ~Ij! .!S,y

~.'''''''';'"-"1' d'u.-i:"". 'iIj'''-"''; 'n~,,",,'J;.ll,""I"- ilL: ..... ".,-}'t, .-~ ~I~;;.,.,~~, i~"'",", ,"---,To ,,";;IC'"i';"" A",;;, .. , ,,"-;,"--iI, , ,'I·~ 'Ii"''';'''.

,p., ......... ~~~"',"" ,~111~"'_ ~~,,~~ ,l'o''''''-',~H ,'''' ,Uo ........ U .11.0"""'''' ""'".lliLo.·.",:I,l ~11!it .. ,LV .. , ................. !L:H:I;l .. row ,,", iI. ~.""'!IZI~

,wh.e-rG d~, co:n~tuainilllg: :pmm.~1:et (s:c:iiSIm1i~' ,:,UJilpl~tudG or well le.s~; pe~biHty_) can be, eX:p'~-ess,e.d ,~s a, '~aso:ru~'b:~y 'sim,pk:, mnctlQII. of permeability' or acoustic im_peda~, wnihin a we'll. d~_fllled! v'O~illnle" 'This, Js IiIO~ the (:2i~ w'th '---:-·-OO'C!l(:f~'1 &+olo cwh":h ~ • -- -, ill'. it d

_~_ ~ _~ _ _ . _~ ~~ __ ~ I,_~,pr __ m,[Ji_ ,..,." 1J!.:j :are a oomp I.ca~.,

fll!nctdQn of fhe pe.1l"Mability and l~orooity distribllrtioo. 1,rut~ fIlIIm.ctioo (iannGl~ be defined ,anwyt].~'U.y M.dI nlfl1!;t be ealcnlared by ,co~te:r-iirI!te.nsi~e rLumerleal sitttl;ulatlmt,

The, ~00v¢ ~~'(hodrs ~ ~~fU] l~ ~~~:ii where 'dJ~, pl:rj~km oon~i'ii~rs ,of i~re_upo]atiDg ,rnn¢, Ornl~i[Jl101]S v,aDXbb:, (acoustic ~~~ttcc. :pG:r:n:iGabm~y, 'prn-mity no) usi~ anmn.l![ co:nE[I11-lDUS "io'w'lide: bGtter ,Irnow,n 'bs~,ween 'Wens -(3.n seismic amp:l~tade, wen tes~ :per:m.eabi~ity, m seismic aiJurjjbui1G-..,,"). N'ow, assum.liJ:J:g: W-~ haw iiIJ1j, aomlstk: impe:dam.Ce or a :p~m~~'bm~y di~tr,ibl!l[fi~ between wens. how can we derive ~tion ,a.bO'I!U ~e litho.facic' dlli&trlbiJiEloo,? Ii~, i.s 'veil" Q[1UC,ian, ~~~ l~d-anfi!lC~~, ~)S, ofi:e:m. 0..: ·COnmIOO clii!TlonUnaror'!! s:TI1!:bling the ,i_ID;¢grttio:o of groJ.og].eaI, aco!L!stil::' and :pr:OOu.ctioo, data"

Copy rig hted m ateri al

:~1Jii et iIIi1. 1[994,. is; :a.ifi e:~J~llem,t [e~;;!Imv'ki :iil~.wttatjng '~he clern,l'fltion. O[ ifaci-os :unifO:mlatlon frum, s~m:i'c (lata (Fig;. 108). 'ne p.3pG11 assumes tM[i rwo kinds, {iiI ,indepe:.Ildent ,inf'O~li.()j~. esn 'be used, to reduce l!l!~na1i'nty ab01l1rr the facies that Js ,pl'ie~!ll at ,any toor.~~t\ ~~ ,~e~

~,)I,~ {i-C·~""'~i~···,~· ~;~ w',11~'" ,t'Ifo--" ,-;:·II-. .. ik·;W: ·~~,·cu·,·~",~· ~',~.' i 1,. ... L·· , .. ,,,, 'd b'

h~)j!; .li0lKl1~ "!;IlI.iU~ at u,,", .. '='.L~", .!L~lr ,iJ.ro:!ft!!!J']~~~y OJ. 00 ~ ~JIc:.~ Ca:;J]. U1;' lIJlw.qroJ!I.WG. ' . .y

,krigmg a~; 111l)" lQCiJ.~ion

~, ~be· '\}~1lIe, of the ,contiInuoos narameter (for lnstanee acoustie ,!~~) at 1lbiLs. }OCi,lJtI.ii)fl!,

,I" ~

wI,!c-h ~.iln 'he, ,eat.:pte$s.e{l! as a '''!Iitke'llh~odii' vaIJue-

'11"'1...., .-'It\fI'i. ... ''l....:il:·tlj)' dffi'Vtd 'h'll' krlo1't'iiiir.'aiI1Ied .... i- 'jI""Iu-o..·I,M"jfo et ,91 ,.i.', "';:0, .: .:. ~ .,,1' . ''''~'''''''''i·t· '. : .. ,lI, ,lll!i' iI:"","'!.m~.~~b.,~· ~ ~ ~~ .. ~;/ ~= 0'"~l:>1' C~. . ~ Y.;[ !J.,.'VJ ..... ..!', ~. ~~ y •. ~ 'l'I [pI1QJ;J, prorlil~l~l y,~ !IS

millJ'iti:pJied by ttoo ,likelihood 'v,[duSi to prodiu:ce mi, "a :PO:StGriOO']i;' prohOO1nty.

~;g, 109 ~~lbes t~ ,i~iernenEatto.r!J and the results QbtaU~d 0Ji]! d·.e, modeUing: ,~hfu~ eoonne~. di~trib~UotJ, in ~'~. ~N~s FOtnlatioo of the Os.-e'krg ne]d"

~tmstkau mrllillt],~_ci:p]imu)' data, iE.te~ration is au.!'eady rout±nely applied. However', 'rntos~ 'ilP,plicatilO'~s. 't'(li(riaS ejt'her' on the ~nte,gr,atiQ'.n ,~( prodlllCti.on, and, geoJo.gi.e:lI dla~ lOr. >00 'Uilal ~f !S~m!c ~fid ,geQIQ,gi.c~] ~ati;ij. 1b__t; :IliJJn ~~t-e.;gr:aU~ q:f ,illg~fjd.IS¢~HnatY ~ta;" ,as illnstrated 1rn Fig~ %~ :RlI!ll3!i!n.s, difficult. D.iIUi,<:ulii~:; msr:; :from 'Me fact thai diIfferen~ 'fi.end •• " ~ ~. . - ~ .. -''''iiv '~Atff. '1' .. . ...~.. .,f the Ill-. t!I...rare . ~ d thil~ 't:t... ." -it - _ .. 'usm, a~ :Sc:mil,~~. \t!' ~o- YJLU,e.re,tlil. ~ilDewers: !OoL Ii. .:S ~.""SJ.'.u ... '~; an ~' I~.'~~.' ~u,~, piU,am_j~U!f.8 :true

:n0'~: Uink~d. 'b,y ,::I, 'o:ne";~D-O:IlG :rd.atiansMp .. fOr iru9tam.~) po;st~s~a.cJk 3[1[) ;se~&mtc responds to' aoo'UStr(J: hn,pedall.ce (io:mJ'asts~ whi!l8r '!oVe1l ~em are affected! 'by P'mlfi3:hiUity vM,iation$ .. ,Af" 00 (:};;am.pJ)e. in filuYl.J)·deltaic ,efj,v,jronmf:nrs :S~L1h. as the, Ness, Formali.Qn. :iin the Osebel;'g, F.ieild, No:rwaj",. it l.iS often djf~iCfun t,() 8ei~ml,e~lb' diff..e.r.en~~te ~um~ fWlml c~Je-8, becaase the acousric contrast is, much !S~mng~r ~~.w~n. coals and O'~her 11too].iti,g!~, lilian be~~JiI. · .... ds ~'~,:jl ~t ... _'~ ~H-·· 'f.' -' ' .. - '"'''' "d-n,: ' .. j ,,' ... -il1,~:';···t··:· .. · 'k-~ . i san s iiII.LU! 1P.f1i:U.e;S. ,.oweve:r,~ QI' ,fese:JfVQ;lI' mer ~lIn,g pu~GS, 1l!!.I. • .liIjiJ.~IJ!.I.alon. ,,-,,,",~,WIN'liI.

~'Is ~~ ~"bwes; b IU>SeJ.eS$, (Fj,gs-. 1 H)".1 1 I}.. :PetIDphl'~ks willi. play a erucial role ,jill the [ •..•.• ··f :. rf~.dl .. :'-,T-" da.iJ.lli !'~t"'~~i'··,~ :in 'tIJi~ 'future. R.elJmOl'l.:!llMiI"itC: 'betWf:e1i'W ~

pro,gress 0 muu ~c(l,:p~mal:)' ~ .... ~ U1L""t;I .• , ..... ~QJ. . ~~ u . it"- .. .

various pa.ramet:ers of irnfte:r:est wiU, have to be 'Ibe"iw.li' understeod, and 'win ct.rtJlJinilly '00 fie:M and' n;'ii!~ dependent, nireot, and, ~nd.jre.ct: geostitiSo1ic~ ap,Pllo,ooheS a~ to be fie:dble enou,gh, '~D' handle :most data. ini.egratiiollJj p-rOOiems,!, anc~ '~hc; pdrophysi.cru :relatioos'ruPB :n~¥e '00e~ e~tabih!hed;

37

Copy rig hted m ateri al

:wn '~ :flrc~t :pan of mh. oomse~ 'we .,ve rliiselIlS$ed, 'like use, ,of. ~onditio:niil, simulations 'f{t(r' gweoratiii1l!j ~]i~~c scrn~'I)ll' '~f the '''''Wiatio:M [0:( :!li, ~;!i.rmeter 'between cwe]18" ();ne .,:,- ~ ,- .,.II....-·r"'..._i..,;-'i ";l.i-, ,-,f "'~""'iJ. c :t'nCiiIk:'I'" i~, ·i7.....:ir' ;9ikull",:~, "l\;;<r'oii"njh t'7 .... ,O"t"'ift·, _. ;"~-,,. of ,1[J]l,t""-',,",.an , ~~""","......._(I!!:iILC o~ '" _ ~ ~ ~o!!'i:!""'C ~_ ~ ~ __ ~~!Jo ~'" ~U;;:JL ~_WUJ~y. "'~--""~''''':-I!!!= .1b'!ii ,c."., __ liL'e._n'h,~lJ:n Q

:nu~il,tipil~ wa[iSQ'~i,on.8. t~, q:UlQ'ntify c~rt.aifit:y or "n(!i~ooi4~·neS1!,". The approaeh :is ~imp1ie~ '~he '1IIge of w,~l] data, plus statiist.ica] parnmet~rn ~'width(tic:kne.S'.S, l'ali{l~ 'v,anagram,

,\ [~'\'--e.n ':f oom ... le-rne.nlted, with se.ismiti or il'looduction, ,(I"'''''' k f(Jot 8U[!fIe~t ~~

•• _J, ~ -- 'c, L - ~ ~~!f~~~-~ - - --- ~ - - ~ ~ 1:'-- -- - ~ --!lIJU&t ' ~__ __ ~~LJ~, ..

dl!t>!!lmiiIDlisti.cal~y c:n.a~actmi~ ut~ro,g¢.ne.It:ies '~tween wclls: :II. bJge number of !!'pru'.Sibl:e~ or ""equip.wbab1~" ,rems-ations: match. '~tJ.e1 'l;.'li"e!11 data, 'Ute geos.1:ilisti.ca] ,param.el):enl, the ' ... i,;:;~'iC' - -,-~ ~'J;o;~ ,i'li'Udi'i- ...... ~~.i\iIIi [dilG:iJ- l1(ii:~' ~QC'.ha$M" '~~ali~~m :ili11hW& ~i1o; .... t:i,;o,;-;--,-,i}'M""""-~ -, -'w.. SI;;',l=,[~L !iY1I!!I!.!i\!~, ,I:'~ ~·~~!!lIM~~', .," '~ __ ~ ';>.-., ~ .. ,_ ._"" ~""",,~~~, ,_~-._ ,~~lv -r- ""~ :£I!"",,,,,;;::::r,~ .. !!i"'·H' Q'Ji S:UC,n

m'lis!llitioos~ ~d Uie variahlll!ty from [o:ne :trC!Iiillisatioo. ro ,another ~,ves, a measure of haw wetll or hQ'w' pami) 'the diwibmion, (jof the :par.am.ete:r of h'bter.est- ]s constrained between 'l!ieUs .. ,

1lt1ll~" .• ~ ..... ~. d f(J~ ",~ 'Ulat '~rtOeN!runw Cru-ri: be. !trI:al].rt'aJl,,,",' add--'~~d, and <'IU -'-'-nfi~ ~'-"., .<Ji'lf.

" _!;i: •. _s:; ,gOIJ~ ~~ .. ;1;5 ~,_ .. ,~" ~ '''~-''i~ ,.' ~ ~ ._.:~ .. ,~ .. , J ~,~ ~~ti, ~ .. ~~~ ':I,~,arIiI ~~ _ ._iro\iI;!i.'"

th.~ :s~~tic: f~li.&m. :But we wHI ~tress; tllvt: lhis ap,pr.oach. mu~~ be w~ wLt'h. a fuilli. ~.~t<mdlng ,or. the as.sump!lLoos that are made, :in or:L1e.r to 3.v.o±d an mId'e:restirnmtion Qf the Yflrertaitl!tj~, A;s :!l!!i'!! :inllmdlICi)l..Qfl to !e;eoslnti~tica1 u~e~~rn,y q,uandf:u:ati.on; ~}e~ us :firM: cliscuislS the 'baliit':; M®.nte--Carro ~D wed 1n app':li:call~, su~ as '!Pm.sped

,A~$ilI ~r :13OOtl.rnm~ :EvnlLuati.on. ~ ~ .

N'oi:e thai: users of' 'Ihe iM'mlio,...Ca.rlo, teehnlque often negl.oo~: 'tti.e $Up;pi.l1't. e:1I'OO't:, t,o 'pf.i!:.dwt. the ~togram. of :p0:r08ity., '~hey oo-te~ use the hli!l~qg~,1lm d¢rivtd fffi_1]1 porQSill~s meiil8 III ted.

38

Copy rig hted m ateri al

Fi.gs., 11~ 5:30, ,::'H5, 83~ ]04 ,0.[ 10'7 ,sfu.o.w various ,e(l(8:mple~ of reailiiSiatWn.s g:ener:a:ted '~y Q$ntJUiunfill. :_;::"'rfililliilti·on_ 'VM'i:abint.u 'between :rt:.ailOOtililinSi ~~c:~~p,: ni~' '". ~":"i""

~, ~~ _ ~"" """ ~{!Ji~~""~"~"~~ """~ ~~~~,~ """ "~~~ ~ ~~ " " ""~~ ~ "M""~ ~~ ~~'=' rem, _mng

WiCertaJraiy oOO~ tM:' ¥~~gn_m :mmkL, t'i)C, W(!U 'Valu~ aiid, QtE' dal~ {~¢:~s..mic" well, ~~~:s} m,ve 'been matched, F1g~ 1. 1.3 ,mt1S1tta~~ the mfft,mliO~ between '~hree :20 acoostic :u~LiIDCe renllsatlens bOIl.oorimg: the "",ills..~ the, 'v,a.riogrnm and the selsmle.

:m acinJ)31 tiaBd .studJ.i'GS. tIle, goal is l!Q oom'bin.~ ,11Illc:illGiUaty um::eIltaililti~s 1:0, ,o'brain an e~nmiU'e Qff '~~e g~J unce:rfaLnty ~ffecting; ~y;, :pr,oo'u:c~~, be'havi~" :U~, et ,at, ] 997

.. -=_.:11 "·L!.. """"" -" ~ "'I!.. "" [~'.... iI'.""""" " ",j1' 1'1...... II~"""" T~'· "' , .. i"" ~~" !i,"1I" -I"" tfl'R,"U' 'f!'\ "t"io. ........... b

u.~, ll:w!i, a~U. In, !ciue lIamc !O.Ii: '1; ...... 1'(, '\Jru.t, un ~,~m1!I,,}' ;a~llu'" (U ·.al' ,l WVi!ls,u.

rondlitiona1 s!mLl'hltio:ns:. they q,mlEtifi~, :U[]j~]1iaiE:ties On. snucturaJ~ sedhnen.tary and, :fh:iKi :p~r,s:t and eembined kLdividl:l\aJ, :re:alLiJS3~ ,jnin, ,glo'ba!l 3D :rews~lni{)oll8, 1:!ha1: W'!ere ru.pscaled, ood :Ii~""'-simuil:ated (fl~g. [14}", De;y also '~:k. l~to .acoomt :po~s&llde 'UnceFtlli]].1i~ QD pa.ra.me'tm '~f '~ ~I, by M:OIi~:¢-c~J)Q ~m.plmg ;rome of Un~ :in,put 'pammmnl: ~:o, the shnulatio:n, sueh as, i!he ne~i-bJ;.gro5oB, of 'eu:&' :Iayer fQI each realisation, Fig" 11$ shows e::um'p1es, of' 'Ifu:ee realismo:ns oombi!~ed ,into the e,vailiu:a~~ o:f gl~ib~l p'tOOuctioo fb~ts" fjg~ 116 s'hows tbe, resll:~~ obtQin~ ~o:r 5'8, 17¢~II~ati:an~, The GR.US sru.dy showed that ,it 'wag, posribk to run ;ibrutfll :fmceiil ,coru:H.tioo3!l sim1Jilations: hl'Octr(l(!lratiins ,~J 'the ~ocertai~ties" Does this ~ [(hat the ,ap,proa.clQ, descoribcd, .li1I, F~g" 117

~." ,:I __ ~ ....... .l t>.n I,.~.., .. " :L:""·'f"~"'I""""', lnd 'ic:tru 1'1-..,...;.·1 ..... '1) B"'+"'"' ''''''''r'':jI1IU '~"",",[ ;(!illUr ... i·il~ ~"'l ;i.t....~'"

£.!II ~u~ lL"U ~u~ 1I.'I!~_~L\~!U "loll 1fo!II!~ _.,,!- t-"-.L!A.lWl: .Iir.V iJ .. J~JLmL~ , •• ~ .. w'~ !IIi......... .~..-!uM~ U~ UIII~

dilirecth,1n, it. is impo.r1Janl to reflect ,on ill 'the ,:w;umptro:ns that are made 'with. g,eo;statisdc~]

I"": C", ""'n~~~ ., '-"," I~'i\] C ari'O:I!'I!., iU,lllClZ! rtIU "~" y <t''UJi:ID!.4I~ 1(: ~" "

[0D.Ce ilh¢ g\Goo~:atis~ical ~~, has '~n, 'c:hoolm (EDl" ~wstatLCe iwIrliieaIDr m objeet-based mode:i). ,its, piil.l'itltle:l:er8 aJ£!, detemlii:ned: e:;r(amp'les of these tpMa:mete:r,~ are the: ~z;e of: ,genetic units, the varlogram rnrl"g~, [01' Ilhe fractal, diuln.ensioD. Their dhr:dce ls i_i'P.~Mt. ~Inu- these "ame«:~ Stntil~,' -,'i- "~, i\i"li(io,etbct 'c":lh 'Ur! ~ mOO.e:l :'""]f !j]j". ~"'";".'"

_~~~ ~ r:: ;,~"",~ ~ iPm'; .~~~ ~ .~. ~ ~"~~~~Z<; ....... '£1 ~ "~~ ~ ~ WI. "~~r:: ...~ i1Jts-e., .. £i qu::m.mauve

,g~o iO&lClt.~ .kIiowl\r;dg!J:.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

'[,-,-. :' -, ',''''' if ~,~~,n, I', -'.' . - ~- ii, tv ~+~- . " '," -~- '. "i ,.,:-. , ~-li_I,,·, I ,.'11 _ :,'i + .' .';.' .

,.Jl S,p.''!!!;' QIi, 1l!,!;I,J.a 'llInoen31Ul.:~ 1Il!I] ........ lmg tparameUlll:l QJ!, .U.S meoc ." exampJ.es: e:.u5i~ WU.erG

,au~!lim M'Ife de_~,~ved, iW!I.ce:!l'itillnty' :fl,gures ,:cimpl.y' from th.e variabJ:.liiy berween realisations:

IQf wnd~u~, :sd!mulatians o'btaitJed 'With fix~ ~~m" 'Ibj:g, ,app~~ch_, :neg'lC¢tiittg 'ihe '~ncert:aliIW~y ~t 'th.e paranli'eters, t'oomse:I~~ com ,leMl '~D- a signifiCa'nt: mde:re,r.tiirnl.atiM, of ~ unJ;,~.ft~ii:l~!·es. Outre et,~; 1993 ~a¥e :sllo-w,n f~j,g. ],] $) ilbat ~nmg 'd'le [motioo of 'Water :prodl,!lcso over U! oil fie:ltl! lis.iin,g fIXGd! vailJu.e;s, of p~ may :I~ad to a ~~g~:fieatU ~d~timati\mt of ijlIiCettainlY~ as eompared wiUli, an 3pprooc:n acoo:un~ f~r' unceetaindss en 'ch~~· :paOlmett.ffi.. :~,~gs" 119a and [19;'0 rnusttai¢ 't'bat t'ne· vai.l!,ab:ilhy 'between geosta~istic:aJ, :n.:al:iJsa.tio.n5 :ma8 'M' :smaj] ~t11 ~i1)mparlson willful 'I.iIncmiiliillti~ treiSl!Ilti!l1lg: from iU!I1Ikno·WiD..iS 81l'Cb as ~ho 'piaamete:r:s: of the :model~ the :scaling prnpertl.68 of til¢, :f.al1!jl~, or- the q,~aiIj~y' ()] '~e time4Q-depth ,~,~ersto.t1!, 'Jihis e:x.pl!~!!iIS w.h_,y IDe ~~,p'p.roQ~h, , . ..il ,- " . "~ '~, T"ilIlO.!'lot- '1996- of' !FiIlI!tn~lr.iji!' discrete '"~i'lari.M" iii, f.itifiil!!'i :ill, ~Q.t u:t'

~n....y ,pmpo_ - ~ -.Y -;; - -" ~. ,- ~ - ~ 10' _ ... - . - - - .. ~ - . -- --- ,D -- - , ~.

, . , . "he' "00- ~ ~. -W" - 'tW" ~

I' / ,_ '. 0,,. .· .. 1 '-, ,'",,_'. 1,- 1" :.' .

lll.'t.eres.t Ull .. L .... tr'J_'1ig. ',"

A c-e~n, degree of u~certili~lY alW\LIiYS e:~i&~, 00.fu on the, .... "lli,idit)l' (tf 'l!he 'mootW~ il\5.¢:~f D

.-..." '.a, .... TIi!l"-':'"i"'¥""'-~ I~f '~lr-I" ;tIr'i,...~ ... ,l An ... j'trf":il,-._iI"l."f ~ .....,,11"""-I""'"n ~'m-- - rI' ~.-., a..., t- hlif1iic~ ... 'h, ;!Ii 'I1jE!'':'''''_n:<''''''''i'I!!

'V"..a. ... l-I~.'w.'i .Y""_IIJul.l1..J.IIr.I!I\rI,1]i ~, !.i_ll~_gI "_".;:LUYlwil., In. _ M _1I11iII .... " _ ~JJU~·~"!.J _ ~ _~ IP.V' ~I" - _II,V.~J!;.U 1:111 .UIIrII,] VI!I~~

, " .. '.~ Ii. ~,' ~:II' , naeh " ..... "'~, tu ,;"" ~'i.~ , . -,,-, "',', . " I' . -~-d'- - ~ 0",· . ~""~ al a.p.p.t'Qil(l~!I.:!' iL'G! <:uSO 3' w.....u uooe.,lIliJ.rn.,i ....... iUn;, ~~erst as ,r:eCO~.ltul'I ' .... 1 ·.mre ~ t

199:3 am.d ~,pp:'lioo by U., et al O:997), Howeve.Ii'.', t~e fntI:o:wllig; e:~Qmftle s;~~ ~!, t~j~ ~hou:I'(J, k dope; w,i~ ,care:~ :s~~ce &~titjst.lc,s, ~ki ~ev~ be ~&Qd ,~ ,a_ ;f~bsti~.to 'i-o:u' ,gcol,Qg:icaJJ 19no]"lID'Oe,

40

Copy rig hted m ateri al

Moth!:f ex~le; w(fliJild, [cons:b~t 0'1 as~llmin~, ihat 'UIG ,iTGhi.ii,,,r. po:siii'Q]]J QJ sand bodJ~e.s in space, is: 'I,!In'k.~i)'wl1'j' and m.od~lling ~hls, distribution us~ng the "ran:dum,'" ,or "ne 1n~t!;(:noo!! ...... "'.1 ... 11, fir F1JL"I"_ :2;41Ii_ :B;u ":Ji<l;'ifi~derl:nCi' the '~'i"i!t'l4 ~Mjj]~~ti""--[ :ili!:; iF.lD..iI .... ; ru, " -"-"T'- ,~ ,.,~~J ~ ~ = "'0- - - ~-- ~ """""Ii< ~~_~" .r;. _ ~ _ ~~'!.i!- ~ _~ _~J!)!!I! _..,.JIi ~__ ~ ~'!;Wm. :ai, slgm].J!can~

,~\!!mpU.Q1f!, ,I:;; ~; ooce ~~rn. :;ibqut OO]i.f:I¢(:~:v:iily. Another. errol' Is is I;):rilGtin1I.¢:;S, made in

-""-~"' ... i.;J,~~ ... -'1 ,- " "]" " ';"i:tlun':;" i;C -.-fli""""" l:f;i '[0",_,,-,- " ""a.""--j, ... 'L. .... ''it"- """""U- -- ,- ~ - - - - ..... '

,g""O:i~""'U"!i!I!i,;'!L iil;W rIC"",~_:.: ~~>l';' _!I. nlJl~ . h~ij ~_ .NJ.'OWn. M.rol-h 'bL~"ano,gc,~nil, OIL a [P'm'a:[IlI;i.~~[. ,a ~re

Duggd Goff~oi medel ,is 'Wiscd~ under tM wrong a8sumpUo:n UUll; j~ ]s fhe WaIst ease ,8Oe~a:tio~ hence lhe most ~ser.v,~tive" ThiS! Is w,~,:for a,:rr~re nuggtt v,il,do.g~ means 1t~1, vo!d~es, .oJ t'~ par~teif ~d 'W, oom,p¢n~~ eatJl-a. other :.0 i&p.iI.C¢. ItJjuHing tn :mallliS:::Iti'O:DS whk1ilif. QIL¢C, a'J\',r;rag~ 9'W¢r lar-gc ,gri-d! 'ItdtliCks.~ give ,:iI,lrn08t the same 'block ,a~~_ge e,v,eryw:nere!~ Again.l, a s1'ruatioo OF ,complete ,igf!Qtan(;e w,rQ:~~Y l~, to ~ sijJuatl,otL of t~lt9Wll~:d,~,e,

Thc.~ e"xampl\e,:s iih~' th~ geCis-t~~.slii~s S'hCfuild, be used w]ltll ,gtteat care lin ~~uathJn~ wheFo mFannirtio:n :i~ very rS~ U used, me w.,-QtJg w,'Q.y, :it em pro"ide tm :.Hfuisiml of knowledge ~ a rsi.gn.ifj.can~: under:estimaEion, of llIlRCer.1!~ti.es.

Under. ft~ ,stalts-t~caJj ~Ulll~ti~, stodla:&tic :modeb pred±c[ that, as 'the number' ,Ott' 'rweU~, iO!::fe!Me8" trn:· s-catt-Cf 'betWetm ~]i$e:.tiQtl~, 8:hCfLiCd dec~, This simply :m~, tha:~ ii1¢W' dsta :!i'hould, :h~lp :mdiJcs; uncsrt&!rliY 800-ut ilhe goologlt:al '1i1I;ti(kl, 1[JnfOOluili3t~ly. tbilis omy :h9fJ,pem:, in, the pe:dec~: 'World of m~aI, medels. It Is the ,er.{perie:noe: or ,every ,g'Go!Logh~t ,0.1" :~~r.vQ.iir. eng.om toot., M 'th.~ i:i~.mbet {Y;F W't,11~ ~iI' t'he cune,mrulllty ,'fIJ·· - .', . " " D- knewled - '"~t - . ell ficlld, ," 1 ' ,,' '1-- 'ifl'" " -U" fir ,-', ..... - al 0' .em. """ ,m.crea S'e 9(, , .,C; . . I;) e e : , , :go :t!.,. ',' '. , :im, 01 ,1", iWO Yes ,sl!grLiJilJ:ill.D! . 'Y om. a,p,pnms '

&tage to bt~r dey,~lQPIELO:nt stages, wlwre ii.n:funnation :fro.m rees Qf we:lk., '3D seismic Ddi predu.cti.on. data maY bs· a-l'a!il:ible" 'From, a m~i.ca1 ,poinl of vje,w, '~ :reaocno:n ,of u~.ee.~my ql:'1;~y app]ies ~f the newly ooqll'~red, dJota .are, oamFwbl1e, with the, geoSit~.&U~] ~t8 U5e.d '~ ~~ m.e :inttial t~Mts, 'iU[jfiQf.U~.nate:~y. tul1i, is u~ll,y :oot Ul¢' t~ :In,

" ;i" ~ .~;i..~.,:i - 'h"" t"'! 'M'" ,"'11._- ('l;(\~u~:,") "'L_ ' ':"1 " k it ~,;i' __ 'I

rractrLce;, L"'iiZo p01~llW out "') [\.'1,_ .8;l~NIion [ , :7\OO'~, b~:r:e rs ;:uway£ a ns 'OJ, ,r,ru.lI~ error' on,

the, d~riffilJ of: the goo.sta'ti.slicaj, mo(h~Jl ~ its par."l:1l}e'~. EKampj.es, or'IDmle,W()(Ii(jJ ec

-" 'l~ ,rq,. '1"1i"1l\ M Rlii~~·""''if;lu.""", ''''~':9Il '1,~ ~ .. 12''l"\ ,.:Ii" 1"-'- -, ',4or-." - ii;. .... _" ~;..:.ij.,",---:I, ,"- ," ,',', ,:;!i_~" ,~7~ 'I,~~" ~"~;!;! ,~ ~ """,,""""''''''''''''6, I;-!I- ',_, Ji~)I'V I;,I--,g" "~J ur:mooSu:a.l.¢ llV~ liIUJiliCOd .It ,IS tu

'bUIM 'ilhe right m~l, 'when ~ew data, are available. Hsl'rIJ.g North Sea, exampleS' .• r;'f··"I.i'i;'i;~OO:I~ and! g:1'i""""U' 199r;r shaW' ~'w 'the, '~l'oCl-ill"~ _"'-'dl'",1] ,~tl ohanee ...,~er t'~-, l:'~-: - f'

~"''''-Hib - ",' --,,- ~~ t. "" -, '''' " -'" ~ ~O"""--~ ,I,!~ - - ~ """'!!', V' __ ~ ,ul; lL,r:; Q

a flclid,

The :gre':!t cb~le-n,~e wi1h. u~nty q_l.l3Iltificmon is to be ab\le", when only a few' well'S:~ a 3D seismie and weJJ test ,restilts ,ar.e. availabie.t. tu rredk~: a!ll! th.e. ,pc&S1bl1e, ooen3f'l6S., A.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

g_~iI!Ji!itiflca.ti~ at Ult'!.Ce~ti~ ,ac~ntmg :for ~ti~y Jadi~ [ch~, Q::f the, m~liblI, goo1o.gic31, ,11JJ.cId.el is YeI}" ham, ~o preduce, SHU. niS~ lJJilC¢rtaimLuM ,e often file moot :irm,I?Q.~t ones. Thies. imp.lie,g t'h:n teostatislicaJ, iU!mCe'1'itainiy evaluatiens s:hQuilld, a1wa;ys:

,,",."",- ,.c."·I~: [""," " "."- ,"!.,~, "'"""ll~'iI'"""~ untie.. will"'"!. '1;-... .,...,qil'" !i\e , .. ; .... ".'; ... ~A ~iV:' ... ~

c~u.! ly ~n~il J.I, ",,,t:: :jI,tS"".,...~ •• r,I ni:!o """ _ " I, "' """I;;1,!, ~~,.... ~;I;;'o;IoIJJ, W! """'" .... ullilllh~ '1,':Li.~

nrt'ib"'~;l':I·I';':\I'" '01I"I .,!I .... ] ,£,;r,-.l "tmif"' i,,....,., , .... r t'h'I'''' 'o:n~.:.I.-:1 "" A:Iii ,.-1I:i~...,,,c.:- .... "1 j;ijl lj""II".'I,;.,rf;j,;I_,;" ,.,..j. -~'

~., ...... !I:L-U .. _-.:!III-:L'!r ._IU-V~1ir"I!l1! ,1_Ji_~~ ,1:".~~I_I,"'IH!r."Jo~ 1iJ.!::.l ~ •• __ ~ ,II_I!!I!~. ~~~lr. ,M~ ~~-IJI'!r.I~ii.:I'r."lJ.III, ,II.IUI, U~~,II'!rI\~"" 'r'" '~ili

1996. u[liCGda~ni~' q_u,gtifk!UJo:g ,adducs.8r:i:·:]l "wl1l,at 'W¢ kE,QW ''We do liD' knQW."!. ooi 'Ilhc crndai elenlenl Is O]tml! ;;w'Jmt ~ du not bow we do not kimowii'" Again, the scenario ;Q1Pp]'o~h. :pr,Qp0;5ed 'by 'Fay1or', 1996 is, g~ to ,(IIIrIJ in asooa.u:omJ with g;eootl~tl~a1J ," " . ," " h tcS, ~t.""" de;:;lm,'1ii"A1 t(l e:v,l .. h:uu¢ tbe.:lmT'Wffl"arf:r.adii:ca:H'\i' dU[~"1i ..... wlo~\I"ai moo"~'-. ::Ip'proa.c I'·· l .IS, ""%'....... .. " ""-"" ~ """" ~~, "~~"" __ . ~ ',~ ""_~~"" " 0"' &"""""_.c .r: c:S~

The C,R'¢ke <Kt ;Q, ,geoSot~l'tjJa!l nKiiik] and in ~ber.s :is. afren 11;l!lide:d, ~' i!lU'~~¢<:tI,'ve Qonsid¢rationff a modeT ~'IJ' be, fift"~ 'becau~, '~t '~I'fivid!es, iiiI::lf'\iC or (;·om:liitlootd

"_ ....•. ,- p _, .i.!l -~-!JI. _._ p~_!!l!!l_-._ . !....._ ~ ,~~ ._ ••.•• ' __ - __ ~ ,] -I. c_

:s:Unul[a'tioms '~h.at I! look'! ! ,ri~ht. "D.m 1:5, iiliJlrnitl:g w,roi!);g; wida. ,:ru:c:h an ,~,p.pr.Q.aCh, and t'm· success 'of geoslaiistica], te.c'hniqu;es :in. ~he 'peilrol~urrn :indQstvy ~ it NG'Ve:rt'heiess,. geostltislii.c.ians s'llmdd be 've.ry~ ;caullous when q,uan.lii:fyi]lJ,g ,t1~rtBJin~', es-pcc.i.a1l.y ln ~U~U,iOO$ 'Wl'i.e~ 'very :fuw' data .are. a~ajjhhle,. ne assmnpl~'ons made illy the model ,IlIWS~: ' .... , ""," ...... .,..' p ....... "p' ... ~ s:J!noe the.~ :ml!'Il' '~:e 'I,!,i'l'(tn;PI as nl.OI'e data become ,available Tile:

VI;' c~}e;;y.!.1 "1!oi!¥I.1."h,I~, -_ .. " " J'""" ",;t r· ...... " - !:;I. • "- ". """ -" -""

main. l.lllCeriBin~y' may I]i,gt Ue b'l '[h.e yari~'blni~.y bMw~~ :rea!llLs.:a!tion~ M, f1i~ l'iIDtkl. 'bot nttbe.r on "HilS< ~idlty of tfu.G m.odtJ :ijg~:rl,

1iVL" t GI ,;iw'!Uii. ... iL-~:~"" l'i; .... ~ ... fl:~ i'I :1.." "" dl ",i~ .. t"· il\J ~ ...... iio ~'~.~_~~_~~Dg ""~~IU~~

GGQsta.~ttCS p-WrV,I.des its uS¢]' WLUl if. t~OJDl'1)i; of ~~~, :ror ,~llGratin;g rs,a'lilstk :3.D :mpresentatioI1.8 ,oJ 'Uilr; disiriJbutiion QI·lilewogc:m.e:ilits,

~ "

(i'e:oS1iatiS1lic:s, ,allows the gen,eratio:n of equjpr:obabk iirea1isalia.l18," 6]'~ sllbsurC~., ~[ co:mpatible witll the darn 3:00 the ;statis~ical, :parnmeters: used. as :ERPllt: to the mode'l.$,

,42

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~at1sti~, !UJeuts, ,~nis~ ~cl"'Qmmtii"'!l as ,such:: determ.!D~li:c, in,put: ,is b0n01l.t'!ed by ,rmii:satiOIlS., GW8~'itl~tiil:~ ,gene~, [~.ulpn)bahl¢ ~etun:tion[j qf w'hat CiUU'iUl be ~eII!tGd. dGW:rnii.rlisticaillf.,

G~w~~d'C~ '~s not ,an ilIgm:i~lm. ~.qggin.g, ,II coin to decide whikih, facies i[U'f:, :pres.oent between '"idl:s.

'Geo~tatJjSitiC8, is! nDt an aI~:eIl1Iatiw, to ii!ideJemrinisti.c: ,app.[~h~!!'., G:i:oSlbttstics ireais: 'knO\W~ 'info ... n~;bon as ~sth::~ unknown 'in~onnmiQIta.8, :pH)'ba'b:lllrstit::.

Geootatisucs is, a powerful formalism. but it m.wt be ,applied 'W.i!~b. care. M:ore

l"'l - ~ ~

devMO'p:m.ents, are ~ ibe:fore tn:us: diiscip1lin.e; is :fuUy' accepted, ,iiilld, used IDUt.il],eliy. We

'believe that, :un the ruture" the fnllO'wimtg; deve1\op.men1!S will take plaee,

43

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,Elet1er gealogip,al ru~M fur ~dif£erenl geal,ogicalJ en,vi,ronm~bl: .A gt'tat variety ef srochi1stJc ai"li"l~olllJh~ are 'now avru'~:;ilil~ fo:~ lU~t",-';l!rn'-;-' bete;,' -",.1:'<- "" ",' ,-"-', the -

, _ _ _ _ _ '-,If,I:''' , -,' - '",' - --~, -- ~ '""" ~~,f.Il!;LIIlIi!!:, ~ ,'_, UQgG:M.ll'CS I[J], sp-ace_, "ge

a~'he:s wIll :genersfbe :re~U8ti(: ittod~ls, o-n.t,Y If itls :r~,survQiu geoio,giist is :invo.l,ved ,earr~y in t'he ,CJa(l-lCG of 'the, ,approaCh, ~nd of '~hi,} ,s,1at.iJstk8!l ~tfrs to use, ]if ,geO'IA)gt"lt.9., ~ the- cffo:n: of u~der3~l'lll.dmg '~~ p:niflos;ophy '0:( s~as!iic ~'~~. ~11d"l;F ;eQs~atis:tlci~ make, ~tJe±r teclrrun!lles easi.1Br 10 Imd'e.rstand to tIiIcn-$,""""ialiiw _ -,"',; - of' 1Io''f.- ; ,_'f: -, •. ~, s

":I - - - - - - - --\1""""" -- ,-"":i' ;rnQJe ,~ ... ,~~ gWJ!(!i,gls~s

'CO-1:'!Ii""'_""" ~';"III 'he "~" ... ,,,"",,, 'fror '--' . .:ii - r""""*'f';o;,.;fI !--.'I~i -,' ;i,' , ,- - ,...._1" it:;" ,,+, '- i., , "'::',' t::.:.;,.t"....,.~,~' • .,H ....... ' ' ,~,~, ", ~,"""'-"~~~ ~ ..... , ,!!Inu q_l.._IJ:~_I!LI!oNIn, I~~~g ~Q rnqre !L~18!U{: S:L'C!(]I~.rusl!-L'(i,

mi}(fc:I.8. .As, g;ellJl'OgU~ts be-comt:. :mo.l'e· .a,ware of these teclmiques, the. geolQg)I' will drl.v'e t'ne, :modiilliilM]I' ruill',orithnts rn:tMl" than the ;N'ii"il'iii::rte.., A :;:;T'ii;:;~"+riJ :",U'~, ,'" ,---......;1 ...... 1 of,", ••. ,!II. ~~.,

- - "--0 ,0 e- . -, . - "'I:'l''''''' - - - ~" ~¥"""" .. ~ ... ~~,'V-n liS I~~ LOWaJUS ~ue

:imptQ",,~eni itJ.f q;:Ul!J[UtiUt~,ve ge(ibJgi.¢"a'l inpi/.i~: to· ,geo.datisiical, medels; as, better ,~Il1e$ ,~ defined and 'v,alidJa"f-:ed, gr.:olagr wHl became IiIlOIIe q,mm.til1:atirve and g~~ti8~ii(:s 'wHl become :mo.fIe, geolo,g:icaJl"

HI$l!tet c!Js¢ Qf' :Indl~, ~itiI~t.IOfi~ wi; Ii~i,y~ ,~n ~]jj,t ~ nijmh$[ Qr metheds now exist :fm {:olisfmirning' ,ge-ffi1ta~~.iSiica~, :model:s by sGiismLt:, &ia, we\!] k-si results ,I;)[ production d.am., ~:Smne; of Ilhese :m16thodis, h;a,ve orlready tOlllOOJ 'ihetr 'w.l!y to, a,p:pliC3lillums, otbers are ~.ot ~r"lled! Th"U;, because their a~lIIml'Jition~ ,ilre~ Dott crear or' becat!!~, ~;'lf are !J1Qt w¢]I. :adan~¢d

,r [il·~ ,V," .," ,r,"

tQ opeu,~li:Qt\IQl oo~tt~unts" U '~~lqu~ exl~t ~QU' combiili],tig ~:~ogk8& au seismic ,oons;rrainfs, or g~olQgicili and, d!yrumU~ Canfptr:aint!i~ it :~S! still ;a c'halle:nge tL(~ comblne geologkail ge~p'hy;!lkal, and, prodootlWi; lUIJflJf1ru1tl~n Petrophys.<~' '"so buu -.d. '~-. ' .1,- ....

'~_ ,:,' :~~' "'_;;_',,,',, ,,_,,~ __ " ~, ~ _ L~,,~ __ ... = __ ~, , . t :s ,I. .. n .0 p.ay iii,

'cruc.~al rol~ m tb~iS p;roce5!S.

13:" tt.ef q'ilii.ntlftt:m6:1i'i: of: un~erta.in~ie!ii: Uil 'M a1i. t 991' s~, that 'L1t'i£oerta-tii'ilt.!~. ' " ...... ~1!tJi ~

" . 'Y .. '_-'" . _.. , .. " .. _ .. ~""'-?J' I;:'V"",,~ ~

co:ml~~~ into, ,geus-t~U~li:caj, fe~:lls~dhms iinoo,rpmatin.g ~lW~l;'l._'Uw, ;sod~mm1Q]o,gica]. ,and petroph.yS'~ca] 'Lll[l~r1lJciJntie8. As~umpt~o:ns a~t the ~ ~sed, the Jlian:lmeters of this :mode[~;are, eraelal aad must be demlf ]is~e~t, since they :rnay prove wrong: as !neW' da~a arie, ~qul.red!" It. is recmmnended, to oomb'~ne g-.eostiltisd~alI, l1~.certaj:rnty ;e'v,a]uation w.illh ~'be ;~il~,() ~Q~'h, ,(;if l):y'tOf, ~997",

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AiIl! .. bert, F,G" mJill OJ, :Ma.s8illlIJ.ai, :1,990!, iReterogen~lty in a, CQm:plex 'liulrbidiJic, Rese!"li\C1I~ Stoc:ha$tic M'odemng of lPilL':les arui P~h.y,3itaJi VWJlbiili~.y. cSJ'lE 2~\'

Mabert~ F"n., and, B, Cmre~ 1991., He:WqgeeJIY' in a CompIlex, 'Tmbidlwlic R.e.!lerv*

l'm.pact, on Fjeld De.-vciopment', SJ?1E 2291):2;. .

:Brldg:e~ J.S" and :~.r~ M,[;t, 1.979 • .A Sirmlhrtio:m. MDrlel of ,A]Iu.Vi.a1 SrrntigtaphYt ~d.im.en~logy 26~, p. 6,]"74544"

Bryant, :['D,! ana, S.S" !FIim~ 1999, [~ati!tati,ve Cbdk ,~rvci:r >Geclo,gi,ca], MQdelling~ P:ro'elmtiSi iiUJid Pe:rspecti~e,~. it'll .spe~.\, 'Pu!bl!S;" IR't, Ass. Sed~rnen't 1.:5, :Flmt wita Bry,an.~ eds, ,p_ 3~.20.

Cad~, $."1'i'. ~ O,E. FQgg~ 1'9%., 'Itlmsl!tioo, Pro:~biill)1.y-B~ Geostaii:stics,

M1rt'hematica], Gwlogji'" Vol2'S, Nc;,. 4. MJfjt 1.996. p" 4i5,3~"6"

Ch_i'btie, M.A.l, .l996~, U:p~alm;g f:or Re~~' ,S.1Jm~dati~lh [itrlliitRfd, of '!Ptit91~ul1ll Tsclmo]ogy, NovmM,f 1996~~, HlO..,1010,

'CI.t:m.i!t5m, It, A_..K Fi[~~t, It :Kri~ ,~nd, :H, OI"iUl'e" 1990" .A CoDl])1ttGr P,ro,gtaJD for :BrulllatEo:n of FilurviiJ.il Reservohs, im :North ~il'eil Qi~, and -G& R.ese~ts; m~ Grahn and Trotlruiill!, 'Ihrller et al eds, p, 3'13-385.

Corbet~, P'.W',M" and ,]l_L. Jem~en, 1m,,;, Varialio:n of' Re~h" 8lati.s~iC~ According to, ~~I~ S~Qg, ~ ~u[tmMl Ty,p¢; :fm' SOIEt! ~~rv,als in, Ute Inw~ B.re.n& Gmu,p~ 'if,Ie, l.o:g Anaj~t, Jan,~:~'~. 1992" ,PO, '2.2!.41.,

,jI"", ...u

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'Ii'Io .. ---.~I-"c.L 'C .... 8-· ·T]C' .... lL~.--: 'R ~--- "d H'ul- M, .. I..:I.-._ - ]~mIl111?iI, A·-·· .. - . i-. .... ,fj.---:~h·· ,ji.-. Jl"-i;dniSw.I.~, £;', ",=, - \, ,~ Vl\lICI]l" " , V.UJ.r':'\ ,an ·1."" fiiIU!liI_o.rse:n~ ,!;II:1V~ , 'L,WO~'IiIlIge, ';I!!1,~ .... a.s~,

,Model, Ap,plied to a N'ortJ. ~a Rese"Qir, SR: i06O$.

:DGlfui¢£. ~'". J P, ])s'lliomm.e" ID. Pt:1~sS'lef.-!CQ~ure., 1.983, AnJic.a~ioIiI of 'Gco:statiSlti,cal Analysis, to thel,Eva1mltio:n o:rPetrole-lIIm,R~fVo.i[S w~th Well Legs, SPWLA~ 1'983.

iIj'Io .. 'ljl- ............... "'" ;I;_ 'jE:' K.. ~ _ d' J F nJ" .... -~, --" 1 n,""g 'IN - W' p.-- ~ - -' 1j'k.- - ." -- "'" - 'T' - .... 'I!.-,~

~!UVJ!IU~~. h •. ID,,· M", ";-" ".;!t.annesm~:" ,-:'1', ",_e_" ,,:e;sI;[l\OJ[ ~~npuun l!li.'.I!lIiu.qUeiS,

!im,p.ro:~'{e sinndation ResWIt.s ,in, Hassi,·Messooilll1, ,f,ie1~~ Alg:e:ri:a~ c$,PE 84:;5.

Deu,tsCh. C,,' ],992, AniieaJJing' Weclilniques Apeli'ed to ~el"Yoi!r ,Model Uin g' and, the J~teGratien of 0e~1'¥'~"'aJ1, ,and, BnL1l1i~~~;(j' ,(Well '['est), D· p,i"', jD·If-'D·.· ,~.,..,:,,,' - !I;'!,~ -, : -If'.:-...A'

- -;0- -- - - - - - - - -- - , -""\1:1- . 0"" - -, '_HD ~ - -- - -- - -- !;IMIi, :.-n - ~ !l_,1_J~iI' >J'.:jJ,illJl!lJ'l·u,

U'n- ~"'!\i!'o'f:~(.,j;,i' C'.-'amr"'------li C"11i '11'10.-.;> 'I'a,

_ .11, !'!W..I '''-iJ. if~' .;J.!. _~J,;ILI/U! UI~I . iP.-i.~, _~'y.~I1_._ !Hi I

'h-·· .. ,1,,, .. " 'iT 'i' ~,~A ''';I"~'I:.~" ~ t- k_ "A ~i~' ' ...... _J·.:::!iL_.:Il. M~" '._~,:I_'i· , tc 'lnn~

.I.AJ1lI;~~ ,., ..... ~~ .w.u l"'.mJlIlI!A";[;5: ai, 1m A.!UJ! ,U1IilIl,,:)m::tJ:gum ~~ngemn~, :7ro~

:0·, eoSlt"'i~l""",",""1 '1oif,,,,..L.'~ 'FOr Ilhe A ..... ,..~D R-=~"""r 'N:i:1Irth ;A~n Dar ''E)·.i ....... t ,~'I;-, ... W\."..' ~e'14 ot"" .. A~1

••. _ ~·L~~~_ .. ;]I'~~_, ~}r:~~IJIII;-4_j ~. ' . - -.' ~,__j,~ _. _ ~~_j1!.~ ... ----=----.~ ~. ~ ._~~ = .= If' w.~-~ ~~, ~ = =_ ~I ~!Alu.w

.Ii. ~'I:.". ," .Ii. ~ 'I'r-- ~ ~ -,;Ii 'I'i. ~ - - "- ~" ~. '1";":' 'lii.jI'_~,",'II~···,I; '~'b'" ',V···· "I ]-1 iLl """~ N'I.~ ,;.'"ll<lu.I:B:" ,ru:Ii .u:up:~DVeu ,R-.eseIVQ'Jf .;::.lIFDU. anen lll'l.Ulill,'"'-I!, uOOruJIi.· I a, '. '0.. ,~,~,"IO".~ ,l~"

:Doyen, P.M'., 0'. E. Psaila and S", ,Str,andenes, 1994, Bayesian, S~J~tialJ lndliicatof ,S~m,u1att(\ln of C-!!~ Sands :t"rorn 3D S~: Data ,in, '~e OJ~beIg fie.ld, N~~ghm North, Sea" SPEI 2838.2.

'~<'i"J'ioo'f;'le_ P ,;:j,"A R.- :s....,.~t .. [L [Gn')r_ n~",~vr.w., - A :Me''''''''''' ~""[- ,('i;,',;m~'I'r"I'!f:Il"" U"~~.;;'m'·'tv ,~~~-~~cv.~~ ~., ~ "::11 ~~ .__, ~:' ~ ,F~~~ ~;!'~ t.·'1 ~~~I,"" '~~ err e ~ ..,u._!_!,.1I)Q. ~;~, ~!Hi.L~IJ. __ IJ.,;'- &," ,,_, ... w.---.I,;IK=l, ilO.J·

,In, 'Fwld, :~mre &ti~b~:s, :Pt.trol~um Geosci6:1il.CC, VoL 3j, Nmn'.ber l ~ Fe'bruill}' 1'997, 1''" j, ~:2.

[)!lbn:l]~," O,~ '[9&9" A Rc.v,IG;w of Sitoch.a.8tlc ,Mode1~ Jar Petre 1 eum [R;~m'OO.~, in Grrostati8ti:cs, ,AEnstmng 00, ltll.u,v;ef :p1lIib]isbers~ p" 493·506.

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D"lbrole. 0'0, C_ Basire, S·., :Bamba:Me.t- .Ph, Samson, D. Se;g,OJtdi5. and. I W~, 1997,. :Re~rv¢!f (~:¢.Q~~,gy 'iJ$!!lg :3~n Ml:!dell!pJ; ']' $QJ$", S~ 386~9;

FJclding~, C.R. iWd. R,C, C'rane,; :1.987; An AW1itatL'OllJ .0:£ ·S{t~tilca1 :Model!ling ,~, the· PrediciiiO'n of Hyd~aml;Ln R'GcOY"eQ F~~[Jr;5, In AJ'U."~~] ~m~h: ,SQ(fU¢~~. R~iit Deve]}O'pm.eJ1ts, In !F,luvj;al S~cl~m.e:tfI;tQ]ogy,. Soc" :Bc~n. hL Miner.. S!p¢c. hb., 39, r" :321~ "32'1'"

Gol:nez;.,Hemande~ JJ. and A.G. JO\lm~l. 19~13. J'oint ~ntitli~ Shliu~h"IO:n of 'Mulllg.Q1,(r~i~ ~:Le]dst- m G~O&tali8ti~s 'Troia. "92.. SOWl~S ed., Kiuw'ffi1 p~.ibL. !Pi' 8:5·94.

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Haas.,., Aj, mliIl 0" :[~lI:lfld.e, 1994,t. Geos~ti8tklll, In,w~iQn ~[' $ei:snii:c D,~.. :FiM B~ilk, N'oi~t. 94,

H'aJ:dor:seo~ H.H,o~ 19&~~ ,Reser-lOir ~~on !P~dl!lres: ['O,t Niu~nl Siii'ilU!]ation" PhD 1"b.eii;5. 1983"

Hailldo.fS¢O, :H,H~, and It M'. aumg, :1,~6i1' :Not~ <m S~le Sh~ks;: From Ouicmp to Sim.uLa~iQTI M:Ocih:], in Rcstwqir ~ac!terlzatjo:n, Lake and Carroll eds, Academic Pre&s, pt.l!bl,

'i"i'_'i - 'H' ~.!II 'F!' ' .... __ .'11 'L 1........... 6 iL __ ' ~ ~ _.:i_~'I!" J' _11 i!' ~ "

Haldorsen, ' '"n. mlu ,ID, ,Umli:!UIe~.u!, ':1,:;ru,~ .:)~:OCWl1!itrc Mou..,.;~~mg, 'oumw! OJ! PeU'olleUIn

]':ecIln(d~';, A:ptil 1990,> p. 4044l2" ~

'H~h!ntl~ EUH. and C)., Maaion~. 196,1;, S~t±c :Mode'IHinr; Qf U~,dergro:!lrad R.ooeTvoit :F-1aciies, SPB ] 675 t,

Hu, :L. '!f'., Ph" .Joseph, and O .. Dubrule, 199~, 'R.andmn. 'Ge.ne~ic Simllilatioo. of 'Ilhe In~ Geometry' of Delltiic .saoo..;t~ BodlOOs. SPE 247 Ut

h:3ftbt. E,H,,!, and R,M. g]jj.v,as1a~, 19S9~ An mtroduwon 1:0' ,App]ied Ge~mnti$tlc~ .• N'ew' '~lotk" OX~Qrd, 'Utl~Ver.sjtY' [P.re$5-,;, 5fj~p"

49

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Joumel, A.G,., and (Jh. 1.. Huijb.re,~.s.~ ]'97,g~ M.ining, Oell)$1iaU&tics, A{:ademi~ Press;. New Yui:k~

:M~cDunaJ~ A.,C .. ; T"f:t '~y~.; 'P", M;'wt1', '['.' JiK=~:ibs.e~; ],;.0, AiUen, A.Q" G~i'u:the.im. 1'992~ Swchm;ii.c :FIow UiIIllit. Mode.I[l]n,g of a N'odh Sea, eoas:ta[=~'Liak: R(?8~[9fok,!, :Fi1[;Slt Breal:~ Vol ]:O~ No 4, ,Aprl.'1 ]'99,2~ p. i.24~] ss,

M'atnoooii, G." H. Beuch.or, C., ,de" F~uquet" and A, Ga:J.]i~ 19S7", -Gam:litiuEllal Simulati~n of the Georn.elry ofiFJ.uv,i.o~De.Uaic' !FtQ.sefVoo.irs:~ .sP8J.6;7S:~""

Mathirn~ G-. and n.." NuU'!,.A Geostatisill.cal,.Approacfu (0 Ve'lodty M'ap,pi'~g; ScJlh;lli\l~' E.)i;~al Ptlblk:ntijo!l; 19S5;"

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OJiver'~ D_ S-~ 1~95~ M~'v,ing: Averages f:o.r Olnl~l~ ,SiliIDJlI~ti.om iil 'TWO and TlI.me [),i~o:n~, Matheirul.tk.rd [Gtwlo,gy,. 'vo,t. 21~ no, 8., p, '9S'9-960"

Omi'i'" M_- H-, Ti_",!lmeLmd- y_ ni L H'~ndernOCer- ]'993- A~ess~ of Uncuta'-jti' ," . ~he

. "'~'...." ~~-, =, .T'""'-~' - ----. = - ",,<,"'I' - - -~ ------~" ~" - ~, ~~ --~--. - . . , .,. -llil"'J ,In.

'I!P - - . ..:Ii-- - -" -. -. ,C' 1:;.- --."- - • - _" --, -il.' - ""Ilfi'-I~ .......... ,,", h·----- '--, "-, '1);---. - "£"!I:. . - _ --"~i' 'I[~i

,(1IJu!/.IC,nIJO'-u:iu:aii:ten!Stlcs: (}-Ji a o ~IN'JL"'"' '"' _ Jlj.C_nro",r. ]n ,~5c:rvror ,=uaract-enz::!ttl:o:n , I!I.,

jI'i-:n"""~'~ 'r :-"'::11-. ed n ~<::6.' ~1',

~ ,n'!~.L.IJ~ ,a....r.L.[~ ",IIW ~ .~~. J.-J. ~.:- ,I

n'W .... 'a....,_,.. ~ '0-- '-=:; - D;, ile~'" ,... .. ~ H-'-R, 'Ha:kior:sen 199-2- 'Put tl lID " .... '......,.r Eli', -[ 'D- -- - ---: '( -

v _~~g._ ' • .9; = ~~_!II__J, i!-!lL1!!.'!- ~ _ , " ~ '_' '~ ~g ~~w =atl! 0Ei ,1"!i~lNVQ]Jr

m.,ginSCFing: :fit}1tCa'SllS. JQUTiIii.w [0:( PetroJeum l«hn61 o,gy • June 1992-", p, 732,.:738.

'J!);-~ n, ,- -d: A'- 1.\" ~- - ", ~M'I_ EyailWltl ',' ,.,., rf"""·,,,,'1 'M~"'ll", i,-,,-1j'Lo.- c_ -'Io."._ ~...__.., r "-

,["~~. v. !!In"" .A ..... 1:LiDpr.a;" 11.7,:.0', ", ~ ilL ~Wl C!'~ ~ .!,~_ ,,,}!./II,iIJ;'J,LS W' .....".:{jICn~ ~eFVOU'

Hatero,ge-nei~ and ~ s,m 226,~)4" p, 3'S1,~:39'8.

P:~rtz. '0", A,K., 'Cttop-ta, 'C.l)', S~mO!l, ~ m, ItLt¢i~ G~mli.:s~i¢s fur Mooe1Jin,g I:<'turid Comac'irS and Shales- m Ptudhoe :Bay-, sm Fommti,on :B1j'idUJaii~, Dec;, 1997!, p, 213-~,2-l9;

RaV¢:j1M, C" g, H. BeUJC'I'~et, 1988, Recent ,De,ve~.opmet1rts ~n :~(1~ ,of Sed~m.emt~' :Bodi~ ±n ,a:f,llrvlo·,[)dtak R.eservom and t'~k 3D Conditio:m.8l Simnlatlons, ,s,m l&~lIO,

:&enart1J~ D; i990~, Bluepaek 3D and :ij~s B'~·i!JJ tns,:Petrols:um m,eMS~ry, $iPE 20:1:52"

.!Q' ,- - - - 'E' Inflc"':l' 'I"L!, ,- ~ ~-t Q'-.I~io-n af S.toohaslic M'Ccidel 'ReaJ.'imtions .c ...... ~Ilr ... ~ .. .._..; i_

.il'Ii.:ogg,S['Q-, ,['", ,"". ~" ,Lo!',~p:c. ~ ........ L ' __ ' ~ _ ~'~.' _ _ _ ~' '. __ ~ __ Y.!~ __ ~_~~I;'!;!J "'"'

Hi.s~Dr1ca!l Data" S-PE l&7:lL

Rubin. '[)~Ma~ [981.. 'Cros-s-beddirag~ BedffpfJIliS, ar.nd :Pa1e~~, 10 SBF,M 'Concepu. i'~ Sed'lmemtclog,y' and f,a]eom'tol(1GY, VoL I, Tu]~. Ok!l~Ero:rna.. SiElPM:, 1.87 :P'.

- - -- ~

Ruilki'Gw.icz, J.L,,!, D, 'G-wmHot and A" 'Ga1U, 1990, An, lnte,g~ So:ftw,are :fm' Stoo:ba5cic Mooemrtrg of lRf:Sm'O~ LitholQgy and ,Pro:pe:rq, -wi[h, an l~h::Ulp'1'e, from 'tile YQt'bibtre, MiddI~ Ju~~k~, in Nort'h Sea, on ~ OM R~~!i)j~, ':HI, Ggabam ,~ild, T-romlM", Lcmdon. BUlle:r' et al eds, 'p'. 3199406"

, ,

Ri.!iiJ~~bgg. P"A" 'R, Bych_~, ~ P, M_C\;, 1.990, '~-Dhnens~ona!1 Dilita THi,P~ve R~fIi''Oir M'awm.g~ J~m.a1 of f:\'e:ooltcum, T-seffilo](ii,gy 4.2. JanuaQ' 1.990. 'p\, 22~(H.

-Samsoo, f,h., 0" Dahrule and Nco ~ul~t~ ,]:996~ Quantifying' 'ilhe Impaet of S'tructm,al Unoor,tainJ.'te8 'on Groos-Rook V'olume E~tima~; ,SfE 3553:),

$;ihil~;; -Y"t J. Ponoet. lit B~ioaj, :R._ De;boWSfie~ 'f'. WCQnt;and j', V~~, 1991" :mie,gntt±o:n ,of ,(leoSotrdi:stics and W~I1 'Et tQ' 'va[±d~~e a, :PriOl'i GeolOlglcaill\focl.elJs :£01' the

Dyoamic: SirmJlllliti:oo~ C&so Sltldy~ S:PE 38-75,2. -

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Su'ltm, L, A" 'Ou~ .. , !ilti.O: W,W" Weiss", 1999, R,eservaiI' Dese.rip~ by h r Ii'~: ,Mod\e'l~ng~ ,App:lilcalio:n to EVnSA'I]' :F'ield~ S~ 26478;"

Sw,Ql~,lt\ 'P.iA~, and, KU.ltllwn~le~r, [996, A1n! Interac~,\'e 3D ~l'Utt'e Mhdel~lng EnviOODl'!ImItt. SPB 300G4, 1996.

Sweet~ M.'L." C,l, B.:t:ewdeJiL. ,A,M" ,Carter and, C'.A" :Mills~ :n'996~ Mooeni~g iFIe~eneilJ" ,in >8, ,ww.:Penne.rb-lIJi.ty Gas R.eservo:lr' Usililrug [fie.u.s~atiis.tkai 'r-ecimiq;ues;, ~\ije fiieJld. 800tbem North Se~, AAJ!'{j,BuUeti,n, v. 80; No. ] [,. N:O'vt.rr'her 1996" p\, ]'7'ru9-173$"

T~lm,. S.R .• 1996" 3D :Mod~Hing to o,ptumse Pmdudion a~; 'Ihe Sl!L'Oi.1es:ilive, .stag~ [O'f Fi~ Life!, SPE 15501...

T~m; S,W',; 1996" Buhlding die 3:0 J~aw [Pimz:z'Ie.; ,AWl±Catt~, af Seq_umQ¢

C'I - -~"",,; ~""'- "lD' n""'" ...... ......:' .. C·h .......... ~,..--" .... ~:" ~ -, n.. ........ ~,~ .. D" ~ ~ '.. AA~ jIIV". B -~ll_;" -~ ,c.... ',,""

iJ' • .; ;ulgm~j" IW.J ' ,IN!;;~~ ~vl'" .-, 1;!-I,~,Ki,Ul!ICi~to:~. ,£'I;-I,lIllI~HIMI~~" , ',.IOU - ,l~i,~~mf v, iI)Y,. l,,!!ilh

4~, -( "''Ilf~nl -1- '9' '9· 6- ~ 'p Ji,Qi,.-li!i:,;.t;'

.. ,nr,·, ;.; .. J~ ~ ~J..

T.,;i''''~' N:' 'M: 'lC\ p, ........... "'Tfod· 'D- J F)r,l-'!I~ ~ pci;'1 OIi.~_r;_"",""ffiI ~~"'~""iI~~""" .... ~ 'Il1l.....,.. ~·T;;;;i~~' ,"'~..:II

.a J'lW~~, 'Ii~·. ~ Jj..II .. ,UIiU,!I~_I, !AI,I.II. _ ,,~. I' '!l II_W._,... .. ~ 'I! L~. _!II !P!!!!. .... I.'IiJ!I,r ~LIiIU~~,I. • .L_~.JI.I"!I_.I. ~ LI('=~}V"",, 'l!..I·lIH • .I!P. @_~_N

seai Properrl!.}s ,and Geometries, F~rro:D Sand'8~Ml Utah, SPE 2261~1

Viste]jus; ,A.'B_, ]'949". On the, 'Question, o:f. the, :~.b!!anilism of.' '~m~ of' S~ Dotl Mad. Nai!lk SSSR. v" 65, :no, 2., 'p'. l:Sn~'l94"

-w~':, '. . ~ . --11 iI. r '~.,_~ii"---;_lll,:ll '~""""" [& .oi"1o,i.;I~~"i'~ ~-"'i"i ,'1 ... ;-'L'~~'''''"'''' -, " n~ . "~I ':

.. an,g, ",'., amu, E.Ii.. ....... ,ft-.l,:lll:JI'''''.~'IJ, ,l;,!7,I, "l~'{;- ""AiLUIllU,Gl ,A.lJ.1;;?JJJ)~eC!L~"" ,m. a . .l..!"l;;nse . .y

-D-' -~'.~.,j 0-' -~4:;-~'I.,j - ~,-- ....... ~,~-, 't'l-P-~E ilo,c-7U

.,n!u~, . 'J!u~. !i.iI, tLn bi:l.:!it ~. ~ :''ou,o.

'~W-'~"';,.~~, v J ", .. ..:I~' c: ... "n ...,,-~~,.. 1- '"'M, p. ....... ." •.. ~..J~ ,;trLO' "i'"'-.....,.-InI ..... ir .. S' ,r'lI .. .., .. i"" Rese ... r.n.i'~,

.' "Ii;-:~c~,~ .n.. •. -_.~ '1:il.I1.U. ~I" • -"'4.11 ~Wl~~ ?~U~ ,11,',III1I~W~~ ,I,\.u ~J1:!i . _~!l.IJIJ.,;;. ~cillll:lLJ..~ -_~ ~~I:,

SJmu]!UiOim ModeJlJl. J~nl o:f Pe~]eum 'I-eeIn\olkJ;D'; October 1990" :p, ]24-'s:..12,97.

'Weber, KJ_~ 1996~, 'V'itSiOll8 in Reservoir' M'an,ag~t - 'What N:exr:l,~ in '"rae ~iiaI lPubiwari\o:~ of'1lile j8p~,:Nationa!l O,I~, Co.lJ.iQ~a1Ji,on, 'Fechn.otogy Research Cen~".

,:52

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fi,ig~ 36c Difffere:rtrt: s.1,ochas~i.c 8lmuilla~laI:1s slw,in,g the, ,s.a:rne. i.~.lc!lg ''Yarih.grn.m V Ollm,_d and. Deutsch, 1m,} ..

'Flg', 37: Ob~ec~-'based, and, i~diCllmr:sjmmatlon differtnHy ~s n~ ~SlW o:fWe1JI,·t6~

'Well (lO'fl¢lati'oIl, -

:f\~,g, 38: Deriv.iing geemerrlcal irufalnWtiQJI, "from, itildiCiJtl":ilf V',EU',iqgr,!;!!m"

FIg" 39,; E-¥(Jluth)'11 of an (J~;oct-:~ed, ,m:a:liSlaHon, during' sn U~u,a~ive ~sim.llliation. alg-a.dlill!illll!"

'e: ...... S·, ~. "~'I' - -. f .- -. '-.:I," - " i.~. <Ii"" ,. i. ,~\' ~

.i:'~g, '-I!'V:: ,1I1IiIP,tL"= n.L'I,llStt-.artU}ll 0' an .Umatl,~C: IiIYlL'CatQf S.llnthojUOn. aigontnm \,.::i;UV3SD:a(V;3;

A A'PG 94n 1).. -

""-:',1)' 4'1 ::.S· h~11i'ii1e: "~I'i"~~':".Q'~iA}n ,af ,j! ,iU"fifi"""-i 11">"iT I~b'-" -· t-l1.'~' ... - "l, .... ,1 ~,t"k -; ~,"'::'r" -t - ~- I A·.-·- A: ~r'~;j_

,II"~i!II' ~,. - - ~~_il"L JL""""'~ ~_I_ ~ _ • ~ ~_ """":1!_IIIM\IO!o" ~ ~ _ i~1Z1i!I ;;tJa ...... ,'"' 11.011, ~,:)nvas iii, _ IIi, " ["'U:7"';t

:1)

F~" 42:: Seqlllenliai, o'~jectjo'baredl mOOe:ni~ algo.r,ilihm (H~ru1oy;, AAPG94-10). FiL'l", 43: Si~l~, iIlIl1Sctr,BUrn:1 of' a ~_j"jurenDj]iJ ~tndliM"rot ,!:f--~ --:Iati,u(,-I -1-- :·ftlm

= "'0- - ~ ~ -~ -'1;"'- ~.~~- ~-~~- - - .. .,,- - ~~~ ~ ~-~~- ~-~ .. ~ .lm~ -- ~n olIi. gaD ... u

Fig" 44: A s.Jinlpl¢ liUi"Ll;S~iOn iQf t'ne T'nI~~ R.:on-dom Func;ioo approac'h"

Pig" 4,:5: P,r;a.cth:aIJ ,a,p,p:lka~i'oTl. of Truncated RandufilJ Functio:rus, S'Qiing;$ ~ S~io~,e I(Mj;U:u,e'U! e~ ~l; [993),

Fig" 46: V,;~:!lidatiM or- 3 !H_t:~-S:iim. _1!ea]is;a.tiQP~~ 'vc:u:Sus a digii:usciL Q.ute.~-Qp {Mat:ho:m:n et ail, 19&1)"

:!r,ijg" 4-7:: RiubJJn :models, 'used! te c.aBibra4e: ,g~os~atistlL1al! pa.rametet'S (Cox et :ail, ,MPG:94- 22~.

,iF,ig~ ,4$: Geostatis~aJl, model ,~rtogr;:t~ after caliJb.ration, '~y :Rub.iJn models ~(lox et at AA_]}G94-2'2l,

'!r,ig~ ,49~ 3-D :5~och~ii.c sM_l!es :mOOle.I. ~~'~do.~l ~iid Chang, 1'9S16),

,[F,ig,. ;50;: StoChastic rea'lisatio:oo wj~hm varicus fac:J.es 3iS:IDGi.ruo:rus (Begg: et al, :1,9961)~ Fj;g, 51,;: CQj.cu1atiLn_,g ,1m e.~per,im.e.!1ta1 h0r,i~taI 'v,iUiQgram f"i'{Qi] et. ,a~" AA~15~, Fig, 5-2":: S,tand:arcl, 'lj'arLognttn ]DOO~]s fur ,c·Q;iiI!tioili.'OUs, '(JaramGt-G1:5i ,

li:l':lg", iI;~,~ ,ro'lll;'lo;:otPlfl\i"i~~'t'lg' , a :1i,n 'v,ario!'lg.'r,~1\'i'i mod •• :~ "f~1-1iI' t......:i'7.o"iiIll,tal ,o:!-'I'i~ 'Ij!~ii,r;_~,] we-nl~ ,(: A'-I:~ ... ?·"liio

CI I ~J~. V~II_lii,lI_I~!W_ _ ~ ~~ _ ~ . ._,~~ __ ~II"," ~_~.'o~~ =~'L~~~ ll~-.llJ.4.V.,:Ll~_ ._~ .·~31~r~ _ ~lb""'~ . ~i=~. __ U_'I,v.l\J!~J

. .

. oJ ~i'l.o..... M' !!)F'i.t'l."ll '" 1')

o:tI!lU .L '~.:'-\rU-~.i~n, ," ,io~.,-,,, '" r

Fig, .5'43: "The app[O[Wch, fO:f pmc:r,a~mg ~ S~,uclIlt.iJiill. (ja~ssitl._ll SJmul~~iQD (SOS) of Iii c~lit~ltrlJuo1l8, pmr:amere:r"

:Fi\g. ,54~~ ''['he ,~,p'pro~da. 'lI~ :f~ ~~iJtl~!'!lin~' a non-co:oo~~~~~l ~~nr~lation- A ~l.mU:lated, error Is added to a emooth ,ini~];!lti'oo. (Snv,asta,va. ,AA'PG94~ 1)

:F.u,g .. 55: A 1D e:xampie qff. Four ,geo,Sita~'isci{:al rea1isatLiiJ'.ffi!l, and. .k.r,igi~,g: (Wolff et al, ,AAP094-15),

:F.ijg'. 56a;: ,A, base case p«stilU.8~lcal silil1LU~~tiom. iD'I:;htmoo by SGS 'WiI~h, a Sp'MOc.aJ, ''It' arlD gram.

p._jOP'- 56b::. rSinwlatiol!l, ,o'b~mi:ned on base ease with e:tt'iii'\ill~tiiaJ, ~d (. il ~ .... - ~,t+Sffl;ht -"-a1~

.:r - - . _. ~ . - ~ ~ ~ - -- ~ -~~ -" -r .... " ~ . ~ --~ -- - . .ue;g>l:, ,!r" DC iJ

~aril;ii,g~,

Fig, 5'~; SiitLU]:1itioo ~.tied, on 'ba~ case 'ooth ~~,po:m.e:ntta108oo gooa.ss~:3:IL vaITO,g!!',aru.s .. Fig,. 5&1:: Silm.u~at~ons obtained M, base case w.i~ dl~t sph.eriCai v~, r,an,ges_ Y~" ;r6e: SimuJjatiio:n_~ Q'btMned, IQ'~ ~e ~ wijt~ dJiffe.re.wt, c$p'betl~rull''\ill'io,g~,!Un, is.iU~,,

F~ - 57' l~eaJT' -,- w"he 'V.llirl~~t-;-~ '~b~" ,- -11:.'4:'-' ',,-, - ..... :'-.-',~- -~ " - ~ .': If

~ iL,g,. . _ ~ ~ ~ __ i!l..~ .", L __ ~~ ~.,g~alrn L al me ~~ ~ y tilJ ,ge ostilHnl~ a , lrnt-ll!rpretat1uJ]], (ii

cilJoiirnlJO-iJi5: variabJ.cs.,

:Fjg. 58~t Porosity lQg of. 'W'GU M:~ 1(b. En too [lan :fi~!d, 3.C'ro8~ the, :p:~Ucing' ,woe g'how.Lfi.g '~ illillUlf'if:' and ,~.o-W'er R.[ lED1i!rr in the Ut'WiAt';I"I"kOl!t M''''~'''-~''''''~*·aJ(L '"'":~, ~.: (j' ;', -\ ,- ~, .. , ~ '"' ,- b : :: ,

.['J[""' ~ - - - it"!t'.,..,.,~ .......... ~ ~~"',.""'LLbI __ ~~~ !. ul~ ~,o~ i(;!!i USCu a~ ::I,. RS!L8

'~(tt' F,;LX~'se, 3i (ATm -;' d:a!, and Fnibn - ~94··2 l)

-- ~- _.LI~ ~ _ Ii, __ .. ,til! -~~, '~J" an" , , , "

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Fig. 71'::, De.r.i!v,in,g. qmm~taiive geolugkil!l mfonnation. {ram. :res.1l1.hSi m ~s"'ntode]s, (al.e~ e~; iIill, 1900)1.

Pig~ 'B~ Der1Iv,in,g qoomiumYe g;oologi'CaI, lnformatlen from, b;mrl)·drnwn, ~ti\O:n.~ (!Falil et "~,111 'lnll I~)

ii!li, "J1'7!1.."

F.lg,. 79a~ Quan~~'fic~oo ~(liO]s W'I__d seuree 0,( qWlUltjtati¥e irafo'.m.atlo.n for moo:elU!ng' ,at tbe

:SCia'Ue; otT ~tm!ogfCaiL cU1it~" .

N;g., 'i9b:: 'QlwLtiftcafiom tools and 5.'1l1m:6 of q.uaotitatlrve ,in[Qm1mml for modelHt'I!J.: at tlhe seale of" the :1~tho1qg.i.ca] 'var.iattfil!i!S, w:imhin, 'unlt:.!L

F"~" '*~ Qu.u~:ncari:a.l1 ~ool!t5; and. source !!At qy.and~ive: l.tafilmtEtth1iru for mM!e.I~:iilig

,~~.~~C':""",l<i;'~ V ~ ··''':tl'''''''''' ''''t .. o"i;;n ~'I~ 0[;0' .... 1'

pe~.,""l .... ~3i'IJo,I ... oJIIi . :;u],f!,~~ ... ~m oJII. iJoJOU~~,'" ~ iII,I}C.

F~. :&0: :!FrnJJr realisations. of a eenfinuoes par,:unete:r'ma.p iba5.ed Circj, ~ W'e]I;;;: ,!Wd, 'us.:ung ,a_

~;Ph~licaJ 'Y,Q:ri~~ ~

M.g., ::U:: Four reaJiiSatto:lill9, of a ,cOlilmlUJus: pmam.r:teF map based 001, ~ wellis and 'us-~ng' a p1liS\Si::m vmiogr:am.

Ftg. '&:1: :rug'ht soenados OJ;3, tt4l,p reservoir. All seenarios ,iU!e, wjj~~, the :se:~s..mic: clI!fiO~!f~tY. I'Hge,

:F~g. 83: :Fow' N3 .. H.s~tio.li~ of' l'I:~rv,ffiiu' bQ"Lnitda.riCi~ (Snv,a~ta,y,a~ AAPG94·,24).

l:;':~g" $4: A .5±m,rile a'~ for ,generating a m~ 'Mm'n, ,an l11~~n~,y 'fQnge (DllJbtlU!.1e et. aI~, 1997}.

:F,ig. 8S; SUii1[(i.ti,~~lng Ule mairFl! :fM~l.\lrt~ of' s~DCia.:as~ic :fAU:n: gt~nr;ratio:n (Munh e:ti al,

]'9S.,]'). ~

'~"; ~~~ .0·.··· .. " ...... ll") ni, .. f' . -jl'J=.....1iJ:;, r' T;l' :11 ~ .... f '. .' ,:"~h i"".J",,· .. -;'-,~~: . ""'11 '~~, ~ ~ ... , , .' t r .

rlg. O~~ ,ne ,l!eillJ!lSla'.to®. 0., a ,i[]~_ o~ = ~ S """'""':Ioo.~ W'li~, ~~ ~pmmen,ru ViiIJID;grnIII, •

Fi,g. ~l7: Kriged, mw!p01ati.OIlJ OOJ:"iI\tSpo:nrlli'ng 10' d~G same variogl'im model as Fi,g. 00,.

F~g" 88: Krip l~te.rpo:la.ti'6t'IJ oor:res,po:t'l:dljng I~, d~e: same ~'ari~ram ~'I ~ H,g. 81.

:fjg~ 89~ A simple e:.::p'I~.at!~n «w:hy ~ knc~l.edJg;e Qtf' ~ \!~t.i;Q~, ,~J\Q'W$ 'nhe caJc\i!l.aljoo of!lirttl! iInbetpOlated, 'v,idue mltlirnlzung UiC "E,sti.m.at~ljin Variiance~!.

Fi;g~ 00: Some of the, ,lhrumtiID.ns ~soo.iatGdJ w~ili ]Difny srnmdm'd ~in,g ,jllgmtllms. Ftg:. 9'l:: W,nal is, t.1'b:n imD account iJnJ ifue, :rerolilluon. of the, b,i,ging, .system.

Fig~ 92~ E~~le 0:£ me :re~ul'~ of indic~r kriging' ,on ,a, e.ros8""c~'tj,o.n, w.lth r~Q W'tl111s, Mg. 11~pie.

F" 93-' v...:.~ ~d --dell ~·ned' t'lle b~' ~ .. ~ ~ ~~"~ ---- Ie ff-·~ 56' ,: ~'g;.," 'a; ,'W,~g>G.,mi/;L. c., .... ~1 ·,'OD ,~,'j;'5":H:~aiS'C'C:~!UIl.p . II} '·,lg~,;;!I.

Mg. 913b::: :~ m.oo:el o'btadE.e{IJ 00. base case of :Fig" $6a 1;.V,itb d.ifferent: ,~k~ v'3:]'ro,gr,illn trallfes.

F1g. 93c~ Co~t'I!g mging wUh flo gtussiJan, 'v,adograrm simulatioli, 'baR case O'f':F,ig~ 56~, ~g. 94: Whe.n krlgiTig ,~ihm!lid, be \lsed mtner' than, co:ndru,{tuai ;slIDl'J'hltians.,

F],g. 9.5: [jam avaih.bUe fm~ cady d~filll~tian o:f key heiellogene.iri>es (Weber, l '9%)" '["{kg, '96,: Cbmbii1V.iOg djjfterenl types o:f &tea ~uces 1IJ~rta1.i:I!ty 001 ~mQ1r mwl.

:Flg. 'g7; mm,pl~ q!1 the ~:nication of EItror C-o:Wging to, 'velocd:t,.y ,inte:rpo]atimlJ (M'athieu et NUi!i:, 19&5)

'F:.@;, '9S: !B'xplanatton Qf: the, ]hlt«na!. Drrn metllod. Wolf e'l at AAf004-1S

[f!,i'" iii9~ An ,~c:1!1'i;l'i'!11\e: of 'the "'ttv'lJ1'e9.lll~ "'f .,1. .. ~x ... ,."",~] ~.l'io ,~p ~ '''-' ~ ~ h ' ....... tl ,';j., . .!i_ .'Ij<1;__ ~iI:I' ;>e . ~ =~ ~ ~~""""r . ~ ~ .~~ ~ 'i"--l'I:'JIL ~ __ !'JI.N.J!, V', ~~ .D~~......._m~ , !LI"UH [:i .... P[vifC ,U.!' me II.Q u.c,PIi.!IlI.

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ifil'. 101" ]]h.lsl!mltanafthe.t"' .. '·JII·.·atOOl""l.....J;.·,..::o....:.·,. ',··--~~.·IL,c' ''''~~~,:'.'' '·:f.''i'::''·'' ~'"

__ ' $, .. ,~c, ,~~~~ ~ .~ .~~~. ~~ .~, -e e e ~ ","""",i ,Qt;i .. ~ ~ __ ' """' ........... l~ .• ng ~H 00, u~ oc:asr:; (t, £",Ig~ JlilIa.

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'C",' 'liJi'ii'll. i""..._,_ ,... .. , iElrror CtJkri ,l .. 'jC\u~ .... - ... 1 'n" • .,., . ·A ·CJ,..,I]t....... .... ,...,li .......... b-.4 ., -- .. .r-

,r~lg~ J,V~" ~,PMltmg __::~'- : _,_g'Jlg, ~,.\],,",m~.;t. c On an~ • ''!,;I_,V!.i~ .;..vAlJ(gmg: wO[

:mawing: ~~] data W«x,Y) ~!rn;g: sei.smlc cmtlml, S(x.y) arwa,' [rom ~Il:s,

'f,ig. 100,:, Desc.r]pMon off tb.e pasta~rical ~nver:s1:on alg,o:r,illhm. of Haas, 3IDJl Dubmle:f 1994" 'The ,ac~tic- lmj!'ed~ value$ .~ sjm~da1ed trnoe: 'by '~.

iF· ]04 E .......... '1 di', -- r d oili -. "-sd '-ll" '1

I ; ,I,g;, ,'. ::' "Xio.ul_p.!;:; (J;, . WO, acQ.\!!iS~~.c 11inpe· :a,n,e¢, fie - 'satuJiiS assOCiaI -, , wn ' . iS1iIiI ar

$,y,n~c seismic ib1o:c'!G"

F'tg, lOS:';; Two ,ac,Qt!lsic :im~, :f¢alis:a'ti.oHS 'of dlffert.IH: ia'1~:raJj oanfiitti!l~~t ~uLti.D,g m si~jlru" ,$~theti'1:i, seismlc blecks,

fig, 106a; ,f.'auf ZD ~HUy ~.isaii.QE.:S, cQjJjslmiFi.~ 't,o' fi~ w¢Us (reptCSGm.1N by b~-k ~)~, and tllei hlismgram, and VMJogl!'am ofpermeabilil,y (,Deurts:ch, ,and, .:rQilll'l.e'i~ AAPG9~,1.2.)~

F' - '~{]iCl'-,. jQ' "~- '2D ... ", MIYI"" ,-'Ii' - - -" - --. -, - -- .,- - - " .... ""' ... 1 t - ,;r:'-, - --- -I]· (-- -- -- -- •. --- '" - A L",

iLg" ~'I,Jt,.I"'; ir'OIi-U· ,~-~ perme ~I_Y ~.I!!il!!lllm~, CQl'iI:sEtai~1!;;lI,!' '_'0 IJVC we ,ii- 1;.~~01# vj'

black: dDts)~ the histogram, and 'v,ari.ograan of permeabili~ aad the fiiv.e well ~esl results (_Deurt~'h ood ~O'~r:ne~~ AAPQ94.,:i,2).

Fig. W7:,4, pMte.rlo,ri matcl::dn;g Ute ,resp0IL8e off a geootatis~ka!, reaJ.isathm wilU:iJ, the well-

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match ,i.~, .imp.r:O'ved b~~ 8'~.11 no~ siUi~f~ill'Y (c) The maw'h, is rs;atistact-ory aftor c;ban:girn;g

~~ pe1iro.l'h.ysica1 :param<e.~ers and the % ,0.£ dune, 'facies (S<:hndbe:rg el 3ill~ 1991)" - -

F~g. 108~ 'iI',he, 'methoo Q't no.~en, ,e,t Psail.a, '[994 {'()r deri:v1n.s taeie.J!.ln.'roml~ ~

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~f ,~be prior disClcibutlon, rnmes 'tl!J.e ijkeUhQ(ld fimdion. . "

cF.·"·, ]-,i('Iffi, T, ·1'- ,-- -i''''~"''''Tf! .., .. ", ~lf"lt -~''''lo."" -,-::,"'10.--, .,...,r."~I,""i;'i""''j'-..:IIn,..'''~]1lI ]~IT!J_JI, , ,I g, ,,,-,,,,,,, u" p .e]JIlz,n",ul,V\I~, II.!LruI- ~:~ ~ . 1I}.Ii, !Lll!iii mri!!!J. LVIijj. v'J. .......... .J "',~~ ""~N ,!'" ';:I,L.., ~;l!' ~,

Fjg~ 110;, mu . .slrat.img: the d)iffcren~ log re8,po:ns;eg of di:fferent Jittitclo,gies (B,ljI'ani: and. :FJiIIJt, l.99'3),

. ~g' 1-1-1-" '~" ," fl·; iOi '1'· ... _ A' .... 'li.....:;.-._ , .. ,'ifI'Ul;iYUJlo;n....",+ ehaan .. i1' oC"'o;.-'i!., ,"'''t'"' "'10.",,, T;Ti"'.i;n ;r.;o--"~l'" 1)0 ..... "1'''''"'

l1··,ll .. !1 ",I, ,I.IJ~ .... 1 lihAI e : ~ !I4U''IP ....... 11,·. iI_ ... ~.~.p. ~.+ •. IIL.iI,....-.t !iI:I~ ... _I:'" "-IJI~ ~l_IiNI~ll IIl~~ 'If~" ~,~~

ShaleS! and, ,coo1iso m-e 'lbi,)~h n.o:n.·:reservul!r'" Unf<orn.marely' the main seismic ;(:ooiIr:u'tS am often ,6bserv,~ 'bet.w~n coals arnd ,@'m.et ~.ii~o!J,()g,ies;. rather.' '~arn, between ,sands. and ~e:s" Pig" 112~ :Histogram cmrespondiililg: to the volume of' oil fur the, text exampl~ iUusnting the :iManl¢ Quio< metbod.

~ '~'~ "II ... .'~- f - " "'fi' -. "1:.- "Il.-_ -,. d

rlg" ,iL ,iL::": nJIi ;ro;;8m]l'~ 0 'llltC'iMtaInlt)" 'qUiilD.lli.oatlDn: t.!!W.W ~~.IJl!I~~' :il.C9UiSll:.c· ~ •. iiU!I.Ce

reM:ii&aliong are, all compatible w!ith the, well, data and, IDe seilismic: cress-seetloa,

F~g. 114~ F1Ij)W"~ ef the: syste:matle, llooertili~' ~uantificattoo a,wmac:b ~~ by Li~, et al, 19917'"

:F,iS" ], ],5~ Three CQ'.I!'re:lated, reailisation~ of reservoir cbarai.1le.rjjS!tic:!l~ :L1a, et al, ]:997,

~fjg~ 116:: Set ,o,f ,:58 realii8iil~Qns of (~asts; o:f re!)·w'Qdr ~dUCl±(m d~~~t_~s, Uil ~ at, '[997.

it':':: G' _ u "ii'", .Ii. IIV'II!;: is I" L ~ - ' .. ""'-s ;, .......... "'; ~ .. ''''P I1iIl'nJlii""h- ,,t ..... ~, (1"'''''''' i -F'., ~:m 'II!' ., ... " •••• """, ...... "", "' .............. ~,"ihl', ... "'I'" g'

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.. - n ..... o::,~~,." "'I ~,.:III" .. (0' v' 'hA..... - ~ .] .~ CiiCY'!;)

ge.o;sIWllH.:MIC'-ili IH"'~i lq . ,_,['CV\;"I,j!i' '0, :0. I 177,-","

Mg, 1 :[;g~ ,]mpactt of accournting: 'f<o:r~ pEU',;un,erer UnDe.rt.LURtty' 'When fQl'tCasu'ng :resenfOlr prOOuc~Jm wlt'l:J: g--eo~~jcs (Omre et ~,. 1.993)-,

Fig. I '[ 9,a;~ Illiustrating 'i~ ri.'ik of ,qlll::m~ifymg _mpo,namt errors when ll!s:i!n,g ,geoS1Jatisticg." F~g" 11'91): Forreoas.ts off oumUlatirve oil tproduct.io:n ,and 1'.e{lO¥ery factor' for mobile oi[ after 20' y,r :t'OJ 'v,arymg sealing: ,capacity acros~ :tauU Z{.ines~ s'h()(wed a5 s~, :hj~~:Ofu:ams;;, {A) CUm'.l.II1MtI,'Vt on prodQCHcm. (6) R~ :factnt flJ.r. :mjJl~ile oil (from Lia ct, a[, l m).

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Three-dimeniiio:rrna.i view !JoJ lib!! s,a:n.di ""aibi.l1m~ wilthiin ill. radius of U!JO .D"I boillm ·th~ th.rill!: 1'!,I\!}'U~ i:l'!:'di ~ .d;.':'·!;in·lli~ ibr.."·Us !lind }"C'UllYw' =: ~'l.!'1'ilS8<!: ~9'1;:I~,

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Fug_ 26: Example uf a 3D !>tOl:::hastLC' ITJ.11JrJ.d O~;tL OIt]'vio-ilell!1ic :rescrvoi:r (A~~ioy. AAPG94~ 10)_

T~ .n:~] :lIti lie P.'fI'Sltiolll Hf ch:ulIrie'L:;,; and crevasse s.pl3!Ys..i-& properly IJij(HJCL1fJlc py r Ig h ted man al

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