COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 3: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL
Dr Mohammed Elshafie

Fall, 2017
The Stress–Strain Diagram
Stress (σ) – strain (ε) diagrams-Mild Steel
Stress (σ) – strain (ε) diagrams

Stress-strain diagram for a typical structural steel in tension (not to scale)

History of Concrete
Bedouins Didn’t Just Ride Camels

Hydraulic Lime - Southern Syria and northern Jordan around 6500 BC

History of Concrete
Mixing sand with lime
The Romans
Compressive Strength of Concrete

The specified compressive strength of concrete

is denoted by the symbol c
'
f

Compressive strength is determined by testing

a 6x12 in(150x300 mm) cylinder at an age of
28 days
For most applications, the range of concrete
strength is 30 to 50 MPa)

12
Test Setup
Concrete Stress-Strain

14
Concrete Stress-Strain
Linearity?

15
Concrete Stress-Strain
Strain at maximum stress?

16
Concrete Stress-Strain
Defined yield point?

17
Concrete Stress-Strain
Ultimate strain?

18
 Plasticity
“ Plasticity is the characteristic of a material which undergoes inelastic strains beyond the
strain at the elastic limit ”

When large deformations occur in a ductile material loaded in the plastic region, the
material is undergoing plastic flow
Stress (σ) – strain (ε) diagrams

Stress-strain diagram for a typical structural steel in tension (not to scale)

Reloading of a material

Higher yield stress

But less ductility

Modulus of Elasticity: Hooke’s Law
 The stress-strain diagrams for most engineering
materials exhibits a linear relationship between stress
and strain within the elastic region

Most engineering design is based on the elastic range

Modulus of Elasticity: Hooke’s Law:

 Hooke’s Law defines the linear relationship

between stress and strain within the elastic
region.

σ σ = stress
E= E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus (N/m2)
ε ε = strain

 E can be used only if a material has linear–elastic behaviour.

Reloading of a material
Offset method (yield stress)
Modulus of Resilience: Strain Energy

 When material is deformed by external loading, it will store energy

internally throughout its volume.
 Energy is related to the strains called strain energy.
Modulus of Resilience
 When stress reaches the proportional limit, the strain-energy density
is the modulus of resilience, ur.

1 σ pl
2
1
ur =σ pl ε pl , Nm −2
2 2 E
Reloading of a material

Higher yield stress

But less ductility

Modulus of Toughness: Strain Energy

Toughness is also defined as the resistance to

fracture of a material when stressed

 Modulus of toughness, ut, represents the entire

area under the stress–strain diagram.
 It indicates the strain-energy density of the material
just before it fractures.
Ductile and Brittle Materials
EXAMPLE 3.1
EXAMPLE 3.1
(CONTINUED)