Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, ‘To build a functional building, cerin specifications should be met. These specifications include the following: 1. The maximum height should not exceed 75% of the width of the building for stability 2. The maximum height should not be less than 50% of the width for aesthetic purposes. 3. Ifthe building were to have floors, each floor has to be at least 2.5 meters high, In this document, a building with curved roof structure with a length of 150 meters, a width of 72 meters, and.a height of 36 meters, as shown in Figure L, will be considered, igure 1: 3-dimensionnal model of a curved-roof Figure 2 A. real-life photograph of an building that will be considered throughout this exemplary building of the same structure that document. be discussed in this document. ‘Nov it can be seen from Figure 1 that the font view of this bi expressed with a mathematical equation. The graphical represent this part of the building is shown below in Figure 3 has a parabolie shape and can be ‘of the function used to model 30 is igure 3: Front view of building represented as a graph, From Figure 3, the parabolic mode! function of the front view of the standard form of a quadratic equation, which is, ling can be found using theGeun Ho Lee IB Math HL, year +bxte ‘The graphical model of the front view of the building intersects the x-axis at two constant poi 36,0) and (36,0), as the width of the building is 72 meters. Therelore, the roots of the quadrat ‘equation to deseribe this must be x =236. Also, the height of the building is 36 meters, creating a y- intereept at (0,36). From this, we ean extrapolate that the model equation is: y= K(x 36)(1436), isa constant, By substituting (0,36), 36 — k(x— 36 x—36) ‘Therefore, the equation to model the front face of the building as shown in Figure 1 (x 1296) (m) A cuboid isa solid figure bounded by six faces, forming a convex palyhedron of parallelogram faces To find a maximum volume of a cuboid that can fit in the building shown in Figure 1, the ‘mathematical process of optimization must be used. By optimizing the area of a rectangular face upon the parabolic building font, the maximum volume can mathematically be found. Figure 4 An example of a cuboid within the building structure Now: consider arbitrary points on the model function of the front of the building. In Figure 5, the drawn in lines to connect these arbitrary points show the front view of Figure 4, in which the cuboid is fit into the building.Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, Figure 5: Arbitrary poinis modeled and rectangle formed on the graphical representation of the front view of the building. From preliminary knowledge, the formula for finding the area ofa rectangle is: Avcsunie = (base) x (height) From Figure 5, the rectangle formed by the arbitrary points has a base of 2x and a height of y. Thus: A, 2y However, the value of y is known: y i x° - 1296). By substituting this into the area formula, the formula becomes: is the equation of the mode! function of the front of the building, Avccunge =2s| ze 1250) 1 ge = (0° - 1296.2) (me?) \eeamgle ~~ Fg 6 (me) Nov; to optimize the area of the rectangle, this area function will be differentiated. The derivative function of the area formula is the following: ait de dA ade (3x -1296) 72 . - dA Solving this equation for when T~ =0 yields x-values of points where slope of tangent fines tothe area function is zero and using first derivative test, these values can be verified as to be local maximum or local minimum points. The process is shown below: -le-no 6Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, First Derivative Test dx satx 12./3(m), area of rectangle is maximum, Now; by substituting the x-value found above into the area equation, the y-value is found to be: 1 (x9 - 1296 a ) Recs — ROI s4yfF-1555248%) Areaawle mm S763 ( mr) The length of the building structure is a constant 150 meters, the volume for a cuboid can be found by multiplying the area of a reactangular face by the length. This calculation done using the maximum area ofthe rectangle found above results in the maximum volume of a cuboid: Viwas = 150 Al Visser = 86400V3 (m') This volume is the maximum volume of a cuboid that could fit into a building structure shown in Figure | with height of 36 meters. When the height of the structure is varied, the maximur volume of the cuboid will also vary. To find how the change in height affects the change in the volume of the ‘cuboid, a general equation with height as a variable for the parabolic building face must be found. Recall that the width of the building is a constant 72 meters, hence will have roots at (36,0) and (- 36,0). Ifthe height, 4, were to be varied, then the y-intercept, (0,4) will be varied, Therefore, using the equation of the front view model equation and the x- and y-intercepis, height h can be incorporated into area and volume equations YEKOx 36x | 36) h— k(O-36)(0+ 36) Based on this equation, the formula for area of a rectangle for the arbitrary points on a parabola similar to the one shown in Figure 5 ean be found. Arampie [hie _ * 1296) T2096" yGeun Ho Lee 1B Math tL Arnage ~~ G2 12863) (7) 648 By optimizing this formula, the x-value yielding maximum area of the reetangle can be found: dA_ oh = Z.Gr 1296) a GAB From this, it is implied that the x-value that optimizes the area fora rectangle occurs at x 11245 However, the y-value is dependent on the height of the building as shown below: y=- A ( -1296) 1296 —* (432-1296) 1296 Therefore, the maximum volume of a cuboid that could fit into a building of length 150 meters, width of 72 meters, and height of meters can be expressed as the following: Visas ~ 150% A, brace Vossuas ~ 150% 2xy 2 Vasu — 150% 2123) Visas = 2400/3 (nd This relationship between the maximum volume of the cuboid and the height of the building structure is verified through multiple calculations as shown in Table 1 and Figure 6 Height of cevaluefor | y-valueformax | Area ofrectangle | mux volume of building (m) maximum volume (m) (nm) cuboid (m*) volume (m) 36 pis 24 ‘99766127 149649.19 37 2 105.3741 153806.11 125 m2 38 Dis ost 153.0869 157963.03 3 39 Dv 26 1080.7007 162119.96 40 12 2 TOR S125 16627688 3 a Dy a. 11362253 T7038 a Dy 28 11639387 174590.72Geun Ho Lee 1B Math tL a 123 ag 119.651 TIRT4T.64 4 12R mI 12193038 TR2904 SF 5 12V3 %0 1247.0766 18706149 46 v3 02. 1274 7808 T912S4T "7 vs at 13025022 19537533 = ps a T330215 190532.25 2 ve 2. 13575078 DOS6RO.1F Et) rvs wt T3R5.6406 2078461 a 1243, aa 14133535 213003.02 2 1s 2: 14410063 21615994 33 Ve xt 1468791 22031686 4 os % 14964919) D473. 78 Table 1: This table provides the values used to calculate the maximum volume of a cuboid for different values for the height of the curved roof structure the cuboid is placed in. These can be used to show the effects of the change in height of the building structure on the volume of the cuboid. Height of building vs. Maximum volume of cuboid 220000 200000, 180000 - Tear Datel Manen Vohere of ttt siags 487 mn 160000 rem 182m! 140000 38 40 45 so ss Height of buleing (rn) Figure 6: Graph of height of a building structure vs. maximum volume of a cuboid, 7Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, The graph in Figure 6 shows that the maximum yolume of the cuboid linearly inereases when the height of the building is increased The slope, 4157m' (=240093 ), is congruent with the algebraically found value, thus confirms the relationship, The wasted space in the building refers to the space of the building not occupied by the cuboid floors. To find the volume of the wasted space, the maximum volume of the cuboid has to be subtracted from the volume of the building structure. This is shown below: v, V, feasted = Viuat ~ Vesboid > Where Fru is the volume of wasted space, Vy. is the total volume of the building structure. ‘The total volume of the building can be calculated by taking the defi and multiplying by the length of the building. Mathematically presented, View = A, integral of the parabolic face would be as following: naa * (length) The process of finding area of the parabolic face is shown below: 26 Ace td Ami Hoe 1256] sol 1296 r ve afl Agata =| ee 8 1296: Pane [ 1296.3" “ “ Avuabots = me =| 36° -(-36)' -1296 36-(-36) “ (62208) 1296 Aumtsia = 48/0 (mn?) Thus, the total volume of the structure = Avouna (length) (48h) ~ (150) Vooai = 7200h (m°) Then, the formula for finding the volume of wasted space is, Vout =Vuea ~Yo asad ~ Vavat —Vearst Voncy =7200h ~2400he/3 = 24008(3— 3) (m') The ratio of wasted volume to the volume of the cuboid for all heights / is asthe following: Vowues _ 7200h= 240015 Voit 200i =3-1 This relationship is clearly shown in Table 2Geun Ho Lee 1B Math iL Height Viotal Vouboid V wasted Vwasted/V cuboid 36 259200 8640043 1093508 0.732051 7 256400 8880003 T12593.9 0732051 38 273600 91200/5 115637 0.732051 39 280800 93600/3 118680, 0.732051 40 288000 96000¥3 121731 0.732051 a 295200 ‘o8ao0ys 1247662 (0.732051 a 302400 1008003 1278093 0.732051 B 309600 10320043 1308524 0732051 aa 316800 105600q3 1338054 0.732051 a5 324000 10800003 1369385 (0732051 W 331200 11040093 T3O9RT.G 0732051 a7 338400 11280043 143034.7 0.732081 a8 345600 11520093 1460677 (0.732051 ao 352800 11760043 1491108 0.732051 50 360000 120000/3 1521539 0.732051 31 367200 122400N3 153197 0.732081 32 374400 12480093 158240.1 (0.732051 33 381600 1272003 161283.1 0.732051 34 RRR 1296003 Toa32 0.732051 Table 2: This table shows the relationship that was found above by using multiple calculations of specific heights. It is important to note that the ratios of volume of wasted space to: maximum volume of cuboid are always constant to be 0.73205 1, which is about J —1, the algebraically derived value. ‘The cuboid that fits in the curved roof structure can be divided into a number of floor often seen in office buildings as illustrated ture 7 and 8Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, Figure 7: Front view of curved roof straeture and a cuboid fitting inside. The solid lines indicate the cuboid office block and the dotted lines indicate the floors, RS Figure 8: This is a 3-dimenssional representation of stacked cuboids under the building structure, with the structure not shown. The lines indicate the various floors that can be placed like in an office building. To find the maximum floor area of such an office building, the following formula is implemented: Ager = N* Agee where Ayn is the maximum floor area, Vis the number of floors that can fit in the cuboid, and Aja. is the area of the top face of each floor. ‘Now, recall that one of the specifications of a functional building was that the minimum height for 10Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, each floor must be 2.5 meters. Thus, the number of floors and ultimately, the maximum floor area are limited by the height of the cuboid. However, it was found from above that the height of the cuboid is dependent on the height of the curved roof structure and the relationship is: Hence, the total number of floors for a height h is, 2p wed 25 N Ay 15 ‘As the number of floors cannot be a non-integer value, the value of N is rounded down to the nearest whole number. Substituting this back into the floor area equation, Ager N* Agee 4 sel Aaengih) Age Aix 2(124f3 (150) = 960h-/3 (mi?) Ato In this floor area equation, itis very important to note that Vis an integer. ‘This relationship is clearly shown in Table 3 below. Height Number of floors | Area of cuboid face Floor area 36 19 360003 3600/3 37 10 360043 36000,/3 38 10 360043, 360003 39 to 360003 360003, 40 i 3600/7 3960/7 “ H 300005 3960073 2 a 360003 3960003 43 u 360043, 396003 “4 2 36003 4320043, Eo a2. 360043 4320093 46 12 a7 3 a 13 cr) 3 30 3Geun Ho Lee 1B Math HL. 31 u 360003 0400/3 52 4 3600¥3, 5040043 33 4 360005 0400/3 S4 14 360043 50400./3 ‘Table 3: This table presents the maximum floor area for different heights of the building structure. ‘To maximize Moor area even further, the floors do not have to be part of one cuboid, but rather fit the confines of the curved roof stunucture as show in Figure 9. Figure 9: maximizing office space by having the floors (the lines on the parabolic face) not confined to shape of one cuboid. ‘The calculations for the method shown in Figure 9 can be accomplished by finding a rectangular prism of height of 2.5 meters that fits inside the curved roof. The surface area of this block is recorded. ‘Then, another rectangular prism of height 2.5 meters on top of the first one és found and recorded. Mathematically, this ean be accomplished by finding the x-value for the point (x.2.57 that lies on the equation of the curve, where 7 is the floor number. This is illustrated in Figure 10, This wil correspond with half the width of that particular floor.Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, c 10: Example of maximizing area by finding the x-value per 2.5 incremenis of y-values. As dicated in the graph, the width of cuboid is 2x, where 1 is the floor number. A mathematical notation to symbolize this is the following: Agce™ Y, (widiylength) where NV is the number of floors within the curved structure, which is related to the height of the building. The length remains a constant 150 meters for this particular building The width of the oor is dependent on the height of the structure, as it is derived from the curve equation for every Hloor. Finding the width, which is 2x, the general equation of the curve is, y (23-1296) 1296 hs oe » R96" * 1296(_y) AE yD) hi 1296(_h) =f x0 As the y-values are increments of 2.5 meters, it can be stated that y—2.5n, where nis the floor number, Therefore, [-1296(2.5n =) {= ‘This is the half the width of a floor. By substituting 2x as the width of a floor into the office area ‘equation above, the equation becomes, Agce= ¥ (widenaL ay (9, 26 Sn= Pus V i Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, =. Fas Agee 73005, fe SA SD: ae = By using this method, the floor area has increased significantly as seen in the following table. Height Stacking floor area | cuboid max floor area floor area 36 8372793 “59859.68 3868.26 37 84530.57 61522.44 2308.13, 38 5278.89 3185.21 2093.68, 39 $5978.59 64847. 98 211306 40 93671.92 (66510.75 2616117 | 41 ‘3448.18 (68173.52 5274.66 | a2 ‘9417.18 (69836.29 24340.89 | 4B 94863.39 71499.06 23364 | a4 101602.7 73161.83 2840.89 | 45 102357. 4824.59 27533.28 | 46 103071.2 6487.36 26583.88 | 47 100745.2 78150.13 3159502 48 110523.8 798129 30710.88 49 111261.7 81475.67 29785.98 50, 111962.1 83138.44 882 51 1186773 8480121 33876,12 52 1194374 86:463.98 3207.45 53 120160.9 $8126.75 32034.16 | 34 120850.5 89789.51 3106101 | Table 4: This table indicates a significant increase in the maximum floor area by not limiting the floors to within the shape of one cuboid. The volume ratio of office space has also significantly decreased as a result of this new flooring method The volume of the office block was calculated by multiplying the area of the floors by 2.5, the height ofeach floor blocks. Height V office Vitotal Vewasted | Vwasted’V office 36 209319.8 259200 9880.16 0.238296 7 2113064 2.66400 35073.57 0.260609 38 2131972 273600 ‘60402.78 0.283319 39 2149465 280800 (65853.54 0.306372 40. 231679.8 288000, 5632021 0.243095 aL 2336204 2.95200 61579.55 0.263588 2 23543 302400 (6957.05 O2R4BSS B 2371585 309600 74151 0305856 u 254006.8 316800 62793.2 0247211 5 2558047 324000 ‘68105.32 0.266146 46 237678.1 331200 73521.89 0.285325 a 274362.9 338400 ‘4037.11 0.233403 a8 276309.4 3.45600 (69290.55 0.250772 49. 2781541 352800 TAGAS.86 0.268362Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, 30. 2799053 360000, 8094.71 ‘0.286149 31 296693.3, 367200 70506.68 0.237642 32 298593.6 374400, 5806.44 0.253878 33 300402.3 381600 B1197.74 0.270297 EN 3021263 388800, 6673.69 0.286879 Table 5: This table demonstrates the new volumes and new ratio of office blocks instead of having them limited by a shape of one cuboid. As it can be seen, the ratio is significantly less than the values in Table 2. Hence, not limiting the floors to a single cuboid, the efficiency in utilizing space of the building structure notably inereased, although not at a constant ratio because the number of Moors is a diserete value, which causes volumes to fluctuate depending on height. ‘These aspects of the curved roof structure are not limited to the specific dimensions mentioned at the beginning. For instance, consider a similar bi ig Structure of different dimensions; of 150, meters and length of 72 meters as illustrated in Figure 11. This new building structure follows the ‘same specifications as mentioned at the beginning. Figure 11: A similar building to the initially considered building structure. This new building structure is used to investigate the impact of a different building on the general trends of the values observed above. Using the same procedure, a general parabolic curve equation can be set up of the front view of the structure, The width of 150 meters indicate that the roots of this quadratic equation are (75,0) and (- 75,0). Thus, the equation is, Yo K(e-TSN(X+79) h- k(O-75)(0+75)Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, h (x-T5)(x~ 75) 5625 The maximum volume of a cuboid that fits inthis building can be found by optimization of the area of a rectangle, A, ay x° 56253) d 2h 2 BS. 2 Ge 5625) dx 5625 875 x = 253 (m) From this, y-value of the rectangle can be deduced: 4 (25625) 5625 4 (4975-5625) 5625 2 =h 3 This relationship between the y-value of the rectangle and the height h of the building is exactly the same as the initially considered building structure. For the volume, the same formula is used to: find the general relationship. v, v, eats (length) XA, sauye Tax 2xy Vistas = 72% 205V52i) Vesa =2400/f3 (mn) ‘This relationship between the volume of the cuboid and the height of the building is the same as the ‘one for the initially considered building structure. This leads to a conclusion that bases of the same dimension will produce volumes of equal proportions. Extending on this to ather aspects that were investigated such as the ratio of volume of wasted space to the volume of cuboid, more: similarities ean be seen, The total volume is, v, A (length) ‘Area of parabola is as shown in page 7, Aywunss = J Yet A Ara =f, A (2 5625) dr 5625 =100h (mn?) Vesuos ~ 7200K (m') aa ‘Thus, finding the ratio of volume of wasted space to the volume of the cuboid, 16Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, Woes V Vis Vass Vaus Vase "Wea Mig 4 200k 2400/5 Vasa 240085 the ratio of volume of wasted space to the volume of cuboid is exactly the same, Some values of height were used to calculate and verify this relationship as shown in Table 6. Height Viotal V eaboid V wasted VwastedW cuboid 5 540000 311769.15, (228230.85 0.7320508 ny 561600 324239.91 23736009 0.7320508 81 583200 | 336710.68. 246489.32 0.7320508 84 604800 34918 1.44 (255618.56 0.7320508 87 626400 | 361652.21 264747.79 0.7320508 0 648000 | 37412297 273877.03 0.7320508 O83 669600 386593.74 28300626 0.7320508 96 691200 399064.51 (292135.49 0.7320508 99 712800 411535.27 301264.73 0.7320508 102 734400 | 424006.04 310393.96, 0.7320508 105 756000 | 4364768 319523,.2 0.7320508 108 777600 I 448947.57 328652.43, 07320508 iii 799200) ATTRA 337 781.66 (0.7320508 Table 6: This table shows that the new building follows the same wasted space to cuboid volume ratio. Note that the height of this building is larger than the previous one, because following the specifications listed at the beginning, the height of this building is between 75 and 112.5 meters. Also note that 0.7320508 is aboutJ3 1, which the same as the ratio value in Table 2 To maximize floor area for this new building, the same formula used in page 9 will be implemented: Ago N* Ane Where deny is the maximum floor area, Nis the number of floors that ean fit in the cuboid, and Aj. is the area ofthe top fave of each floor. y N= 25 24 Nose 25 neta 15 ‘As the number of floors cannot be a non-integer value, the value of N is rounded down to the nearest whole number. Substituting this back into the floor area equation, Ager NX Agee "7Geun Ho Lee IB Math HL, 4 hx Aay(lengh) 15 Apr Amreasfin7) sor = 9604/3 (en) in the same maximum floor area equation as above. From these observations, itis plausible to conclude that the placement of the fagadk on a building does not affect the maximum floor areca, volume, and ratio of volume of wasted space to volume of cuboid.