Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0 INTRODUCTION
A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind out) or
otherwise adjust the "tension" of a rope or wire rope (also called "cable" or "wire cable"). In its
simplest form it consists of a spool and attached hand crank.
Non-convention system is for most technologies that we see today which the entire burden is
been carried out by a machine. Efficiencies rate are also greater then convention system but the
maintenance can be high due to the system it have.
Example that we can take is such as elevator that can carried passengers more than 1 ton
(1000 kg) and the system is more into non-conventional because it uses motorized engine to
carry passengers. Other example that we can take is like steam shovel. Used in lifting and
moving material such as rock and soil. It is the earliest type of power shovel or excavator.
For our project, we are required to design a winch according to the specification given.
The first requirement is to design a winch that can withstand maximum load of 15kN. The
second requirement is we need to use cable of 14mm diameter.
2.0 WINCH
A boat without an anchor is like a kite without thread. The boat will be drifting due to the
wind and wave. So, having an anchor is a must for every boat. If using bare hand to pull up the
anchor, it will make the job tiring and complicated. In order to overcome the problem, they will
need a very useful mechanical device to help them pulling up the anchor to the boat and to
unload from the boat.
The very best way to overcome this problem is by installing a winch to the boat.
Winch was widely used to pull in ( wind up) or let out ( wind out) or otherwise adjust the
tension of a rope either it wire or nylon, but in this case, we used wire cable. In its simplest form,
it is consists of a pool ad attached hand crank that can help and overcomes those:
That problem that we need to overcome and to achieve is the main reason why the
application of winch is suitable for anchor problem, which is suitable case for our product to be
used widely in this sector.
Design Factors
Components
Features
Applications
Anchor pulley
Corrosion-resistant is must in this case study, which is corrosion easily happen due to sea water.
All these requirement and features are great for marine application precisely.
Features:
3.0 COMPONENTS
=8.87
4.0 DRUM
4.1 CALCULATIONS
Calculation
1. Diameter of drum
=20 x 14
=280 mm
= 7.4mm = 14.8mm
= 15.281mm = 5.5352mm
6. Thickness 7. Y= 520 mm
8. L5 = L6 = 20 mm
tx = P/kp
9. Number of layer = 3
= 15000/(210000000 x 0.0148) 10. Number of groove = 20
= 4.826mm
L1 L2
L3 = (n – 1) P
y
Ddrum
L6
L5
P=150N
a=350mm
D=280mm
W=15kN
n3 (drum) =0.96
n = n 1 x n2 x n 3
= 0.9033
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
Efficiency of gear:
n3 [drum] = 0.96
n=n1 x n2 x n3 =0.9033
Pressure angle, Φ:
relationship:
( )
( )( )
a – length of handle.
Material:
σ = (FtP)/(bY)
where,
Y - the Lewis form factor which can be obtained from the standard charts with certain
pressure
angle, Φ
Ft - the tangential force applied to the gear tooth as show in the Figure 2.1 above
b=
Ft = F cos Φ (F = 10 kN )
For gear 4,
In order to have standard values of tooth width (b), we pick the smallest value of Lewis Form
factor Y = 0.226
b=
= 2.12mm
Take the value safety factor of 6 into considerations, the tooth width becomes 2.12 x 6 = 12.7mm
5.4 DRAWING 2D
6.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of annealed AISI 1340 alloy steel are displayed in the following
table.
= 45 Nm
σd = Sy / N
= 434 MPa / 6
= 72.333 MPa
Based on formula ; σ = μ / S ;
S=μ/σ
= 45Nm / 72.333MPa
= 6.2212 x 10 -7 m3
S = (t.h2 ) / 6
= 9t3 / 6
= 1.5 t3
1.5 t3 = 6.2212 x 10 -7 m3
t = 7.4575 x 10 -3 m
t = 7.4575 x 10 -3 m F = 0.30 m
h= 22.372 x 10 -3 m E = 0.127 m
7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this project, we are focusing in winch to be able withstand load about 15kN. Other
than gears, bearings, drum, and other winch component. Shaft also plays as important factor to
increase efficiency and durability of winch.
In this report, we are discussed and find out the ideal diameter for shaft. For our winch we use 3
shafts to hold gears and transmit power
Material selection
Referred back to the Stainless Steel 304, the material has possessed two properties which is
chemical and mechanical. In this scope, we more likely to know its mechanical properties which
are main reason due to the all the information that lead to the shaft requirement and can be
calculated based on formula that can be used. All the data for the chemical and mechanical
properties of the Stainless Steel 304can be summarize as seen in next page;
Element
Type 302 Type 304 Type 304L Type 305
Fe 64.99-74%
Cr 17% 18% 18% 17%
Ni 8% 8% 8% 10.50%
Mn 2% 2% 2% 2%
N 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% -
S 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
C 0.15% 0.08% 0.03% 0.12%
Si 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75%
P 0.045% 0.045% 0.045% 0.045%
Properties
Properties Value Comment
Physical Properties
Density 8.03 g/cc
Mechanical properties
Hardness, Rockwell B 82
Tensile Strength, Ultimate 621 Mpa (=90100psi)
Tensile Strength, Yield 290 Mpa (=42100psi) 0.2% YS
Elongation at Break 55% in 2 inches
Modulus of Elasticity 193 Gpa tension
Modulus of Elasticity 78 Gpa torsion
Electrical properties
Electrical Resistivity 0.000116 ohm-cm 659 °C
Electrical Resistivity 7.2e-005 ohm-cm
Magenetic permeability Max 1.02 H = 200 Oersteds, Annealed
Thermal properties
CTE, linear 20°C 16.9 µm/m-°C 0 to 100°C
CTE, linear 20°C 18.7 µm/m-°C to 649°C
Heat Capacity 0.5 J/g-°C 0°C to 100°
Thermal Conductivity 16.2 W/m-K 100°C
Thermal Conductivity 21.4 W/m-K 500°C
Processing properties
Melt temperature 1371- 1399 °C
=0.5(621)
=310.50M Pa
= 188.63MPa
Average force applied on handle is 150N, and the length of handle is 0.3m
= 45N.m
= 1363.64 N
=Wt tan
=1363.64 tan 20 º
=496.32N
Safety Factor of 6 is used as the shaft is expected to withstand unusual shock or impact.
( )
D1 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
( )
D3 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
MBX = 42.42N m
MBY = 116.54 N m
=√
= 124.02 N m
( )
D3 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 39.33 mm
D2 will be larger than D3 and D1 in order to provide a shoulder for the gear. The actual value of
D2 will be specified after the analysis has been completed.
There are three fillets for shaft 1 which two of them are sharp and one of them is well-
rounded. The value of Kt is 2.5 for sharp fillet and 1.5 for well-rounded fillet. For shaft 1, r1 and
r3 are shaft fillets while r2 is well-rounded fillet. By referring to figure below,
Stress-
Fillet Radius
concentration D/d r/d d (mm)
(mm)
factor, Kt
r1 2.5 2.27 0.015 22 0.33
r3 1.5 1.19 0.06 42 2.52
r4 2.5 1.91 0.015 22 0.33
D1 = 20.17 mm
D2 = 50.00 mm (D2 must be larger than D1 and D3 to provide shoulders for them)
D3 = 39.33 mm
D4 = 20.17 mm
The dimensions above are minimum diameters for various parts, to ease manufacturing process
and provide extra safety, rounded-off and larger diameters are used:
D1 = 22.00 mm
D2 = 50.00mm
D3 = 42.00mm
D4 = 22.00mm
= 1363.64 N
=1363.64 tan 20 º
=496.32 N
WDrum = ρVg
= 770.72 N
( )
D1 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 38.59 mm = D3
Diameter for 2 must be larger than D1 and D3. It also must exceed Db which is theoretical value
if gear is apart from the drum.
There are 2 fillets for shaft 2 which both are sharp. The value of Kt is 2.5 for sharp fillet.
For shaft 3, r1 and r3 are shaft fillets. By referring to figure below,
Stress-
Fillet Radius
concentration D/d r/d d (mm)
(mm)
factor, Kt
r1 2.5 1.5 0.015 40 0.6
r3 2.5 1.5 0.015 40 0.6
The calculated minimum required diameters for various parts of the shaft 1 are as follows:
D1 = 38.59mm
D2 = 60.00mm (D2 must be larger than D1 and D3 to provide shoulders for them)
D3 = 38.59mm
Also, on the left side of the Gear 4, there is where the drum placed. The drum exerts a force to
the shaft in vertical plane. Thus, D2 has to be increased again to ensure the force exerted from the
drum does not fail the shaft. All the dimensions above are then enlarged with certain ratio such
that the D2 has the same value as the hollow hole in the drum as what is in Drum Specification.
The values are the rounded-off in order the ease the manufacturing process.
D1 = 40.00mm
D2 = 60.00mm
D3 = 40.00mm
= 1363.63 N
=1363.63 tan 20 º
=496.32 N
= 214.29 N
=214.29 tan 20 º
=77.994 N
( )
=[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 20.17 mm = D5
MBX = 44.64 N m
MBY = 122.69 N m
=√ ) ( )
= 130.56 N m
( )
D3 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 40.00 mm
McX = 16.698 N m
McY = 45.93 N m
= √( ) ( )
= 48.87 N m
( )
D4 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 29.29 mm
There are four fillets for shaft 3 which two of them are sharp and two of them are well-
rounded. The value of Kt is 2.5 for sharp fillet and 1.5 for well-rounded fillet. For shaft 2, r1 and
r4 are shaft fillets while r2 and r3 are well-rounded fillets. By referring to figure below,
Stress-
Fillet Radius
concentration D/d r/d d (mm)
(mm)
factor, Kt
r1 2.5 2.5 0.015 22 0.33
r3 1.5 1.25 0.07 44 3.08
r4 1.5 1.33 0.08 33 2.64
r5 2.5 1.5 0.015 22 0.33
The calculated minimum required diameters for various parts of the shaft 2 are as follows:
D2 = 55.00 mm (D2 must be larger than D1 and D3 to provide shoulders for them)
D3 = 40.00 mm
D4 = 29.29mm
D5 = 20.17mm
The dimensions above are minimum diameters for various parts, to ease manufacturing process
and provide extra safety, rounded-off and larger diameters are used:
D1 = 22.00 mm
D2 = 55.00mm
D3 = 44.00mm
D4 = 33.00mm
D5 = 22.00mm
In order to allow the gear transmit its rotational power to the shaft effectively and without
any slipping, keys are used for all the pinions and gears in our design. In our design, profile
rectangular keys are used as they are most common used keys in industry as well as due to a
lower cost required. Profile rectangular keys can ensure that the shaft and gear interlock each
other in all direction, which is better to prevent the gear from moving in any direction.
H = 9mm
W = 14mm
H = 11mm
W = 18mm
H = 9mm
W = 14mm
Gear 3
H = 8mm
W = 10mm
Gear 2
Since for gear 1, the diameter of shaft where the gear mounted on it is 42.00mm. From Appendix
in page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 14.00mm and 9.00mm respectively.
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
The minimum required key length can be calculated using the formula as below:
Ls =
= 2.96 mm
For gear 2, the diameter of shaft where the gear 2 mounted on it is 33.00mm. From Appendix in
page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 10.00mm and 8.00mm respectively. Width
of the key, W = 10.00mm
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
Ls =
= 5.27 mm
For gear 3, the diameter of shaft where the gear 3 mounted on it is 44.00mm. From Appendix in
page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 14.00mm and 9.00mm respectively. Width
of the key, W = 14.00mm
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
The minimum required key length can be calculated using the formula as below:
Ls =
= 2.82 mm
For gear 4, the diameter of shaft where the gear 4 mounted on it is 60.00mm. From Appendix in
page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 18.00mm and 11 mm respectively. Width
of the key, W = 18.00mm
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
The minimum required key length can be calculated using the formula as below:
Ls =
= 11.27 mm
The values of required length above are the minimum lengths required for every single key. The
values are enlarged to ease the manufacturing process and provide extra safety.
Summary
Torque Required
Diameter of Width of key Actual length
Transmitted length of key
Shaft (mm) (mm) of key (mm)
(N m) (mm)
Gear 1 42.00 14.00 45.0 2.96 30.00
Gear 2 33.00 10.00 45.0 5.27 30.00
Gear 3 44.00 14.00 45.0 2.82 30.00
Gear 4 60.00 18.00 315.0 11.27 30.00
Material selection
Referred back to the Stainless Steel 304, the material has possessed two properties which is
chemical and mechanical. In this scope, we more likely to know its mechanical properties which
are main reason due to the all the information that lead to the shaft requirement and can be
calculated based on formula that can be used. All the data for the chemical and mechanical
properties of the Stainless Steel 304can be summarize as seen in next page;
Chemistry % by Weight
Element
Type 302 Type 304 Type 304L Type 305
Fe 64.99-74%
Cr 17% 18% 18% 17%
Ni 8% 8% 8% 10.50%
Mn 2% 2% 2% 2%
N 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% -
Properties
Properties Value Comment
Physical Properties
Density 8.03 g/cc
Mechanical properties
Hardness, Rockwell B 82
Tensile Strength, Ultimate 621 Mpa (=90100psi)
Tensile Strength, Yield 290 Mpa (=42100psi) 0.2% YS
Elongation at Break 55% in 2 inches
Modulus of Elasticity 193 Gpa tension
Modulus of Elasticity 78 Gpa torsion
Electrical properties
Electrical Resistivity 0.000116 ohm-cm 659 °C
Electrical Resistivity 7.2e-005 ohm-cm
Magenetic permeability Max 1.02 H = 200 Oersteds, Annealed
Thermal properties
CTE, linear 20°C 16.9 µm/m-°C 0 to 100°C
CTE, linear 20°C 18.7 µm/m-°C to 649°C
Heat Capacity 0.5 J/g-°C 0°C to 100°
Thermal Conductivity 16.2 W/m-K 100°C
Thermal Conductivity 21.4 W/m-K 500°C
Processing properties
Melt temperature 1371- 1399 °C
Endurance strength, Sn
=0.5(621)
=310.50M Pa
= 188.63MPa
Average force applied on handle is 150N, and the length of handle is 0.3m
= 45N.m
= 1363.64 N
=1363.64 tan 20 º
=496.32N
Safety Factor of 6 is used as the shaft is expected to withstand unusual shock or impact.
( )
D1 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
( )
D1 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
( )
D3 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
MBX = 16.29N m
MBY = 44.77 N m
=√
= 47.64 N m
( )
D3 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 29.07 mm
D2 will be larger than D3 and D1 in order to provide a shoulder for the gear. The actual value of
D2 will be specified after the analysis has been completed.
There are three fillets for shaft 1 which two of them are sharp and one of them is well-
rounded. The value of Kt is 2.5 for sharp fillet and 1.5 for well-rounded fillet. For shaft 1, r1 and
r3 are shaft fillets while r2 is well-rounded fillet. By referring to figure below,
Stress-
Fillet Radius
concentration D/d r/d d (mm)
(mm)
factor, Kt
r1 2.5 2.27 0.015 22 0.33
r3 1.5 1.21 0.06 33 1.98
r4 2.5 1.91 0.015 22 0.33
The calculated minimum required diameters for various parts of the shaft 1 are as follows:
D1 = 20.17 mm
D2 = 40.00 mm (D2 must be larger than D1 and D3 to provide shoulders for them)
D3 = 29.07 mm
D4 = 20.17 mm
D1 = 22.00 mm
D2 = 40.00mm
D3 = 33.00mm
D4 = 22.00mm
= 8677.58 N
=8677.58 tan 20 º
=3158.38 N
WDrum = ρVg
= 770.72 N
( )
D1 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
( )
D1 =[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 71.52 mm = D3
Diameter for 2 must be larger than D1 and D3. It also must exceed Db which is theoretical value
if gear is apart from the drum.
There are 2 fillets for shaft 2 which both are sharp. The value of Kt is 2.5 for sharp fillet.
For shaft 3, r1 and r3 are shaft fillets. By referring to figure below,
Stress-
Fillet Radius
concentration D/d r/d d (mm)
(mm)
factor, Kt
r1 2.5 1.13 0.01 75 0.75
r3 2.5 1.13 0.01 75 0.75
The calculated minimum required diameters for various parts of the shaft 1 are as follows:
D1 = 71.52mm
D2 = 85.00mm (D2 must be larger than D1 and D3 to provide shoulders for them)
D3 = 71.52mm
D1 = 75.00mm
D2 = 85.00mm
D3 = 75.00mm
= 1363.63 N
=1363.63 tan 20 º
=496.32 N
= 8677.57 N
=8677.57 tan 20 º
=3158.38 N
( )
=[ √( ) ( ) ( )
= 37.39 mm = D5
MBX = 284.52N m
MBY = 780.52 N m
= √( ) ( )
= 830.76 N m
( )
D3 =[ √( ) ( )
= 74.09 mm
McX = 106.78 N m
McY = 291.99 N m
= √( ) ( )
= 310.90 N m
( )
D4 =[ √( ) ( )
= 54.26 mm
There are four fillets for shaft 3 which two of them are sharp and two of them are well-
rounded. The value of Kt is 2.5 for sharp fillet and 1.5 for well-rounded fillet. For shaft 2, r1 and
r4 are shaft fillets while r2 and r3 are well-rounded fillets. By referring to figure below,
Stress-
Fillet Radius
concentration D/d r/d d (mm)
(mm)
factor, Kt
r1 2.5 2.0 0.015 40 0.6
r3 1.5 1.067 0.025 75 1.875
r4 1.5 1.36 0.075 55 4.125
r5 2.5 1.375 0.015 40 0.6
D1 = 37.39mm
D2 = 80.00 mm (D2 must be larger than D1 and D3 to provide shoulders for them)
D3 = 74.09 mm
D4 = 54.26mm
D5 = 37.39mm
The dimensions above are minimum diameters for various parts, to ease manufacturing process
and provide extra safety, rounded-off and larger diameters are used:
D1 = 40.00 mm
D2 = 80.00mm
D3 = 75.00mm
D4 = 55.00mm
D5 = 40.00 mm
In order to allow the gear transmit its rotational power to the shaft effectively and without
any slipping, keys are used for all the pinions and gears in our design. In our design, profile
rectangular keys are used as they are most common used keys in industry as well as due to a
lower cost required. Profile rectangular keys can ensure that the shaft and gear interlock each
other in all direction, which is better to prevent the gear from moving in any direction.
H = 8mm
W = 10mm
H = 14mm
W = 25mm
H = 14mm
W = 22mm
Gear 3
H = 10mm
W = 16mm
Gear 2
Since for gear 1, the diameter of shaft where the pinion 1 mounted on it is 33.00mm. From
Appendix in page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 10.00mm and 8.00mm
respectively.
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
The minimum required key length can be calculated using the formula as below:
Ls =
= 5.27 mm
Since for gear 2, the diameter of shaft where the gear 2 mounted on it is 55.00mm. From
Appendix in page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 16.00mm and 10.00mm
respectively. Width of the key, W = 16.00mm
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
Ls =
= 12.58 mm
For gear 3, the diameter of shaft where the gear 3 mounted on it is 75.00mm. From Appendix in
page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 22.00mm and 14.00mm respectively.
Width of the key, W = 22.00mm
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
The minimum required key length can be calculated using the formula as below:
Ls =
= 6.71 mm
For gear 4, the diameter of shaft where the gear 4 mounted on it is 85.00mm. From Appendix in
page 23, the standard width and height of the key are 25.00mm and 14 mm respectively. Width
of the key, W = 25.00mm
The key is expected to withstand sudden shock or impact, thus the safety factor used is 6.
The minimum required key length can be calculated using the formula as below:
Ls =
= 36.46 mm
The values of required length above are the minimum lengths required for every single key. The
values are enlarged to ease the manufacturing process and provide extra safety.
Summary
Torque Required
Diameter of Width of key Actual length
Transmitted length of key
Shaft (mm) (mm) of key (mm)
(N m) (mm)
Gear 1 33.00 10.00 45.0 5.27 30.00
Gear 2 55.00 16.00 286.36 12.58 30.00
Gear 3 75.00 22.00 286.36 6.71 30.00
Gear 4 85.00 25.00 2004.52 36.46 30.00
From the calculation for both speed as we calculated as shown in previous page, the shaft
diameter calculated give the difference between both speeds. Therefore, we are considering the
shaft with bigger diameter for our selection due to safety reason.
In comparison, shaft 1 for speed one is bigger than diameter of shaft for speed 2. Thus we
are select diameter in calculation for speed 1. For shaft 2, diameter calculated for speed 1 smaller
than diameter calculated for speed 2. The diameter calculated for speed 2 is selected. For the
third shaft, the diameter calculated for speed 1 also smaller than diameter for shaft calculated
from speed 2. Thus we select diameter calculated for the speed 2.
The final selection of the shaft is listed as below for our design of winch.
TYPES OF LUBRICANT
OIL LUBRICATION
Oils are used in journal bearings when cooling is required or contaminants or debris need to be
The viscosity grade required is dependent upon bearing RPM, oil temperature and load. The
bearing speed is often measured strictly by the revolutions per minute of the shaft, with no
consideration of the surface speed of the shaft.
(rpm) 0 to 50 60 75 90
~3,600 32 32 46 to 68 68 to 100
~10,000 32 32 32 32 to 46
Bearing is machine element that constrains relative motion and reduces friction
between moving parts to only the desired motion. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it
may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts.
Many bearings also facilitate the desired motion as much as possible, such as by minimizing
friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed,
or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
TYPES OF BEARING
Type Description
Plain bearing Rubbing surfaces, usually with lubricant; some bearings use pumped
lubrication and behave similarly to fluid bearings.
Rolling element Ball or rollers are used to prevent or minimize rubbing
bearing
Jewel bearing Off-center bearing rolls in seating
Fluid bearing Fluid is forced between two faces and held in by edge seal
Magnetic bearing Faces of bearing are kept separate by magnets
Flexure bearing Material flexes to give and constrain movement
Table 3: type of bearing in industry
For our design we are focusing in using plain bearing which is journal type, straight
journal bearing. This type of journal bearing operates in the boundary regime (metal-to-metal
contact) only during the startup and shutdown of the equipment when the rotational speed of the
shaft (journal) is insufficient to create an oil film. As we known, this type of journal is self-
lubricate.
To get optimal performance from the bearing, designer must pay special attention to
design as regards the fit between the inner ring, outer ring, and the housing. This fit and design
must be suitable for the specific equipment involved in the application. For example, too loose a
fit could result in a corroded or scored bearing bore and shaft; while too tight a fit could result in
unnecessarily large mounting and dismounting forces and too great a reduction in internal
bearing clearance.
All rolling bearing manufacturers make bearings to standardized tolerances set forth by
the Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association (AFBMA) and the International Standards
Organization (ISO). The proper fits can only be obtained by selecting the proper tolerances for
the shaft. Each tolerance is designated by a letter and a numeral. The small letter is for shaft fits
and the capital letter is for housing bores, and together they locate the tolerance zone in relation
to the nominal dimensions. The numeral designation gives the magnitude of the tolerance zone.
After bearing installation, degradation will occur in the roundness of the bearings if the
design and fit of the shaft and housing are not appropriate. The precision and surface roughness
of the shaft and housing must be at satisfactory levels to protect the bearings and optimize their
performance.
The design of the side faces of bearing shafts and housings, or the area contact the
bearing side face, causes them to come to the shaft center and fit surface at right angles. The
fillet radii of the shaft and housing corners have a maximum permissible radius (ras max) is
smaller than minimum permissible chamfer dimensions of the bearings.
The design of the shaft and housing shoulders must include a height that is taller than
minimum permissible chamfer dimensions. The shoulders also must be designed to contact the
side faces of the inner and outer rings.
To design shoulders properly, ensure that the minimum height of shoulders is four times
taller than minimum permissible chamfer dimensions. The table and figure on this page provide
additional insight into the dimension specifics of this bearing design requirement.
Bearing materials constitute an import part of any bearing. Their significance is at the start of the
hydro-dynamic lubrication when metal to metal contact occurs or during mixed and boundary
lubrication period.
1. Conformability (low elastic modulus) and deformability (plastic flow) to relieve local
high pressures caused by misalignment and shaft deflection.
2. Embeddability or indentation softness, to permit small foreign particles to become
safely embedded in the material, thus protecting the journal against wear.
3. Low shear strength for easy smoothing of surface asperities.
4. Adequate compressive strength and fatigue strength for supporting the load and for
enduring the cyclic loading as with engine bearings under all operating conditions.
5. Should have good thermal conductivity to dissipate the frictional heat and coefficient
of thermal expansion similar to the journal and housing material.
6. It should be compatible with journal material to resist scoring, welding and seizing.
7. Should have good corrosion resistance against the lubricant and engine combustion
products.
Babbits are the most commonly used bearing materials. Babbitts have excellent
conformability and embeddability, but have relatively low compressive and fatigue
strength.Other materials such as tin bronze, leaded bronze, copper lead alloy, aluminium bronze,
aluminium alloys and cast iron are also used in many applications. Widely used bearing material
compositions are given below:
b. Lead- base babbitts with 75% Pb, 15% Sb and 10% Sn,
b) Fanged d) Straight
Figure 4.1: various types of bush bearing
Bearing Life
Generally, a rolling bearing cannot rotate forever. Unless operating conditions are ideal
and the fatigue load limit is not reached, sooner or later material fatigue will occur. The period
until the first sign of fatigue appears is a function of the number of revolutions performed by the
bearing and the magnitude of the load. Fatigue is the result of shear stresses cyclically appearing
immediately below the load carrying surface. After a time these stresses cause cracks which
gradually extend up to the surface. As the rolling elements pass over the cracks fragments of
material break away and this is known as flaking or spalling.
The flaking progressively increases in extent and eventually makes the bearing unserviceable (fig
5.1, fig 5.2, fig 5.3, fig 5.4)
The bearing was selected by refereed to the diameter of shaft. The diameter that was used
the bearing was the diameter of the ends of every shaft, which is the required internal diameter
for the bearing. The picture only show one drawing due to the same design, but only the inner
and outer diameter is different for every shaft.
10.1 INTRODUCTION
The Stainless Steel 304, the material has possessed two properties which is chemical and
mechanical. In this scope, we more likely to know its mechanical properties which are main
reason due to the all the information that lead to the shaft requirement and can be calculated
based on formula that can be used. All the data for the chemical and mechanical properties of the
Stainless Steel 304can be summarize as seen below;
The selection was influenced by the material shaft, this are due to the safety issues, which
is the component will hold the same strain and the limit also same, thus the safety issue does be
easier to counter.
Chemistry % by Weight
Element
Type 302 Type 304 Type 304L Type 305
Fe 64.99-74%
Cr 17% 18% 18% 17%
Ni 8% 8% 8% 10.50%
Mn 2% 2% 2% 2%
N 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% -
S 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
C 0.15% 0.08% 0.03% 0.12%
Si 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75%
P 0.045% 0.045% 0.045% 0.045%
11.1 INTRODUCTION
Ratchets and pawls are mechanical assemblies allowing a shaft to rotate in one direction
and not the other. Ratchets are commonly known as ratchet wheels, because they consist of a
rotational gear (or rack) with angled teeth. Pawls are thin pieces of metal which rest against
ratchets to restrict the ratchet's motion. When the ratchet is rotated in one direction, the pawl is
raised and moves smoothly between the ratchet's teeth. When the ratchet's rotation stops, the
pawl drops between the ratchet teeth and makes clicking noises.
Ratchets can operate quietly and smoothly or be harsh and jarring, depending on the installation
of the ratchet teeth and pawl. Common applications for ratchets and pawls include use in
spanners, turnstiles, winders and jacks.
In our winch design, ratchet will attach to Gear B (refer Figure 2). The force manually
applied on handle will be transmitted to gear A, which is 150N. The efficiency of Gear A and B
is 97%. So the force generated on Gear B as well as the ratchet is 150N x 0.97 = 145.5N.
Pawl model SRT-2C is selected as it works together with ratchet SRTB3-40. As refer to
the catalogue, the material for both ratchet and pawl is carbon steel S45C. The material
properties for S45C are shown below:
Specifications
Catalog No. SRT-C SRT/SRTB
Angle of 60 60
jaw
or teeth
Material S45C (Carbon steel) ** S45C (Carbon steel)
Heat Induction hardened Induction hardened
treatment teeth teeth
Surface HRC48 53 HRC48 53
hardness
Surface Black oxide Black oxide
treatment
Surface Cut Cut
finish
Datum Bore Bore
reference
surface
for teeth
cutting
Ratchets
Catalog Pit No B Outsi Face Dep Mou Center Sh Allowa Allow We Catal
No. ch . or de widt th ntin distanc ap ble able igh og
of e dia. h of g e e torque torqu t No.
te teet dista (kgf-m) e (N- (kg
et h nce m) f)
h
P z A C F G H I Bendin Bendi
g ng
strengt streng
h th
SRT1-50 3. 50 1 50 12 1.6 23.4 45.5 T4 1.5 14.69 0.1 SRT1-
[DXF | DW 14 2 6 50
G | 3D 60 60 28.4 48.2 1.99 19.5
CAD]
SRT1-60 1 0.2 SRT1-
[DXF | DW
80 5 80 38.4 54.7 3 29.37 4 60
G | 3D
CAD] 90 1 90 43.4 58.3 3.52 34.47 0.4 SRT1-
SRT1-80
[DXF | DW 10 5 100 48.4 62.2 4.02 39.4 4 80
G | 3D
CAD]
0 1 0.5 SRT1-
SRT1-90 5 6 90
[DXF | DW
G | 3D
CAD] 1 0.7 SRT1-
SRT1- 5 100
100
[DXF | DW
G | 3D
CAD]
12.1 INTRODUCTION
Thread fasteners are reversible strengthening materials. This implies that they can be used and reused
again in a separate material that requires threading. There are several types of fastener threads. This
depends on the type and texture of the threads in the fasteners. You use fastener threads because they
are cost efficient and they are readily available in most tool shops and supermarkets. Most fasteners
require re-tightening as they, at times, fall off due to vibrations.
A thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on the internal or external surface of a
cylinder (IFI description) or it could be described as a sloping plane curled around a cylinder.
The effective cross section area, or tensile area, of the external thread.
The shear area of the external thread which depends upon minor diameter of the tapped
hole
The shear area of the internal thread which depends on the major diameter of the external
thread
The allowable stresses are reflected towards the surface of the material itself. We can see that it
is on full stresses as the shape started to change. From start, the material will started to
experience sheer stress, on that part, yield strength of the material can be return to its original
shape as it stores energy on the material itself, after a while, material will start to come into
maximum tensile limit where necking usually occur at that time. As time goes, ultimate tensile
stress will occur and the material will snap into 2 and that significant to failure.
D = Basic Diameter.
p = Screw Thread Pitch
Le = Length of Thread Engagement
A t = the screw thread tensile stress area
d p = Pitch circle diameter of thread
A ss =the thread shear area
The following formula for the Tensile Stress Area of the (male) screw
dp = (D - 0.64952.p )
When the female and male threads are the same material.
To ensure that the screw fails before the thread strips it is necessary the shear
area is at least 2 times the tensile area. i.e.
This assumes that the male and female thread materials have the same
strength. If the Female Material strength is lower i.e J as calculated below is
greater than 1 then the length of engagement must be increased to prevent the
female thread stripping
Thus from above method of calculation, we can see that is proven shows on how the calculation
is been made from one parts to another. This can also be applied to other parts regarding the
shapes and sizes. For certain cases, we need to consider the material use for the parts as it
involved the modulus young’s of that material. Everything can be found in any references book
and it is helpful in solving any problems.
The bolts are loaded in shear. Depending on the joint design the bolt can be in single or
double shear...
The bolt interface with the hole is compressively loaded. ( Crushing )
Single Shear..
Shear Stress = 4 . F / π. d 2
Compressive Stress = F / (d . t)
Plate Shear Stress = F / (2.c.t)
Double Shear..
Shear Stress = 2 . F / π. d 2
Compressive Stress = F / (d . t)
Plate Shear Stress = F / (2.c.t)
The stresses are adjusted based on the number of bolts / screws used for the
joint..
Consider a bracket taking an offset load F (N) at a radius R (m). The bracket
is secure using a number of bolts each with a Area A(m2 ). The bolts are
located around a centroid position each with a radius from the centroid of
rn(m) and a horizontal/vertical position relative to the centroid of hn /vn (m) . (
bolt is designated by the subscript "n". )
Location of Centroid...
The location of the centroid of the bolts can often be determined by inspection as in figure
above. If the bolts are not arranged around a convenient center then the centroid is determined
by..
X position = sum of the moments of area of all the holes about a fixed horizontal position
divided by the total hole area
y position = sum of the moments of area of all the holes about a fixed vertical position divided
by the total hole area
The shear stress in each bolt is calculated to ensure the design is safe..
If there are x bolts( numbered n = 1 to x). Then the tensile force withstood be
each bolt is designated Fnt i.e F1t,F2t, F3t....Fxt
A selected bolt (n) withstands a tensile force of Fnt = ( Fv. Rv + Fh. Rh) .
2
Vn / (V1 + V22....Vx2 )
The resulting tensile bolt stress sn = Fnt /A
The notes on this page Assuming all stresses developed only as a result of
bracket loading i.e zero preload and zero residual bolt torque...
The notes on this page In order to estimate the design factors of safety it is
necessary to consider the failure modes. The preferred failure criteria for
ductile metals are the "Shear Strain Energy Theory" (Von Mises-Hencky
theory). For a stress regime associated with a bolt i.e pure tensile
stress sx combined with shear stress τ xy. The Factor of safety relative to the
material tensile strength Sy..Is calculated as follows
Bolted and riveted connections are quite commonly encountered in various design problems.
Many trials have been carried out recently to determine the stress distribution in bolted and
riveted joints which is of extreme importance in the design of such joints. Effect of many
parameters has been investigated; however effect of thickness ratio of the joint plates did not
take too much attention. In this analytic work the effect of various plate thicknesses on the load
and stress distribution in cylindrical bolted joints has been investigated using the finite element
technique. Computed results show that the loads as well as the stress or pressure distribution
under bolt-head or nut are neither constant nor uniform. Whatever the thickness ratio of the two
plates (I1 /L2), constant load and stress occurred across the joint under the bolt-head end.
Maximum stress on surface and up to the mid plane level showed an increase with the thickness
ratio. However the maximum stress on interface decreases with the thickness ratio to reach its
lowest at L1 /L2 = 1. End of loading on surface or at mid plane increases with the increase in
thickness ratio, and tends to approach a constant value at L1 /L2 equals 10 or more—on interface
the opening position—represented by diameter of joint to bolt diameter D/d, reaches a maximum
value of 3.5 then decreases rapidly to reach a constant value of about 2.5 for L1 /L2 = 10 or
more. Also the thickness of the plate (L1) has a pronounced effect on the opening position.
The stress and shear in a rivet is analyzed like a bolted joint. However, it is not wise to combine
rivets with bolts and screws in the same joint. Rivets fill the hole where they are installed to
establish a very tight fit (often called interference fit). It is difficult or impossible to obtain such a
tight fit with other fasteners. The result is that rivets in the same joint with loose fasteners carry
more of the load—they are effectively stiffer. The rivet can then fail before it can redistribute
load to the other loose fit fasteners like bolts and screws. This often causes catastrophic failure of
the joint when the fasteners unzip. In general, a joint composed of similar fasteners is the most
efficient because all fasteners reach capacity simultaneously.
The strength checks of the connection are performed by simple comparison of the calculated
rated stress with the permissible stress in the weld. Permissible weld stress "SwA" is usually
specified from the value of the yield strength of the basic material "Re" based on the required
safety.
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or
large-scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to
precise engine parts and delicate jewelry. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of
skills, processes, and tools.
Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. Its historical roots span cultures,
civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery
of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools and adornments.
Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming,
cutting, or joining processes. Today's machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable
of creating a precise, useful work piece.
Shear
Bend
Twist
Tensile
Tensile/Press.
Shear
Bend
Shear
Bend
Twist
14.1 INTRODUCTION
Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.
The act of simulating something first requires that a model be developed; this model represents
the key characteristics or behaviors/functions of the selected physical or abstract system or
process. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation
of the system over time.
In this simulation for the one of design report requirement, we are focusing on ratchet and
pawl. The load that wills the ratchet accounted is 150N, by fixed a axis nodal at center of pawl.
All of this step are use simulation that known as ABAQUS.
15.1 WINCH
http://www.pacifichoists.com.au/our-products/categories/winches/hand-
winches/pacific-brake-winches/
http://www.pacificmarine.net/marine-deck/winches-and-hoists/how-to-size-a-
winch.htm
15.2 COMPONENT
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wirerope.com%2FPD
F%2Fsurelift_ctg_s.pdf&h=FAQHeW3ET
http://www.h-lift.com/eyehook.htm
15.3 DRUM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch
http://www.ingersollrandproducts.com/lifting/winches/drum.htm
15.4 GEAR
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Drive/Gears.html#Module
http://www.scribd.com/doc/15742009/DESIGNING-GEAR-IN-CATIA-V5R14-
HOWTO
15.5 HANDLE
http://www.westmarine.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/WestAdvisorView?langId
=-1&storeId=11151&catalogId=10001&page=Winch Handles#.Uq9jSvQW1mw
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4883255.html
Dr. Mohd Idris Shah Bin Ismail, lecturer EMM 3506 Engineering Design I,
Mechanical and Manufacturing Department, Faculty Engineering, UPM
EMM 3506 Shaft Design Lecture Note by Dr. MohdIdris Shah Bin Ismail
EMM 3506 Different Types of Loading Lecture Note by Dr. MohdIdris Shah Bin
Ismail
S45C mild steel overview, Retrieved on 6th December 2013, 8.40pm, from
http://www.meadinfo.org/2010/03/s45c-jis-mechanical-properties.html
Shaft key design, Retrieved on 7 December 2013, 12.13am, from
http://engineering.union.edu/~tchakoa/mer419/MER419_keys-and_couplings.pdf
Shaft Key cross sectional dimensions, Retrieved on 8th December 3.11pm, from
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Keyways/keyways.htm
15.7 LUBRICANT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)#Maintenance_and_lubrication
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_bearing#Lubrication
http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/~bobji/funtri/assign/Lubricants.htm
15.8 BEARING
http://www.rbcbearings.com/bushings/
http://www.nmbtc.com/bearings/engineering/design-shaft-housing.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel
http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MQ304A
Pawl and Ratchet, Kohara Gear Industry Co. Ltd., retrieved from
http://www.qtcgears.com/khk/newgears/khk316.html
Ratchets·Pawls, Kohara Gear Industry Co. Ltd
Model: N01 Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism, retrieved from
http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/model.php?m=247&movie=hide
http://www.ehow.com/info_8630066_types-fastener-thread.html
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Screws/Thread_Calcs.html
http://www.mitcalc.com/doc/welding/help/en/welding.htm
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/45037993/strength-stressed-state-
asymmetric-mechanically-inhomogeneous-welded-joints-incomplete-fusion-
center-weld-under-biaxial-loading
http://avstop.com/ac/flighttrainghandbook/asymmetricloading.html
http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=4736
https://www.excelcalcs.com/site-news/excelcalcs-news/built%11in-beam-with-2-
symmetric-point-loads/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking
http://www.slideshare.net/donalsyahrial/asm-metals-handbook-volume-6-
welding-brazing-and-soldering
http://www.aws.org/w/a/associations/bsmc/brazing_qa.html