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(a)(i) Name the monomers that form the heavy and light chains
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(ii) the chemical bonds that join these monomers.
Peptide; 1
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(2 marks)
(b) The specificity of an antibody depends on its variable regions. Explain how.
(b) Contains specific sequence of amino acids;
Complimentary shape enables attachment to antigen; 2
(2 marks)
(c) In a pregnant woman, some antibodies cross the placenta from the mother to the
fetus.
These antibodies only provide short-term immunity for newborn babies. Explain why
these antibodies only provide short-term immunity.
6 (a) Pulmonary tuberculosis is spread from one person to another by droplet infection.
Explain how tuberculosis is spread by droplet infection.
(a) Bacteria attached to/carried by;
Droplets of mucus/water; 2
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.
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.
(2 marks)
(b) The table shows the number of cases of tuberculosis in different regions of England
between 2000 and 2005
(i) The number of cases of tuberculosis varies between different regions. Suggest
two reasons for this.
1 .................................................................................................................................
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2 .................................................................................................................................
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(b) Vaccination rates;
Immigration;
Different strains of TB;
Living conditions related to transmission / diet; 2 max
(2 marks)
(ii) Calculate the percentage increase on the number of cases of tuberculosis in the
south west region of England from 2000 to 2004. Show your working.
Answer................................................ (c) 0.7
4.6 x 100;
15.2; 2
(Correct answer = 2 marks)
(2 marks)
(b) (i) Sodium ions normally enter the blood from cells of the intestinal wall against a
concentration gradient. Describe how.
(b) (i) Active transport;
Using ATP;
Carrier proteins; 3
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(3 marks)
13 Turn over ►
(ii) The high concentration of ions in the small intestine of a person with cholera
causes diarrhoea. (lines 6-7). Explain why.
(ii) Water potential lowered in small intestine;
Osmotic loss of water; 2
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(2 marks)
(c) The new vaccine for cholera is taken orally (line 10) but some vaccines are not taken
orally. Suggest one reason why some vaccines are not taken orally.
(QWC First mark only credited if water potential is clearly linked to
intestine or blood)
(c) Broken down by enzymes / not absorbed as molecules are too large; 1
(1 mark)
(d) A booster dose of vaccine is required to provide long-term immunity. Suggest why.
Ensures memory cells produced;
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.
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.
(1 mark)
Globally, measles is an important disease that mainly affects children. Many deaths from
measles occur in children under five years of age.
Table 3.1 shows the population of six countries in Africa in 2009 and the number of cases of
measles per 100 000 people for the four years 2009 to 2012.
All six countries are classified as low-income countries.
(a) (i) The actual number of cases of measles in Chad in 2009 was 165 and in Eritrea was 82.
Calculate the actual number of cases of measles in Ethiopia in 2009.
Show your working.
[2]
1179 ;;
one mark if not to the whole person e.g. 1179.24 / 1179.2 or
if calculation correct but answer incorrect
e.g. 1.39 × 848.38 or 1.39 × (84 838 000/100 000) or
if no calculation to check but answer given as 1180
Fig. 3.1 shows the percentage of children vaccinated against measles over a ten year period
from 2003 to 2012.
• The percentage vaccinated represents children under one year of age who have been given
at least one dose of the vaccine against measles in the given year.
• The data are for the six African countries shown in Table 3.1.
1.
Macrophages are antigen presenting cells (APCs). Antigens from pathogens such as the
bacteria are presented to helper T-lymphocytes as shown in below.
Very few helper T-lymphocytes respond to the presence of APCs by binding in the way shown
above. Suggest reason for this. (2)
1 idea that only, a few / some / small number / AW, with correct specificity ;
2 (different) T-lymphocytes are specific to different antigens ;
3 (T cell) receptor is, complementary (in shape to antigen) ;
4 AVP ;
e.g. this may be during a primary immune response so no memory cells
e.g. disease state (HIV / AIDS and leukaemia) or treatment where few
T-lymphocytes in the body
(b) The symptoms of RA include inflammation of the joints which causes pain and difficulty in
movement of the joint.
The inflammation is triggered by a chemical known as TNF-, produced by macrophages.
One approach to the treatment of RA is by the use of monoclonal antibody against TNF-.
Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of an antibody molecule.
(i) Name the parts of the antibody molecule labelled P, Q and R.
P .....................................................................
Q ....................................................................
R .....................................................................
(ii) Name the type of bonds that hold the polypeptide chains together in the antibody
structure.
40 What explains why monoclonal antibodies can be used to target cancer cells?
A Cancer cells have different antigens from normal body cells.
B Specific cancer drugs can be attached to the monoclonal antibody.
C They are one type of a specific antibody that binds to an antigen.
D They are secreted by hybridomas of cancer cells and B-lymphocytes.
39 Rabies is a viral disease which can be spread to humans by a bite from an infected animal.
One method of treatment is to inject the patient with antibodies specific to the rabies virus.
Which statements about this treatment are correct?
1 The patient will have natural passive immunity to rabies.
2 The injected antibodies will be broken down by the patient.
3 The patient’s memory cells will be able to produce this antibody more rapidly in the
future.
4 The immunity provided will only be of short duration.
The graph shows the antibody response when a person is injected first with antigen X and later
with antigens X and Y.
Which curve shows the primary response to antigen Y?
Answer :c