Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010

Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010

Country Update Paper on Pakistan

Sayyed Hossein Shah Bukhari

P. O. Box: 3287 Gulberg Colony, Lahore-54660, Pakistan
E-mail: sayyedhossein@hotmail.com

Keywords: seismo-tectonic routes of Pakistan ranking. This Dry Steam source of Nanga Parbat is among the
few rare geothermal resources of world of its kind.
INTRODUCTION
Countless igneous and granitic sites in the country are waiting
Geology: to be exploited as deep-seated HDR geothermal resource.
Country is sitting on one of the biggest seismo-tectonic
If seen through the eyes of a Geologist, Pakistan is a huge
geothermal belt of the world.
museum of Geological formations changing from region to
region and holding an immense diversity in rocks varieties
from many ages. These geological period are: GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND:
Geological regions in Pakistan can be divided into four zones:
Pre-Cretaceous Age -- about 110 million years ago, when
Indian masses were still buckled with Africa. Exhibit # Zone Areas covered Geological Setting
Rocks of various ages including
Lithological layers blocks, consisted of:
Late Cenozoic age -- 45 million years ago, when Indian Plate • Igneous
collided with Eurasian mass, forming the huge chains of • Granite• Metamorphic
• Granodiorite
mountains in North & North West of sub-continent namely • Quartz
Himalayas, Karakorum & Hindukush. These Ranges are still Frontier Pronvince • Phyllite
(Pakhtoonkhaw), Gilgit,
considered among the geologically active areas of world. 01 Northern Pakistan Chitral, Kohistan
• Chlorite
• Conglomerate
Regions & Kashmir • Dolomite
There are two Volcanic Arcs extended from Eurasian Masses Regions. • Schist
• Sandstone
called Chaghi Arc (Baluchistan) & Kohistan Arc (above • Plutonic
Hazara in Northern Pakistan). Here rocks and formations • Pelite
belong to Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Cenozoic Eras belonging • Pegmatite
• Aplite
from early to late ages. Rocks from Pre-Cambrian Eras have
also been found in Northern Punjab belt. Precambrian to Rocks of pyroclastic volcanism consisted
from various ages of : Permean ,
Territary ages formations are present in the South Eastern Oligocene, Pleistocene, Triassic, Eocene,
deserts of Pakistan. Miocene late to early ages:
• Igneous
• Granitic
110 types of Sedimentary Formations have been identified in • Porphyritic
various regions of Pakistan by GSP (Geological Survey of 02 Baluchistan Baluchistan Province • Phyllite
• Granodiorite
Pakistan) hence, many areas still remain un-investigated. • Chlorite
Patterns of Sedimentary formation in Pakistan are unique, e.g. • Schist
• Pyrite
Sedimentary deposits of Salts in the "Salt Range" of northern • Quartz
Punjab are holding miles of layers with estimated deposits of • Metamorphic
• Sedimentary
220 million tons of edible salts. Similar are huge metamorphic
deposits of Onyx, marble & Limestone in Baluchistan & Indus Basin Region from
Predominantly Sedimentary formation
FATA. World's 5th biggest formation of coal deposits in Thar 03
Indus Basin & Karachi extended up to
along with Granitic Boulders & huge
Western Sind Dadu is a part of
Desert is lying in an area of 10,000 kilometer bearing 12 to 170 Southern Kirthar Range
Blocks

meters depth with estimated deposits of 175 billion tonnes. Rocks from Pre-Cambrian & Early to Late
South Western Punjab's Permian ages mostly of:
Then there are substantial variety of minerals and natural Sedimentary formation • Gypsum
resources; Gold & Copper Deposits in Baluchistan. Precious 04
South Western & on west of Indus River & • Dolomite
Northern Punjab Elevated Northern • Sedimentary
stones deposits of Baluchistan, Swat, Kohistan and adjacent Region known as • Metamorphic
Regions are among just a very few geological wonders to be Pothowar + Salt Range • Granitic Boulders
mention here.

Similarly Pakistan is not lacking behind in Geothermal

Resources with some identified Faults & Seismic zones as well
as hot springs scattered over the four main geological zones of
Pakistan. These hot springs are gushing out low to high
enthalpy brines.

Northern Pakistan is among heavily glaciated region on earth

after the North & South Poles. Three different chains of
mountains meet and separate in Pakistan. Rakaposhi, a
beautiful mountain, is also said to be the most steepest place on
Earth. World's 2nd highest peak K2 and 54 out of 109 highest
peaks of South Asia are situated in Pakistani territory.
Fumarole of pure Dry-Steam is emitting from the foot-hills of
panoramic Nanga Parbat, i.e. 9th highest mountain in world's
1
Bukhari

MAPS OF FOUR GEOLOGICAL ZONES OF PAKISTAN

EXHIBIT 01: NORTH & NORTH WESTERN PAKISTAN EXHIBIT 04: PUNJAB ZONE (SOUTH WESTERN &
NORTHERN PUNJAB)
Source: Google maps

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL

Congruent to Geological Regions, Pakistan's geothermal
resources (see 4 Nos. of Exhibits) are also located into four
prominent zones, i.e.:

1- Entire Northern Pakistan: Naturally available Hot spring

resources with brine's temperature of high and modest levels.

2- North Western Baluchistan: With Hot spring resources

bearing high temperatures brines and South Baluchistan
resources with brines of modest temperature.

EXHIBIT 02: NORTH & SOUTH BALUCHISTAN ZONE 3- Zone of Indus Basin & Western Sind: Resources with
modest to low brine's temperature.

4- South Western & Northern Punjab: Resources with low

brine's temperature.

EXHIBIT 03: ZONE OF INDUS BASIN (KARCHI

REGION) & WESTERN SIND

EXHIBIT: 05

Map Figures (Exhbits 01 to 05) amended & prepared by S.

Hossein

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 Bukhari

A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF NATURALLY AVAILABLE HOT SPRING RESOURCES WITH GEOLOGICAL

BACKGROUND:

Location on Resource
# Name of Resource geological map Character- Geological Background
istic
Area of M M T (M ain
01 M urtazabad Springs Hunza Region, Northern Shallow
Korakorum Thrust)
from Pre-Cambrian ages,
Hunza Region, Northern and consisted of
02 Budelas Valey Springs Shallow
Pakistan Cenozoic and M esozoic
in nature.

03 Dasu Springs, Kohistan Region Shallow A unique arc among the

04 M ushkin Spring, Northern Pakistan
Astor River area,
05 Tatta Pani,
Northern Pakistan
Sakardu Region, Northern
06 Sassi.
Pakistan
surrounding geological
Shallow formation, the area is
known as Kohistan
Island Arc and is from
Deep
cretaceous in age and
holds the Rocks from
Deep early Paleozoic periods

Karakorum Block with

07 Gram Chashma Chitral Deep
rocks of Ordovician ages

Receding chain of
Baluchistan elevations is
08 Karsaz Spring Karachi, Sind Shallow
Kirthar Range divided
into Northern &
Southern Kirthar
Ranges. Southern
09 M anghopir Spring Karachi, Sind Shallow
Kirthar is extended into
Sind up to Karachi.
Kharan & Chaghi
Kharan & Kohe-Sultan
10 Regions, Baluchistan Shallow from Quaternary age
Springs

M edium & Low

Thermal Gradient
Indus Basin &
Springs of: Late Jurassic to Late
11 Western Sind Shallow
• Sehwan Cretaceous Era rocks
• Talhar
• Khaskheli
• Garm Ab

M edium & Low

Thermal Gradient
Springs of: Northern Punjab Pre-Cambrian times
Pothowar Region & from Proterozoic to
12 • Taunsa Shallow
South Western Punjab early Paleozoic ages
• Bhakkar
rocks
• Uch

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Bukhari

Estimated Data of Springs(Geothermal Utilization):

Table 3-6
Direct Heat Availability
TABLE 3. UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FOR DIRECT HEAT
AS OF 31.12 2009 (other than heat pumps)

Maximum Utilization Capacity3 Annual Utilization

Reservoir 2)
Enthalpy
# Spring's Locality  Ave.
Type1) Temp. (oC) (kJ/kg)
Flow Rate Flow Energy4) Capacity
(kg/s) Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet (MWt) (kg/s) (TJ/yr) Factor5)

01 Murtazabad Springs, Hunza Region  B 20 237 92 90 1839.91 20 1837.161 0.031662629

02 Budelas Valey Springs, Hunza Region  B 03 159 46 43 137.957 03 136.6438 0.031408151
03 Dasu Springs, Kohistan Region  B 22 200 71 68 1561.932 22 1559.855 0.031667839
04 Mushkin Spring, Astor River B 01 90 57 56 56.944 01 55.23376 0.030757631
05 Tatta Pani, Sakardu Region B 26 200 83 81 2157.919 26 2155.445 0.031673649
06 Sassi. Sakardu Region B 23 200 54 52 1241.948 23 1240.36 0.031669452
08 Karsaz Spring, Karachi B 05 45 40 224.96 05 223.7384 0.031537805
09 Manghopir Spring, Karachi K, B 25 55 50 1374.95 25 1373.423 0.031674783
10 Kharan Region & Kohe-Sultan Springs  B 25 170 150 32 25 799.975 25 799.2115 0.031679736
TOTAL 141 1236 535 505 9396.495 141 9381.072 0.283731676

Source: Geological Survey of Pakistan

 Besides the 9 Regions mentioned here, there are more spots where single or multiple geothermal springs exist.
Thermal gardient springs with no specific available data are taken into account here. Geological Survey has issued a list
of 12 Regions investigated (Ref. Paper of Mr. Sikandar Bakht for WGC 2000). Among the rare geo-pressured
Dry Steam Geysers of world, one was discovered in the foothills of Nanga Parbat during September,1996 by the team of
Newzealand & US explorers. By author's point of view, it is most exiting and extraordinary news with reference to
geothermal resources of Pakistan.
 Total Five Nos. of geothermal springs on western Hunza valley.
 Total Three Nos. of geothermal springs on both banks of Budelas River within 7-12 Km distance
 Total Five Nos. of geothermal springs in Sakardu Region.
 Springs of these remote areas are considered most perspective because these regions are situated in the volcanic belt.
Data available from the old British Record subsequently confirmed by Geological Survey of Pakistan
(Reference Paper of Bakht for WGC 2000), Enthalpy of Kohe-Sultan Spring ranges from 25ºC to 32ºC

Table Format (Proforma "utilize3--06") in Blank is provided by Geo-Heat Centre USA

4
 Bukhari

Table: 4-8: Direct Heat Uses:

TABLE 4-08 SUMMARY TABLE OF GEOTHERMAL DIRECT HEAT USES
(AS OF 31.12.2009)
# Use Installed Capacity1) Annual Energy Use2) Capacity Factor3)
(MWt) (TJ/yr = 1012 J/yr)
01 Individual Space Heating4) None None -
4)
02 District Heating None None -
03 Air Conditioning (Cooling) N.A. N.A. -
04 Greenhouse Heating None None -
05 Fish Farming None None -
06 Animal Farming 1374.95 1373.423 0.03167478
5)
07 Agricultural Drying None None -
6)
08 Industrial Process Heat None None -
09 Snow Melting None None -
7)
10 Bathing and Swimming 8,021.55 8,007.65 0.28373861
11 Other Uses (specify) N.A. N.A. - -
Geothermal Heat Pumps N.A. N.A.
TOTAL 8,550.52 8535.8608 0.25205194

2)
Other than heat pumps
3)
Includes drying or dehydration of grains, fruits and vegetables
6)
Excludes agricultural drying and dehydration
9)
Includes balneology

Blank Table Format (Proforma "utilize4-08") is provided by Geo-Heat Centre USA

Hot springs usually fall in the category of shallow resources.

It is evident from above tables that a good capacity of hot
brines is available to the country but its utilization is very
low. Therefore, most of the hot water is got wasted. While
the world is utilizing most of its available under-ground
heated water, Pakistan is simply wasting it. The writer
deems this wastage equivalent to the wastage of oil.

DISCUSSION:
Table 3-6 of this abstract is indicative of an unusual
discovery of Dry-Steam Source in the foothills of Nanga
Parbat mountain that is the 9th highest peak of world. This
dry steam zone is releasing vapors only. The water
originating on the slopes of Majestic Nanga Parbat is hosted
by the magmatic Hot Dry Rocks buried deep about 3-6 Km
bearing temperatures ranging from 340° to 450°C and Nanga Parbat (Photo by Gulraiz Ghouri)
converting the trickling water into hot vapors.
SEISMO-TECTONIC ROUTES:
Partial details of discovery appeared into public through
internet on the website of sciencedirect.com. Abstract are In 2001 this author had pointed out in his book “Geothermal
written by Dave Craw of New-Zealand along with his Energy for All” (Refer page 97) that Pakistan is sitting on
fellows: P.O. Koons, D. Winslow, C.P. Chamberlain, P. the largest part of overall Seismo-Tectonic Indian Plate.
Zeitler.

It is worth mentioning here that Dry-Steam Geothermal

Resources are rare on earth and found in few countries of
world.

5
Bukhari

Prominent Hot-Springs of this Zone, with low to medium

enthalpy brines are:

• Manghopir Spring (Karachi)

• Drig Road Karsaz Spring (Karachi)
• Sehwan Sharif spring (Dadu)

Hot-Springs with low enthalpy brines are:

Figure 'A' (page 94 from the first-ever Pakistani Book on
the topic of Geothermal Energy published in
January, 2002)
In the old maps published by International Researchers,
there are indications of an under-sea Fracture named "Owen
Fracture Zone". A figured map by Muehlberger is present
among NASA's space pictures released on their website and
is re-quoted below with thanks to NASA & Muehlberger.
• Gram-Aab
• Uch
• Talhar
• Khaskheli
• Lakhra
Google's satellite view of Arabian Sea depicts a deep
incision near Karachi and an oblique engraved/embossed
line running parallel to the east of African continent in the
Indian Ocean. This ariel photograph supports the similarity
of route of western edge of Indian Plate emerging from the
Arabian Sea between Karachi and Alluvial Indus Delta. This
deep line is, in fact, the western Edge of Indian Plate that
rises-up into the extremes of northern Pakistan and then
takes an eastward curvature that passes through Kashmir
(Please see the below quoted picture from Google Earth).

The western edge of Indian Plate has visible signs of its

emergence in Pakistan. If we start our overview from Figure ' B '
Arabian Sea, the first most important geothermal region is
Karachi with its surrounding coastal and upper belt
including the Indus Delta. There are plenty of evidences to
prove our quest. We have three major Faults present in this
area and these have been identified as following:

• North-South inclined Allah Bakhsh Band Fault

(touching the eastern part of Karachi)

• Horizontally inclined Fault running from

Lasbella region and ending into marshy Rann
of Kutch area.

• Pubb Fault with a North-South incline between

Dadu & Makran coast, touching western Karachi
and ending into Arabian Sea.

Surrounded by three Fault Lines, Karachi can be truly

marked as "Super California of Pakistan". California (USA)
has only one nearby fault called San Andreas Fault, while
Karachi is surround by 3 Faults. City of Karachi is also the
owner and host of two Hot-Water Springs.
Figure ' C '
6

Figures 'B' & 'C' downloaded from Google Earth website,
with thanks to Google & their sponsors Europa
Technologies & Lead Dog Consulting.
Figure "D" downloaded from wikipedia pages
As mentioned above that visible line in the sea-water is the
border-route of western end of Sub-Continental Indian plate
which is also known as Indo-Australian Tectonic Plate. By
studying the present route of river Indus, this author strongly
believes that, originally, waters of the River Indus had once
naturally adopted the course created by this western tectonic
border-line of Indian Plate. The river was once completely
flowing over this route. But, because the change in a river's
course is a natural phenomenon, therefore, present course of
River Indus is not exactly now over the border-line of Indian
Tectonic Plate. However, it is near around to its original
course. So locating this western edge of Indian Plate is not
an ambiguous task for our Researchers. This entire border-
line of Indian Plate is in fact a seismic zone and a very
potential area holding the best prospectus of tapping out
Geothermal Energy. Therefore, our Geologist at GSP still
has the task to mark-out (mile-to-mile basis) the exact route
of western-edge of Indian Plate.
There are indications of many sub-tectonic routes spread
over in Baluchistan, Frontier Province and in Northern areas
of Pakistan. Almost 75% area of the country is prone to
earthquakes. Many active faults are broadly distributed
around, at the west and north of the plate's border-line,
especially where the continental plates come into contact
with each other. Pakistan has almost every known formation
of Faults (Up-Thrust type, Joint type, vertical or inclined
type, trans-current type, Left-lateral & Right-lateral Strike-
slip type, Wrench type, Reverse Faults, Spiral Faults). Up-
Thrust-Faults are present in the entire northern mountainous
belt that came into existence due to MFT (Main Frontal
Thrust), MCT (Main Central Thrust), MBT (Main Boundary
Thrust), and MMT (Main Mantle Thrust). The exact
numbers of Thrust Faults in northern areas is still to be
determined.
When Lithospheric Plates move and interact at their
boundaries, these Faults release the under-lying crust' stress.
In general Fault is a wonderful phenomenon, indicating that
geological structure is shifting from one type of rock
formation to another type.
7
Bukhari
Besides the 3 Faults of Karachi, few other known and worth
mentioning Faults/seismic regions spreads over in Pakistan
are:
• Karakorum Fault & Central Karakorum Fault
• Tirch Mir Fault in Northern Pakistan
• Muzaffarabd Fault & Tanda Fault in Kashmir
(responsible for 2005 devastating earthquake)
• 1000 Km long Chaman Fault of Baluchistan
ending into Arabian Sea around Ormara, Makran.
• Faults of Kohat Plateau
• Faults of folded Suleiman Range
• Faults of Pothowar (Folded Belt of Salt Range
Thrust above Jhelum river)
• Kohistan-Indus areas Faults
• Faults within the Kirthar Range
Along the 400 kilometer coastal belt from Lasbella &
Makran, ending up to the Iranian border has many faults
visible from Satellites' Ariel photographs released through
Google Earth.
There are lot of papers written by Pakistani & Foreign
Geologists/Researchers about the Faults and the seismic
zones of Pakistan. After mentioning about these seismo-
tectonic areas, Pakistani Geologists/Researchers have
identically issued only one conclusion/warning that
Pakistanis should built their future cities and dwellings more
and more earth-quake-proof. This single conclusion is
making Pakistani people worrisome and fearful. But being a
geothermist, my only concern is that why we are not taking
the benefit of these remarkable features of our mother-land.
Accumulating earth energy beneath these Faults and border
line of Indian Plate is gradually coming up through these
seisomo-tectonic routes, is "why not" being tapped via
geothermal-technologies. All these Seismo-tectonic routes
are the potential areas where Geothermal Energy can be
tapped-out. This extra-ordinary potential of geothermal
resources can be utilized for:
1- Generating electricity -- Power is direly short in
the country and not only costing heavily to the
national exchequer against the import of crude oil,
but also a net loss of billion of dollars is born by
the citizens of Pakistan each year due to electrical
load shedding. (While this paper was completed in
May 2009, the total electrical break-down time per
day has reached to 14 hours in the country).
Here is chart depicting the status of electrical
production in Pakistan, prepared on the format
provided by Geo-Heat Centre USA:
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010
Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010

TABLE 1. PRESENT AND PLANNED PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

Geothermal Fossil Fuels Hydro Nuclear

Other Renewables Total
(Wind)
Power Production Capac- Gross Capac- Gross Capac- Gross Capac- Gross Capac- Gross Capac- Gross
Plants/Facilities ity Prod. ity Prod. ity Prod. ity Prod. ity Prod. ity Prod.
MWe MWh/yr MWe MWh/yr MWe MWh/yr MWe MWh/yr MWe MWh/yr MWe MWh/yr
In operation   
in December 2009 21,593 12,580 6463 462 6 19,511

Under construction
in December 2009 3600 1000

Funds committed,
but not yet under
construction in
December 2009

Total projected 10063 1462 50,000

use by 2015

 Last figures issued in 2007 and no subsequent addition in production was made.
 all the figures are mentioned here in MWh/Yr (Source: http://wapda.gov.pk)
 Source: Plicy for Renewable Energy Resources 2006 by Ministry of Power

Table "utilize 1-05" provided by Geo-Heat Centre, USA

There is a great opportunity to generate electricity POLICIES:

by exploiting geothermal resources of the country
in the following way:
Shallow resources: Those are immediately
available around the hot springs of the country.
Deep (HDR) Resources: Those are scattered in
all the 4 zones mentioned above with a wide
choice of selectivity.
2- District Heating System (DHS) – DHS are
strongly required to save the precious wood
resources and keep the roads open during winter in
the northern areas. Almost 94% of Northern
Pakistan remains under heavy snow for 4-6
months' period and then roads are blocked and
Woods are massively cut. This unavoidable wood-
cutting has dangerously imbalanced the Eco-
system of the entire area. It is strange that when
the naturally heated geothermal waters are present
in the country, why we cannot develop District
Heating System for our towns and cities.
1. An Overview of Government Policies & Interest:
Government of Pakistan had finally set its First Policy for
the Development of Renewable Energy for Power
Generation, during 2006, whereupon interest in the major
Renewable Energy Resources were shown by name, thereby,
mentioning each resource' potential and status in the
country during 2006. The Policy however, did not mention
anything about Geothermal Energy. Neither the word
"Geothermal" was seen in this report, nor any subsequent
revision of the Policy is made by the Govt. of Pakistan till
to-date (while this paper was being written).
2. Leading Governmental Agencies:
a- Ministry of Water & Power
b- Alternate Energy Development Board under the Ministry
of Water & Power. (This subsidiary department is under the
administrative control of Ministry of Power, and had once
recognized the geothermal Energy as a potential source in
their own brochure, hence never matured anything practical)

COMPARISON OF COST:
Geothermal based electrical generation and its comparison
with the fossil fuel generated energy is no more point of
discussion t present in Pakistan, because of the astonishing
fact, that our government has not utilized the wonderful
source of Green Geothermal energy.
8
3. Local Policies/Legislation/Regulatory Framework:
In the Policy of Govt. of Pakistan, each renewable source is
mentioned category-wise on page 5 & 6 by name but
without mentioning anything about Geothermal as a source
of Renewable Energy, therefore, legislation for regulation of
geothermal energy may remain absent or ambiguous by a
developer's point of view. In fact, it should be the first step
by any Government that she should play a legislative role to
stipulate necessary regulatory frame-work for providing a

guideline under which the local and foreign investors may
come ahead to work. Due to absence of "any word" about
geothermal in renewable energy policy of Pakistan, there are
apprehensions that under the present status, if any
governmental Body issues a "geothermal development
permit", to anybody, it may then dictate the regulations at
their own interpretations. This situation is nothing but a
hindrance for local or foreign investors to come ahead for
the development of geothermal energy in Pakistan.
4. Environment Regulations:
Policy for Renewable Energy for Power Generation 2006 is
containing clause 4.4 at Page 7 and a Carbon Credits clause
8.3.3 at Page 12 & 13 for Environmental Protection.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT & INSTALLATIONS:
In Pakistan, there is no definite plan "so far", to develop any
geothermal energy project(s). However, there are strong
chances that private sector may soon come ahead for the
utilization of shallow geothermal resources for cooling or
heating utilization.
CONCLUDING REMARKS:
IGA has gradually become a prestigious platform for
Geothermists worldwide. Organizing an international level
congress after every 5 year is a remarkable achievement and
a splendid job of IGA.
Pakistani geothermists/activists are still busy in portraying
or emphasizing over the potential of country's geothermal
resources. In fact the world is already convinced about the
geothermal potentials of this country. It is only Govt. of
Pakistan that is not convinced. Pakistan is now too late to act
at par with other countries. Even the later comers like
African States & Iran have now crossed Pakistan in the field
of geothermal energy. This author is waging a campaign in
this regard since the last 8-10 years and is now exhausted.
The day when it would be realized and adopted by Pakistan's
leaders, the world will see the rise of a large number of
geothermal related manpower, contributing technical papers
on their practical experiences in geothermal fields. That's
what author wish to see happening in his life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Though never met personally but acknowledgements are
made by this author to:
Bukhari
• All the Pakistani geologists at GSP for
continuously exposing the geological data of
Pakistan.
• To the strenuous efforts of Mr. Orhan Mertoglu --
ORME Jeotermal Inc. Turkey – (I met him once
for a short-while) who has physically visited
several geothermal springs of Pakistan and is
trying his best to convince Govt. of Pakistan for
starting a geothermal energy project, or at least a
district heating/cooling project in the country.
REFERENCES CITED:
Chemical Geology, Volume 142, Issues 1-2, 1 October 1997,
Pages11-22 D. Craw, C. P. Chamberlain, P. K. Zeitler,
P. O. Koons. Abstracts published at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleList
URL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=968757097&_sor
t=r&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVe
rsion=0&_userid=10&md5=0fb30bc8d98d0accae200f9
efbd8eceb
1. Malik Sikandar Bakht, Proceeding Geothermal Congress
2000, Kyushu, Tohoku, Japan, May 28-June 10, 2000
http://www.geothermal-
energy.org/pdf/WGC/2000/R0707.PDF
Muehlberger, W.R., 2001, "Plate Tectonics - The Basics."
http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/plate-
title.htm (8 Nov. 2001).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earthquake_Information_f
or_Pakistan.gif
Investment Oriented Study on Minerals & Mineral Based
Industries published in April 2004 by Expert Advisory
Cell, Ministry of Industries & Production, Govt. of
Pakistan (Reference Pages: 26 to 45 & 165 to 169).
www.buildasia.net/conference2007/Mineral_Resources_of_
Baluchistan.pdf
http://wapda.gov.pk/vision2025/htmls_vision2025/kkhp.htm
l
http://google-earth-fak-url-for-
links.google.com/http://earth.esa.int/cgi-
bin/satimagessql.pl7show_url=210
http://www.gsp.gov.pk/pakistan/index.html