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Principles of Design
Presentation by Professor Ar Shakti Nanda
@ SRISRI RAVISHANKAR UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
For Students of Architecture, 1st Year, Semester - I
shaktinanda@gmail.com
What is Design
• Balance
• Rhythm
The principles of design
describe the ways an artist use • Emphasis
different elements of design in a
composition. These ways or • Contrast
principles are
• Movement
• Harmony
• Proportion and scale
Principles of Design
BALANCE
A sense of equilibrium.
Rhythm by Repetition
Rhythm by Gradation
Rhythm by Radiation
Rhythm by Opposition
Rhythm by Transition
Principles of Design
Rhythm By Repetition
Make it bolder
Make it brighter
Change Style
Add special visual effects.
Add a border or frame
Add more negative of positive space
Add shadow or lights
Change the color
Change the position
Create Focal Points
Principles of Design
Guidelines for Creating Emphasis
Movement is the visual flow of your Design. It's the path that you intend
your viewer's eye to follow. You can create this by purposefully placing art
elements in a way that creates a path for the eye to follow
Principles of Design
Movement
Harmony in visual design means all parts of the visual image relate to
and complement each other. Harmony pulls the pieces of a visual image
together. Harmony can be achieved through repetition and rhythm
n Variety
Principles of Design
Harmony By Unity
n Unity
occurs when all
the parts of a design
or composition are
related by one idea.
n A
unified design has
consistency of style
Principles of Design
Harmony By Unity
Principles of Design
Harmony By Unity
Principles of Design
Harmony By Variety
Unity Vs Variety
Principles of Design
Harmony By Variety
BAD SCALE
relative size and visual
weight of the design and its
components.
n This chairs massive n The chairs light n This club chair
matches the scale of
scale diminishes palate accentuates its the sofa.
everything around it. skinny scale.
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales
n Center table is over- n Table not only looks n The table is
scaled for the sofa. out of scale, it substantial enough to
anchor the furniture
functions poorly as
grouping, yet it leaves
well. room for traffic flow
around both ends.
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales
Inch: At first an inch was the width of a man's thumb. In the 14th century, King Edward II
of England ruled that 1 inch equalled 3 grains of barley placed end to end lengthwise.
Hand: A hand was approximately 5 inches or 5 digits (fingers) across. Today, a hand is
4 inches and is used to measure horses (from the ground to the horse's withers, or
shoulder).
Span: A span was the length of the hand stretched out, about 9 inches.
Foot: In ancient times, the foot was 111/42 inches. Today it is 12 inches, the length of the
average man's foot.
Yard: A yard was originally the length of a man's belt or girdle, as it was called. In the
12th century, King Henry I of England fixed the yard as the distance from his nose to
the thumb of his out-stretched arm. Today it is 36 inches.
Cubit: In ancient Egypt, a cubit was the distance from the elbow to the fingertips.
Today a cubit is about 18 inches.
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales
Origins of Measurements (Metric)
The French originated the meter in the 1790s as one/ten-millionth of the
distance from the equator to the north pole along a meridian through Paris. It
is realistically represented by the distance between two marks on an iron bar
kept in Paris. The word “metric” comes from the Latin word “metricus” or
from the Greek word “metron,” both meaning measure. The metric system is
based on the meter.
This shows the close association between measurement system and nature’s
creation.
In both Metric and Amstrong measurement system are derived from
Proportions of nature and human body.
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales
144 / 89 = 1.618
233 /144 = 1.618
377 /233 = 1.618
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales Analysis
Fibonacci Sequence Graphical representation
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales Analysis
Fibonacci Sequence Graphical representation
What makes this so much more than an interesting exercise in mathematics is that this
proportion appears throughout creation and extensively in the human face and body.
It’s found in the proportions of many other animals, in plants, in the solar system and
even in the price and timing movements of stock markets and
foreign currency exchange. Its appeal thus ranges from mathematicians to doctors to
naturalists to artists to investors to mystics. This is known as golden ratio, divine
proportion, golden mean, or golden section(Φ)
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales Analysis
Fibonacci Sequence Graphical representation
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales Analysis
Fibonacci Sequence Graphical representation
Fibonacci
Sequence 0, 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales Analysis
Construction of Golden Rectangle
If you sum the squares of any series of Fibonacci numbers, they will equal
the last Fibonacci number used in the series times the next Fibonacci
number. This property results in the Fibonacci spiral, based on the
following progression and properties of the Fibonacci series:
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales Analysis
Construction of Golden Rectangle
Principles of Design
Proportions & Scales Analysis
Error In Modular System
he concludes