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Abstract—The proposed model of an electric vehicle charging • Estimation of the demand for fast charging slots in the
station is suitable for the fast DC charging of multiple electric location.
vehicles. The station consists of a single grid-connected inverter • Network parameters, i.e. nominal voltage and allowable
with a DC bus where the electric vehicles are connected. The
control of the individual electric vehicle charging processes is power levels at the point of common coupling (PCC).
decentralized, while a separate central control deals with the • Maximum charging power rate for individual vehicles.
power transfer from the AC grid to the DC bus. The electric The proposed DC charging station configuration is shown
power exchange does not rely on communication links between in Fig. 1, it can be seen that the inverter is interfaced to the
the station and vehicles, and a smooth transition to vehicle-to-
grid mode is also possible. Design guidelines and modeling are network through an LCL filter and a transformer; while a
explained in an educational way to support implementation in single DC bus feeds all individuals battery chargers.
Matlab/Simulink. Simulations are performed in Matlab/Simulink The charging station rated capacity Srated in VAr is defined
to illustrate the behavior of the station. The results show the according to (1):
feasibility of the model proposed and the capability of the control
system for fast DC charging and also vehicle-to-grid. kload Nslot PEV
Srated = (1)
cos φ
I. I NTRODUCTION
where cos φ is the power factor, Nslot is the amount of
Charging time reduction is one of the key goals in making
charging slots available for individual EVs, PEV is the maxi-
electric vehicles user-friendly. In this context, fast DC charg-
mal power rate of an individual EV and kload is an overload
ing offers an interesting opportunity. It allows for reducing
factor for cover overloading in transients.
charging times to ranges of 10 to 20 minutes [1]. The SAE
Generally, the DC link voltage is set according to the
J1772 standard defines three levels of fast DC charging as
grid voltage. In this work, the grid connection through a
DC Level 1 200/450 V, up to 36 kW (80 A); DC Level 2 -
transformer leaves the DC bus voltage selection free from
200/450 V, up to 90 kW (200 A) and DC Level 3 200/600
the grid voltage level. However, it has to be considered that
V DC (proposed) up to 240 kW (400 A) [1]. All levels use min
the battery minimum voltage Vbat , and the battery charger
off-board electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE).
minimum modulation index mmin , define an upper bound for
In this paper, modeling and simulation of an electric ve- the DC bus voltage as in (2):
hicle charging station for fast DC charging are proposed
and formulated in an educational way in order to allow its min
Vbat
implementation and further research on the topic. vdc ≤ (2)
mmin
In the following sections, important aspects of an EV
where vdc is the DC bus nominal voltage.
charging station model are developed. In Section II, the
design of the circuit is considered. Control methods for DC A. DC bus capacitance calculation
charging of EVs and the charging station are considered in The stability of the DC bus depends directly on the DC
Section III. In Section IV, simulations substantiate the made capacitance size. Basically, it has to support the DC current
claims and illustrate the operation of the proposed charging ripple. As many EV chargers can be connected to the DC
station. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section V. bus, ripple current can be very high needing for a huge
capacitance. A good method to define the capacitance of a DC
II. C HARGING S TATION D ESIGN
bus, including the resistance and the inductance of the cable
A variety of aspects needs to be taken into account when is reported in [2]. Additionally, a practical method is reported
designing the circuit of the charging station. These aspects, in [3]. In this work, both methods are taken into account, and
from a technical point of view, include the following: the DC capacitance is determined by the capacitor energy rate
• Area made available for parking of vehicles; this influ- of change during transients and the rated active power. The
ences the number of cars that can be placed and charged. calculation is proposed in (3):
DC Bus with
off-board chargers Inverter LCL filter Grid
EV
battery Y ∆
EV
iabc
battery Inverter vabc
control
EV
battery
+
Srated 2nT ∆r cos φ
Cdc = 2 (3) Sbuck
Vdc ∆x
where T is the period of the AC voltage waveform, n is ibat Lbat
a multiple of T , ∆r is the DC power range of change, in C vdc
+
percent, during transients, and ∆x is the allowable DC bus
vbat Sboost
voltage range of change, in percent, during transients.
B. EV battery − −
Nowadays, run time based models combined with Thévenin
Fig. 3. Battery charger configuration.
equivalent based models are the state of the art [4]. In this
work, such an approach is used. Fig. 2 shows the electric
circuit configuration of the battery model. Here Voc is the D. Three-phase inverter
open circuit voltage which is depending of the state of charge
SOC, and the voltage-current characteristic is modeled by a In this work for an educational purpose and simplicity of
series resistance Rseries . The RC parallel circuit represents the modeling, the inverter configuration is chosen as in Fig. 4.
transient response of the battery. Here, the inverter is connected to an LCL filter.
Rseries Rtransient +
+ S3 S2 S1
Ctransient Linv Lgrid
ia a
Voc vbat ib b
vdc
ic c
ibat
−
S6 S5 S4 Rd
Fig. 2. Thévenin battery model. Cf
−
idref + md
vdcref PI PI
− + Control + − Control + −
vdc
iα id
ia abc αβ ωLinv dq mα αβ ma
ib iβ mb S1
ic αβ mβ mc S4
iq
dq ωLinv αβ abc
S2
θgrid
S5
PI
iqref + − PI
+ mq S3
vref
+ − Control Control + + S6
vrms
vq θgrid
T HD. On the other hand, the selection of capacitance, and III. C ONTROL S YSTEM
grid-side inductance depends on the grid parameters, reactive
power, resonance frequency, and ripple attenuation factor On the one hand, the inverter deals with the power exchange
(RAF ) [7]. between the AC grid and the DC bus. Simultaneous EV charg-
Fig. 4 shows the LCL filter configuration where the inverter- ing and a smooth transition to vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode is
side inductance Linv , filter capacitance Cf and grid side also possible. This control does not rely on communication
inductance Lgrid are determined as in (4), (5), (6) respectively: links between the inverter and individual EVs. On the other
hand, the control of the individual EV depends on battery state
v
√ ! of charge SOC and the current ibat .
2
u
Vgrid u π2 3 4 3 9 2
Linv = t − ma + ma A. Inverter control
Srated · T HD · 2πfsw 18 2 π 8
(4) A cascade control in the dq-frame is proposed. It consists of
outer voltage loop and inner current loop [10], [11]. Synchro-
0.05Srated
Cf ≤ 2 (5) nization with the grid voltage is performed through a phase
2π · fgrid · Vgrid locked loop (PLL) [12]. The proposed control methodology
RAF + 1 is depicted in Fig. 5. The d-axis outer loop controls the
Lgrid = 2
(6) DC bus voltage, and the inner loop controls the active AC
RAF · Cf · 2πfsw
current. Because the inverter allows bidirectional power flow,
In the previous equations, fsw is the switching frequency of
increments in the DC bus voltage can be produced from
the inverter, fgrid is the grid voltage fundamental frequency,
negative or positive current direction and vice versa. The
ma is the inverter modulation index. T HD is normally set
q-axis outer loop regulates the AC voltage magnitude by
between 5% and 30% [8] and RAF normally around 20%
adjusting the reactive current, which is controlled by the q-axis
[7].
inner current loop. Additionally, dq decoupling-terms ωLinv
After obtaining the filter parameters, it should be verifiable
and feed-forward voltage signals are added to improve the
that resonance frequency, defined in (7), should be in the range
performance during transients.
of less than half of the fsw and 10 times bigger than the grid
frequency [7]. Fig. 6 shows the PLL block diagram where the input is
the measured three-phase voltage at PCC. The output signals
vd , θgrid , and ω are obtained to use in the dq-frame inverter
s
Linv + Lgrid
ωres = (7) control.
Lgrid Linv Cf
If the resultant parameters do not match this condition, abc vα αβ vd
va ω
determination of Cf , range of T HD and range of RAF gives vb 1
vc αβ H(s)
flexibility to match this condition. Finally, a damping resistor dq s
vβ vq θgrid
Rd is included as shown in Fig. 4 and it is calculated as in
(8):
1 Fig. 6. Charging station PLL block diagram.
Rd = (8)
3Cf ωres
TABLE I
B. Battery charger control C HARGING S TATION I NPUT PARAMETERS
Two equivalent control methodologies can be implemented
Parameters Values
depending on desired charging strategy: constant current and
constant voltage. Nslot 10
EV charging current 200 A
1 PEV 90 kW
+ mcc cos φ 0.95
ref PI
Ibat Control kload 1.1
+ − + − Sbuck
min
Vbat 200 V
ibat vbat × Sboost
mmin 0.125
vdc ÷
Lbat 2 mH
(a)
Rseries 0.0175 Ω
ref PI mcv Rtransient 0.245 Ω
Vbat Control
+ − + + Sbuck Ctransient 8100 mF
vbat × Sboost Voc 400 V
vdc ÷ Battery capacity 35 kWh
(b)
Battery time constant 2s
SOC 50 %
Fig. 7. Battery charger control: (a) constant current strategy, (b) constant T 1/50 s
voltage strategy. n 0.5
fsw 5000 Hz
1) Constant current strategy: It is a unified control strategy Vgrid 20 kV ph-ph
equivalent to operating the battery as a current source. The fgrid 50 Hz
output duty ratio mcc defines the boost-mode operation of the short circuit level 1200 MVA
converter. This strategy is depicted in Fig. 7(a). X/R ratio 8
2) Constant voltage strategy: Analog to the constant cur-
rent strategy, constant voltage strategy is equivalent to operat-
ing the battery as voltage source. The output duty ratio mcv TABLE II
C HARGING S TATION R ESULTING PARAMETERS
defines the buck-mode operation of the converter. This strategy
is depicted in Fig. 7(b). Parameters Values
Srated 1050 kVA
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
Vdc 1.5 kV
Considering the design procedure of the previous Sections, ∆x 20%
an example model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink Sim- ∆r 10%
PowerSystem. Table I gives the input parameters, while Table Cdc 18 mF
II gives the resulting parameters of the model. Transformer 20/0.8 kV ∆-Yg
The battery model can be implemented as depicted in Fig. Linv 0.48 mH
2 or, alternatively, to use the “battery” block provided in the Lgrid 0.69 mH
SimPowerSystems Library [13]. The battery charger can be Cf 165 µF
implemented with parameters from Table II and Fig. 3. The Rd 1.31 Ω
inverter can be implemented with the block “universal bridge”
from the SimPowerSystems Library. It has to be selected “3
arms” and Ron = 0.01 Ω. The transformer can be implemented
1s
directly with the “three-phase two windings transformer” τs = = 2 µs (9)
block. Finally, the AC source can be implemented with the 5000 × 100
block “Three-phase source” and the parameters from Table
I. The complete model implemented in MATLAB/Simulink A. Performance to load changes
SimPowerSystems is depicted in Fig. 8, where only two EVs Fig. 9 shows the results of the charging station for a
appear as example. simultaneous connection of two EVs. At t = 0 s, the charging
Before running the simulation, it is important to set an station is operating at no load. At t = 0.2 s, two EVs are
appropriate simulation time step and an integration method. simultaneously connected and charged at maximum power as
To achieve good results, the integration method should have Fig. 9(a) shows. It can be seen that Q is almost not affected
at least 100 sample points in a period of the fastest frequency by the load change of P from 0 kW to -180 kW. Fig. 9(b)
[14]. In the example model, the fastest frequency is fsw = shows the response of the DC bus voltage to this load change.
5000 Hz. The selected integration method is ode23t, and the Here, the variation of the voltage is less than 25 V, and it is
simulation time step is set as in (9): stabilized in less than 0.1 s.
Fig. 8. Matlab/Simulink SimPowerSystems implementation of the EV charging station.
6 6
x 10 x 10
1 1
0.5 0.5
Q (VA)
Q (VA)
P (W)
P (W)
0 0
−0.5 P −0.5 P
Q Q
−1 −1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
(a) (a)
1700 1700
1600 1600
Vdc (V)
Vdc (V)
1500 1500
1400 1400
1300 1300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
time (s) time (s)
(b) (b)
Fig. 9. Charging station results for two EVs load change: (a) active and Fig. 10. Charging station results for V2G and reactive power compensation:
reactive power, (b) DC bus voltage. (a) active and reactive power, (b) DC bus voltage.
V. C ONCLUSIONS
A new model of a charging station for fast DC charging
is presented. The modeling of every component is presented
with their corresponding parameters. In addition, a control
system is also included. The modeling procedure is explained
in an educational manner in order to allow further research
on the topic. The practical implementation of the model in
MATLAB/Simulink SimPowerSystems is also described, con-
sidering simulation aspects, as the time step and the integration
method. The charging station model was also designed to
support V2G and reactive power compensation. A one mega-
watt rated charging station, with ten EVs capacity, is simulated
with realistic parameters. It was found that DC fast charging
of multiple EVs is possible. Simulation results show a proper
dynamic behavior of the DC bus voltage, the battery voltage,
and the battery current. Moreover, the results show that a
smooth transition to V2G and reactive power compensation
are possible.
R EFERENCES
[1] http://www.sae.org/smartgrid/chargingspeeds.pdf
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power system,” Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.18, no.6,
pp. 1405- 1412, Nov. 2003.
[3] Mishra, M.K. Karthikeyan, K. , ”A Fast-Acting DC-Link Voltage Con-
troller for Three-Phase DSTATCOM to Compensate AC and DC Loads,”
Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on , vol.24, no.4, pp.2291-2299, Oct.
2009.
[4] Min Chen and Rincon-Mora, G.A., ”Accurate electrical battery model
capable of predicting runtime and I-V performance” IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, VOL. 21, NO. 2, June 2006.
[5] Mohan, N. ”First Course on Power Electronics Converters and Drives”
Minneapolis, USA. ISBN 0-9715292-2-1.