CHAPTER 1

1.0 Background

In this new era, we need a technology to improve our life style. We have come out
with a new idea than can make our life more efficient that is fiber optics. Fiber optic is
the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application
of optical fibers. The introduction of fiber optic technology has had a dramatic effect on
the Communications industry. Generally, this fiber optic is used for transfer data
transmitted on a beam of light which is more effective than before.

Actually, the research of this fiber optics had been started along century ago. As far
back as Roman times; glass has been drawn into fibers until the 1790s that the French
Chappe brothers invented the first "optical telegraph." It was a system comprised of a
series of lights mounted on towers where operators would relay a message from one
tower to the next. In the 1840s, physicists Daniel Collodon and Jacques Babinet showed
that light could be directed along jets of water for fountain displays. In 1854, John
Tyndall, a British physicist, demonstrated that light could travel through a curved stream
of water thereby proving that a light signal could be bent. In 1970, the goal of making
single mode fibers with attenuation less then 20dB/km was reached by scientists at
Corning Glass Works through doping silica glass with titanium. The first all-optic fiber
cable, TPC-5, that uses optical amplifiers was laid across the Pacific Ocean in 1996. The
following year the Fiber Optic Link around the Globe (FLAG) became the longest single-
cable network in the world and provided the infrastructure for the next generation of
Internet applications. Today, a variety of industries including the medical, military,
telecommunication, industrial, data storage, networking, and broadcast industries are able
to apply and use fiber optic technology in a variety of applications.
2.0 Objective

The objectives of this research was to discuss more on the process of fibre optic, the uses
conventional information transfer system, the application of the optical fiber, the
manufactured of the optical fibre and the advantages of fibre optic.

3.0 Scope

Our research project will focus more on the application of the optical fibre, the uses
conventional information transfer system, how fibre optic operate (the process), and the
manufactured of the optical fibre and the advantages of fibre optic. The investigation
includes laboratory model tests on fibre optic that are conducted by previous scientist.

4.0 Organization

The first part of this report is an outline of the process of fibre optic which includes how
it works and operates. We will insert the laboratory model test that is conducted by
previous scientist. This is followed by the uses of the conventional information transfer
system that are closely related to fibre optic since it is used in telecommunication. Then,
we will discuss on the application and manufactured of fibre optic in telecommunication
system. Finally, we will discuss about the important topic which are the advantages of
fibre optic.
 CHAPTER 2

1.0 Process of fiber optic

As we has discuss previously, fiber optic is a glass or plastic fiber that carries
light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering
concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. Fiber-optic
communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by
sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave that is modulated to carry information. Standard optical fibers are made by first
constructing a large-diameter preform, with a carefully controlled refractive index
profile, and then pulling the preform to form the long, thin optical fiber. The preform
is commonly made by three chemical vapor deposition methods which is inside vapor
deposition, outside vapor deposition, and vapor axial deposition.

With inside vapor deposition, a hollow glass tube approximately 40 cm in length

known as a "preform" is placed horizontally and rotated slowly on a lathe, and gases
such as silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) or germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4) are injected
with oxygen in the end of the tube. The gases are then heated by means of an external
hydrogen burner, bringing the temperature of the gas up to 1900 Kelvin where the
tetrachloride react with oxygen to produce silica or germania (germanium oxide)
particles. When the reaction conditions are chosen to allow this reaction to occur in
the gas phase throughout the tube volume, in contrast to earlier techniques where the
reaction occurred only on the glass surface, this technique is called modified chemical
vapor deposition.

The oxide particles then agglomerate to form large particle chains, which
subsequently deposit on the walls of the tube as soot. The deposition is due to the
large difference in temperature between the gas core and the wall causing the gas to
push the particles outwards (this is known as thermophoresis). The torch is then
traversed up and down the length of the tube to deposit the material evenly. After the
torch has reached the end of the tube, it is then brought back to the beginning of the
tube and the deposited particles are then melted to form a solid layer. This process is
repeated until a sufficient amount of material has been deposited. For each layer the
composition can be modified by varying the gas composition, resulting in precise
control of the finished fiber's optical properties.

In outside vapor deposition or vapor axial deposition, the glass is formed by flame
hydrolysis, a reaction in which silicon tetrachloride and germanium tetrachloride are
oxidized by reaction with water (H2O) in an oxy hydrogen flame. In outside vapor
deposition the glass is deposited onto a solid rod, which is removed before further
processing. In vapor axial deposition, a short seed rod is used, and a porous preform,
whose length is not limited by the size of the source rod, is built up on its end. The
porous preform is consolidated into a transparent, solid preform by heating to about
1800 kelvins.

The preform, however constructed, is then placed in a device known as a drawing

tower, where the preform tip is heated and the optic fiber is pulled out as a string. By
measuring the resultant fiber width, the tension on the fiber can be controlled to
maintain the fiber thickness.

Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines.
Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that
they can carry more data. Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to
interference. Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. Data
can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather than
analogically. The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to
install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to splice. Fiber
optics is a particularly popular technology for local-area networks. In addition,
telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic
cables. In the future, almost all communications will employ fiber optics.

Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits

transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates (bandwidth), than other
 forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals
travel along them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference.
Optical fibers are also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other applications.
Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, the use of optical fiber has
largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed
world.

2.0 The uses conventional information transfer system

Fiber-optic communication is a way of transmitting information from one place to

another by sending light all the way through an optical fiber. The light forms an
electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in
the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the
telecommunications industry and played a major role in the advent of the Information
Age. This is because advantages over transmission, the use of optical fiber have largely
replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world.

The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps:

a) Creating the optical signal using a transmitter.

b) Relaying the signal along the fiber.
c) Ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak.
d) Receiving the optical signal and converting it into an electrical signal.

3.0 The application of the optical fiber

Since its invention in the early 1970s, the use and the demand of optical fibre has
grown immensely. Today, the uses of fibre optic are quite numerous. The most uses are
popular in telecommunications, medicine, military, automotive and industrial. The
improvement for this technology still in progress and it will always be upgrade days by
days. In our project, we only focused in the application of fibre optic in
telecommunication.
 The Fibre optic has been used as the medium for telecommunication and networking
system because of it flexibility and can be bundled as cables. Fibre optic was able to use
for a long-distance communication because of its ability to propagate through the fibre
with little attenuation. While in a networking or short-distance communication, fibre
optic was saved the space in cable ducts because a single fibre can carry too much data.

This fibre has been used as a data transmission whereas it was involve with the
transmission of voice, data, or video over a distance of less than a meter to hundred
kilometers by using only a few standard fibre designs. Most of the telecommunication
industries use fibre optic as their choice in spreading data or in transmission because fibre
optics are able to use in long-distance communication or in short-distance
communication.

Besides that, fibre optics is also used widely for transmission of data signal. Private
networks such as used in banks, university, or a big firms used fibre optic in order need
for secure in transmission data or private information between building to the computer,
and around the world. The security that is naturally in fibre optics was the most important
benefit for the customer.

In addition, fibre optic is also useful for video services. The high information-
carrying capacity or bandwidth of fibre makes it the perfect choice for transmitting
signals to subscribers. Besides that, fibre optics is also known as the smart transportation
system such as in traffic light sensor, automated toll booths, and unpredictable message
signs to give the motorist in order about delays or emergencies.

The technology of fibre optics is actually making our life easier and useful because it
can use in so many scope. But, none of us try to be the one who tried to improve this
technology to be more effective. Sadly, there are some people that never know about this
application. As an educated person, there is a million hope that this technology can be
improvise and more useful.
4.0 The manufactured of the optical fibre
Fiber optics is a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the
form of light. This fiber optics has been discussed for a long time ago started by John
Tyndal on 1870.It has been upgrade years by years and finally found the first fiber
optics that is a single-mode fiber. It was found by the Corning Glass researchers
Robert Maurer, Donald Keck and Peter Schultz. This new innovation was tested at
the New British post Office Research Laboratories facility in Martlesham heath. The
research of fiber optics was continued until today and many improvements were
achieved. This fiber optics has three main parts: the silica core, the cladding and the
protector (coating, strength members and jacket)

The silica core is the part that the light travels through. It is made of plastic or
glass. Normally, it is made of Silica and Germania. Generally, glass is always used
for a long distance application due to its low optical absorption. Over a decade, a
variety of cores have been produces but nowadays there are only three main sizes that
are always used in data communication. These are 50/125, 62.5/125 and 8.3/125. The
50/125 and 62.5/125 cables are most widely used in data networks. The 62.5/125
cable are the more popular choice although the 50/125 has been found as the better
option for Gigabyte Ethernet applications.

The cladding is a material that surrounded the silica core. This layer must be thick
enough to provide the desired isolation. Besides, it generally occupies about 1/10 of
the cross sectional area. It has a low refractive index. Cladding will also ensures there
is no outside light get into the silica core or the cable and interfere with the light
transmitted. The cladding surrounding the core is made from pure Silica. It has a
slightly lower index of refraction than the core. The lower refractive index causes the
light in the core to reflect off the cladding and stay within the core. Furthermore, it
also keeps the value of the critical angle constant throughout the whole length of the
fiber, in spite of what it travels through.
 The protector are consists of buffer coating, strength members and jacket. Buffer
coating is a plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture. A
strength member is placed around the buffer layers. It is used to prevent pulling
damage during installation strength member is added to give critical pulling strength
to the cable. The last protector is jacket protector that against the environmental
factors.

A fiber optic is capable to be used as a medium for telecommunication because it

is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is normally used for a long-distance
communications, because light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation and
allows long distances to be spanned with few repeaters. For a long distance
communications, a single-mode is used while for a short distance, a multi-mode fiber
was used.

5.0 The advantages of fiber optic

Fiber optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to
another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic
carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. A technology that uses glass (or
plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass
threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.

There are several advantages over traditional metal communication lines which are
fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they
can carry more data. Furthermore, fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than
metal wires and also there are less susceptible than metal cables to interference. Means,
data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather than
analogically.

Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for local area networks. In addition,
telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic
cables. In the future, almost all communications will employ fiber optics. Others
advantages of optical fiber systems is large bandwidth, light weight, and small diameter.
While today's applications require an ever-increasing amount of bandwidth, it is
important to consider the space constraints of many end-users. It is commonplace to
install new cabling within existing duct systems. The relatively small diameter and light
weight of optical cables makes such installations easy and practical, and saves valuable
conduit space in these environments.

Fiber optic also has long distance signal transmission. The low attenuation and
superior signal integrity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals of
signal transmission than metallic-based systems. While single-line, voice-grade copper
systems longer than a couple of kilometers (1.2 miles) require in-line signal repeaters for
satisfactory performance, it is not unusual for optical systems to go over 100 kilometers
(km), or about 62 miles, with no active or passive processing. Emerging technologies
promise even greater distances in the future. The optical fiber cable in the foreground has
the equivalent information-carrying capacity of the copper cable in the background.

Next, optical fiber has long lengths which is continuous lengths also provide
advantages for installers and end-users. Small diameters make it practical to manufacture
and install much longer lengths than for metallic cables: twelve-kilometer (12 km)
continuous optical cable lengths are common. Multimode cable lengths can be 4 km or
more, although most standards require a maximum length of 2 km or less. Multimode
cable lengths are based on industry demand. (Single-mode and multimode fibers will be
covered in detail later in this text.)

Another advantage of fiber optic is related to its security which is unlike metallic-
based systems, the dielectric nature of optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely detect
the signal being transmitted within the cable. The only way to do so is by actually
accessing the optical fiber itself. Accessing the fiber requires intervention that is easily
detectable by security surveillance. These circumstances make fiber extremely attractive
to governmental bodies, banks, and others with major security concerns.
 Last but not least, a fiber optic has easy installation and upgrades. Long lengths make
optical cable installation much easier and less expensive. Optical fiber cables can be
installed with the same equipment that is used to install copper and coaxial cables, with
some modifications due to the small size and limited pull tension and bend radius of
optical cables. Optical cables can typically be installed in duct systems in spans of 6000
meters or more depending on the duct's condition, layout of the duct system, and
installation technique. The longer cables can be coiled at an intermediate point and pulled
farther into the duct system as necessary. System designers typically plan optical systems
that will meet growth needs for a 15- to 20-year span. Although sometimes difficult to
predict, growth can be accommodated by installing spare fibers for future requirements.
Installation of spare fibers today is more economical than installing additional cables
later. The dielectric nature of optical fiber can eliminate the dangers found in areas of
high lightning-strike incidence.
 CHAPTER 3
a) Introducing Results

A survey was conducted among 50 2-BENT student of the Electronics Engineering

Faculty regarding their knowledge of new technologies that is fiber optics.

1) Question;
Have you ever heard about Fiber Optic?

2) Question;
Do you know that fiber optics is important in our communication life?
 3) Question;
If Yes (From question number 2), would you tell us the performance of fiber
optics in telecommunication system?

This section discuss the percentage performance of fiber optics in telecommunication

Systems among the students 2-BENT

4) Question;
Which of the following do you consider to be the application of fiber optics?

Percentage regarding the application of fibre optics.

5) Question;
Rank the following from 1 to 3, 1 being most advantageous and 3 being last
problematic.

Opinion about Fiber Optic Among 2-BENT student

35

30

25

20
VeryGood
15
Good
10
d
n
tu O
N
.fS

Don't Know
e

0
Communication Remote Sensing Medical

Type of Advantages of Fiber Optic

The opinion about the advantage of Fiber optic among 2-BENT students
b) Presenting Results

1) According to the statistics, the students among 2Bent were familiar with new a
technology that is fiber optics since the results that they had heard about fiber optics are
37 out of 50.

2) Bar chart above shows that 34 out of 50 students are alert to the importance of fiber
optics.

3) Based on the pie chart above, the highest percentage performance of fiber optics in
telecommunication systems is significant that is 40%.

4) The pyramid above shows the percentage regarding the application of fiber optics. The
highest percentage is 58% were chosen by the 2-BENT students that they consider the
fiber optics normally used in communication. Then it follow by fiber optics used as a
remote sensing show 23% and lastly 19% fiber optics used in a light guides in medical.

5) The Bar chart above shows the opinion of the 2-BENT students about the advantages
of fiber optic. It shows that, most students only know the advantages of fiber optic and
only a few of them were aware about the other used of fiber optics in others scope.

c) Commenting Results

Results and Discussion

The results obtained from questions 1 and 2 indicate that students were familiar with
what is fiber optics reach until 37 out of 50 students. This may due to the exposure of
technologies among the student 2 BENT such as they like to explore the internet and find
out something new technology, so that they had some ideas regarding what is fiber optics.
34 out of 50 students also know well the important of fiber optics. A lot of sources such
as book, journal, pamphlets, and newspaper being read by the students may cause the
students know the importance of fiber optics. There are much more application of fiber
optics in our life such as in remote sensing or in light guides in medical. Without we
realize, nowadays fiber optics is using widen especially in our daily life.

For questions number 3 and 4, the survey of performance of fiber optics

telecommunication systems tell us that the student of 2-BENT would like to choose
significant as the highest percentage of it. It may because of the exploring about fiber
optics are average, not very famous but not also none be expose (still got expose but in a
small percentage). Nowadays, the knowledge especially regarding to fiber optic should
be teach to the youngest, so that they will know further about the world technology today.
The highest percentage is 58% were chosen by the 2 BENT students that they consider
the fiber optics normally used in communication. It because of mostly it being known
used in hand phone, computer and other electronics items. Most of it application are
made in the form of wire. The truth are all the application given in the question were
being used as fiber optic such as fiber optics used as a remote sensing and used in a light
guides in medical. Years by years, there are much more findings they can find about fiber
optics in our modern life to make our life being easier. The using of fiber optics was
reduced the using of copper that is more complex to used and more expensive.

d) Concluding Results

With more than a decade, now we have come out with a very simple fiber optics and easy
to used. The invention that occurred years by years finally provides us a fiber optics that
is more useful and advantages. Unfortunately, there is some people still does not care
with their surroundings especially a student. From our observation, most of our students
know the existence of fiber optics but they do not know in detail about this kind of
technology. They only know that this technology is only for communication whereas it
has widened users in this era.

CHAPTER 4

This chapter cover the justification of objectives element, review of scope or method
element, review of significant findings element, explanation of significance and reasons
for the finding element, examination of the limitations of study element, implication of
the study element and recommendations for future studies element.

4.1 JUSTIFICATION THE OBJECTIVE

The intent of this research is to discuss more about fiber optics in communication
systems. Our research has revealed the process of fiber optic with its manufactured and
also uses of it in conventional information transfer system. We also discover out the
application and its advantages. The study gives an insight the significance of fiber optics
in that system.

4.2 REVIEWING THE SCOPE / METHOD

The objectives were achieved with the method of archival collection which we use the
information resources from internet, from the electrical book to do more research about
the process, uses, its manufactured, application and its advantages. We also do the
questionnaire and a little observation from the internet sources through out of elements
equipment.

4.3 REVIEWING SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

As an electronic students, the most significant finding in this researched was about the
important uses of fiber optic in helping the communication system especially in
telecommunication system that use widely fiber optic.

4.4 EXPLANATION OF FINDINGS

This research can be explained by uses of fiber optic in the communication systems that
related in by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet
communication, and cable television signals. This might due to information transmitted is
typically digital information generated by computers, telephone systems and cable
television companies. Generally, fiber-optic communication systems include an optical
transmitter to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal to send into the optical
fiber.

4.5 LIMITATION OF STUDIES

Due to this research, this study was limited by some aspects of uses like fiber optics as
sensor which other application of fiber optics that extensively used nowadays. We also
does not mention the fiber optic cable splicing, a method joining two optical fiber, it
comparison with electrical transmission and also a fiber optic connector which has many
types.

4.6 INDICATING THE IMPLICATION

This finding of the study implies that fiber optic very important in the communication
system because without it in that system, we still use the metal wire which has a lot
disadvantages. More over, in local area networks, telephone companies are steadily
replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic cables. In the future, almost all
communications will employ fiber optics.

4.7 MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS

We recommend that, in further studies, we could include the application of fiber optics in
different field that using this fiber optics. Furthermore, uses in fiber optics give a lot
convenience in our technology systems. We also hope that fiber optics will replaced all
the metal cable in future and we will make the fiber optics is one of necessary in future
technologies by keep on increase the application of this fiber optics.