Unit 1

Understand Basics of .NET Framework

By,
Asmatullah Khan,
CL/CP, GIOE, Secunderabad.
 Contents
1. Define .NET Framework.
2. List the features of .net framework.
3. Draw and explain CLR architecture.
4. Discuss about frame work class Library.
5. Define Microsoft intermediate language.
6. Discuss Common type system CTS, common type language CTL.
7. List .NET languages.
8. List the Advantages of .net over C, C++, Java.
9. Introduction to C#.NET.
10. Describe integrated development environment in c#.net.
11. Describe C#.NET working Environment and browse through menus on
the menu bar.
12. Explain the help system.
13. List the applications of .net.

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 .NET Framework
 The .NET Framework is a development
platform for building apps for Windows,
Windows Phone, Windows Server, and
Microsoft Azure.

 It consists of the common language runtime

(CLR) and the .NET Framework class library,
which includes classes, interfaces, and value
types that support an extensive range of
technologies.

 The .NET Framework provides a managed

execution environment, simplified
development and deployment, and
integration with a variety of programming
languages, including Visual Basic and Visual
C#.

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 .NET Framework Services
1. Memory management. In many programming languages, programmers
are responsible for allocating and releasing memory and for handling
object lifetimes. In .NET Framework applications, the CLR provides these
services on behalf of the application.
2. A common type system. In traditional programming languages, basic
types are defined by the compiler, which complicates cross-language
interoperability. In the .NET Framework, basic types are defined by the
.NET Framework type system and are common to all languages that
target the .NET Framework.
3. An extensive class library. Instead of having to write vast amounts of
code to handle common low-level programming operations,
programmers can use a readily accessible library of types and their
members from the .NET Framework Class Library.
4. Development frameworks and technologies. The .NET Framework
includes libraries for specific areas of application development, such as
ASP.NET for web applications, ADO.NET for data access, and Windows
Communication Foundation for service-oriented applications.

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 .NET Framework Services
5. Language interoperability. Language compilers that target the .NET
Framework emit an intermediate code named Common Intermediate
Language (CIL), which, in turn, is compiled at run time by the common
language runtime. With this feature, routines written in one language
are accessible to other languages, and programmers can focus on
creating applications in their preferred language or languages.
6. Version compatibility. With rare exceptions, applications that are
developed by using a particular version of the .NET Framework can run
without modification on a later version.
7. Side-by-side execution. The .NET Framework helps resolve version
conflicts by allowing multiple versions of the common language runtime
to exist on the same computer. This means that multiple versions of
applications can also coexist, and that an application can run on the
version of the .NET Framework with which it was built.
8. Multitargeting. By targeting the .NET Framework Portable Class Library,
developers can create assemblies that work on multiple .NET Framework
platforms, such as Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10,
Windows Phone, and Xbox 360.

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 .NET Framework Features
.Net Framework 2.0 Features .Net Framework 3.0/3.5 Features
 ADO.NET 2.0  Windows Presentation Foundation
(WPF)
 SQL Server data provider  Windows Communication Foundation
(SqlClient) (WCF)
 Windows Workflow Foundation
 XML (WWF)
 Windows Card Space (WCS)
 .NET Remoting
 Core New Features and
 ASP.NET 2.0 Improvements:
 Auto Implemented
 Implicit Typed local variable
 Implicitly Typed Arrays
 Anonymous Types
 Extension Methods (3.5 new feature)
 Object and Collection Initializers
 Lambda Expressions

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 .NET Framework Features
.Net Framework 4.0 Features .Net Framework 4.5 Features
 Application Compatibility and  .NET for Windows Store Apps
Deployment
 Core New Features and Improvements
 Portable Class Libraries
 BigInteger and Complex Numbers  Core New Features and
 Tuples Improvements
 Covariance and Contravariance
 Tools
 Dynamic Language Runtime
 Managed Extensibility Framework  Parallel Computing
 Parallel Computing  Web
 Networking Windows Presentation Foundation
 Web (WPF)
 Client  Windows Communication
 Data Foundation (WCF)
 Windows Communication Foundation  Windows Workflow Foundation
 Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)
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 Components of .NET - CLR, FCL, CTS, CLS, MISL …
 .NET is tiered, modular, and hierarchal.
Each tier of the .NET Framework is a
layer of abstraction.
 .NET languages are the top tier and the
most abstracted level.

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 Components of .NET - CLR Architecture
 The .NET Framework provides a run-time environment called the common language runtime, which runs the
code and provides services that make the development process easier.

 The common language runtime makes it easy to design components and applications whose objects interact
across languages.

 Objects written in different languages can communicate with each other, and their behaviors can be tightly
integrated.

 For example,
 you can define a class and then use a different language to derive a class from your original class or call a method
on the original class.
 You can also pass an instance of a class to a method of a class written in a different language.

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 Benefits of CLR
 Performance improvements. Supports
more than 70
 The ability to easily use components developed in other languages.
Languages
 Extensible types provided by a class library.

 Language features such as inheritance, interfaces, and overloading for

object-oriented programming.

 Support for explicit free threading that allows creation of multithreaded,

scalable applications.

 Support for structured exception handling.

 Support for custom attributes.

 Garbage collection.

 Use of delegates instead of function pointers for increased type safety

and security.

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 Components of .NET - FCL
 .Net Framework Class Library (FCL) is
also called as Base Class Library and it is
common for all types of applications
i.e., the way you access the Library
Classes and Methods in VB.NET will be
the same in C#, and it is common for all
other languages in .NET.
1. Windows Application.
2. Console Application
3. Web Application.
4. XML Web Services.
5. Windows Services.

 In short, developers just need to import

the BCL in their language code and use
its predefined methods and properties
to implement common and complex
functions like reading and writing to
file, graphic rendering, database
interaction, and XML document
manipulation.

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 Components of .NET – CTS
 Common Type System (CTS) defines
how data types are declared, used, and
managed in the runtime, and is also an
important part of the runtime’s support
for the Cross-Language Integration.

 The common type system performs the

following functions:
1. Establishes a framework that enables
cross-language integration, type safety,
and high performance code execution.
2. Provides an object-oriented model that
supports the complete implementation
of many programming languages.
3. Defines rules that languages must
follow, which helps ensure that objects
written in different languages can
interact with each other.

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 Components of .NET – CLS

 CLS stands for Common Language Specification and it is a subset of CTS.

 It defines a set of rules and restrictions that every language

must follow which runs under .NET framework.
 The languages which follows these set of rules are said to be
CLS Compliant.

 In simple words, CLS enables cross-language integration.

 For example,
 one rule is that you cannot use multiple inheritance within .NET Framework. As you know C++
supports multiple inheritance but; when you will try to use that C++ code within C#, it is not
possible because C# doesn’t supports multiple inheritance.
 One another rule is that you cannot have members with same name with case difference only i.e.
you cannot have add() and Add() methods. This easily works in C# because it is case-sensitive but
when you will try to use that C# code in VB.NET, it is not possible because VB.NET is not case-
sensitive.

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 Components of .NET – MSIL
 Compilation of a .NET
program doesn't result in
an executable code. Its
output is a file that contains
a special type of pseudo
code called Microsoft
Intermediate Language
(MSIL).

 MSIL contains a set of

portable instructions that
are independent of
any specific CPU.
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 List of .NET Languages

The .NET Platform programming languages use

.NET Framework services and features through a
common set of unified classes.

The .NET unified classes provide a consistent

method of accessing the platform's functionality.

Such as, Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, Managed

Extensions for C++, and many other programming
languages from various vendors.

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 List of .NET Languages – VB.NET

Visual Basic .NET is the next generation of the Visual

Basic language from Microsoft.

With Visual Basic you can build .NET applications,

including Web services and ASP.NET Web
applications, quickly and easily.

Applications made with Visual Basic are built on the

services of the common language runtime and take
advantage of the .NET Framework.

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 List of .NET Languages – VC#.NET
 Visual C# (pronounced C sharp) is designed to be a fast and easy way to create .NET
applications, including Web services and ASP.NET Web applications.

 Applications written in Visual C# are built on the services of the common language
runtime and take full advantage of the .NET Framework.

 C# is a simple, elegant, type-safe, object-oriented language recently developed by

Microsoft for building a wide range of applications.

 Anyone familiar with C and similar languages will find few problems in adapting to C#. C#
is designed to bring rapid development to the C++ programmer without sacrificing the
power and control that are a hallmark of C and C++. Because of this heritage, C# has a
high degree of fidelity with C and C++, and developers familiar with these languages can
quickly become productive in C#.

 C# provides intrinsic code trust mechanisms for a high level of security, garbage
collection, and type safety. C# supports single inheritance and creates Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL) as input to native code compilers.

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 List of .NET Languages – VC++.NET
 Visual C++ .NET is the next generation of the Visual C++ language from
Microsoft.

 Visual C++ has always been the best language for creating high-
performance applications for Microsoft Windows and the World Wide
Web.

 Visual C++ provides a number of important libraries to help you code

applications, including
1. Active Template Library (a set of template-based C++ classes for COM
objects),
2. ATL Server Library (a set of native C++ classes for creating Web
applications, Web Services, and other server applications), and
3. Microsoft Foundation Classes (a set of classes that support an
application written for the Windows API).

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 List of .NET Languages – TRANSACT SQL

 Transact-SQL is the native language for storing, modifying, and retrieving

information in Microsoft SQL Server relational databases.

 You can also use Transact-SQL to create databases and any of the objects
stored in a database, such as tables, columns, triggers, keys, indexes,
views, stored procedures, and functions.

 Transact-SQL is fully supported in the Visual Studio editor and in the

designers provided with Visual Database Tools.

 Note:
Visual Database Tools can also connect to an Oracle database. When you
are using an Oracle database, Visual Database Tools correctly handle
Oracle-specific SQL syntax.

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 List of .NET Languages – WINDOWS SCRIPT HOST (WSH)

 Windows Script Host (WSH) is a language-independent scripting environment

for 32-bit Windows platforms.

 With WSH, Microsoft offers VBScript, JScript, and JScript .NET scripting engines.

 These scripting languages can be used in the ASP pages of a Web server, in
HTML pages that run in Internet Explorer, and in Windows Script Host scripting
engines on Windows 98 and Windows 2000.

 WSH can automate administrative tasks on a server, using any scripting

language.

 For example, an administrator can write VBScript to create a new virtual

directory and then, with WSH working in the background, run the script file from
the command line to create a new virtual directory on the Web site. In addition,
administrators can write a single script to target multiple Web sites or multiple
physical servers.

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 List of .NET Languages – VBScript

 Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) is a subset of Microsoft Visual Basic.

 VBScript is specifically designed to work in Internet Explorer (IE) browsers, it does not
include features that are normally outside the scope of scripting, such as file access and
printing. However, it is common to use the FileSystem Object with VBScript to manipulate
files.

 VBScript is a fast, portable, interpreted, object-based scripting language that processes

source code embedded directly in HTML pages. You can use VBScript to add intelligence
and interactivity to WSH, ASP, and HTML pages. Like JScript, VBScript talks to host
applications using Windows Script.

 VBScript is a loosely typed language. Loosely typed means you do not have to declare the
data types of variables explicitly. In fact, you cannot explicitly declare data types in
VBScript.

 Moreover, in many cases VBScript performs conversions automatically when needed. For
instance, if you add a number to an item consisting of text (a string), the number is
converted to text.

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 List of .NET Languages – JScript

 Microsoft JScript is designed for Web page scripting.

 JScript is a powerful scripting language specifically targeted at the Internet. Like VBScript,
JScript is an interpreted, object-based scripting language that processes source code
embedded directly in HTML pages.

 JScript runs on both Internet Explorer and Netscape browsers.

 Like VBScript, JScript talks to host applications using Windows Script Host. With Windows
Script Host, browsers and other host applications do not require special integration code
for each scripting component.

 JScript is a loosely typed language. Loosely typed means you do not have to declare the
data types of variables explicitly. In fact, you cannot explicitly declare data types in
JScript.

 Moreover, in many cases JScript performs conversions automatically when needed. For
instance, if you add a number to an item consisting of text (a string), the number is
converted to text.

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 List of .NET Languages – Alternative Languages

 Microsoft partners with many companies to bring their languages to the .NET
Platform. In addition to the languages provided by Microsoft, there are many
alternative languages that target the .NET Platform, including:

1. COBOL for Microsoft .NET.

2. Perl for Microsoft .NET.
3. Eiffel for Microsoft .NET.
4. Python for Microsoft .NET.
5. Pascal for Microsoft .NET.
6. Mercury for Microsoft .NET.
7. Mondrian for Microsoft .NET.
8. Oberon for Microsoft .NET.
9. Salford FTN95 (Fortran) for Microsoft .NET.
10. SmallTalk for Microsoft .NET.
11. Standard ML for Microsoft .NET.
12. Dyalog APL for Microsoft .NET.
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 Advantages of .NET over C, C++
1. It is compiled to an intermediate language (CIL) independent of the language it was developed or the
target architecture and operating system

2. Automatic garbage collection

3. Pointers no longer needed (but optional)

4. Reflection capabilities

5. Don't need to worry about header files ".h"

6. Definition of classes and functions can be done in any order

7. Declaration of functions and classes not needed

8. Classes can be defined within classes

9. There are no global functions or variables, everything belongs to a class.

10. Apps can be executed within a restricted sandbox

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 Advantages of .NET over C, C++ cont…
11. All the variables are initialized to their default values before being used (this is automatic by default
but can be done manually using static constructors)

12. You can't use non-boolean variables (integers, floats...) as conditions. This is much more clean and
less error prone

13. It has native garbage-collection.

14. It allows you to treat class-methods' signatures as free functions (i.e. ignoring the statically
typed this pointer argument), and hence create more dynamic and flexible relationships between
classes.

15. It has a huge standard library with so much useful stuff that's well-implemented and easy to use.

16. It allows for both managed and native code blocks.

17. Assembly versioning easily remedy DLL hell problems.

18. You can set classes, methods and fields to be assembly-internal (which means they are accessible
from anywhere within the DLL they're declared in, but not from other assemblies).

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 Advantages of .NET over Java
1. Usually it is much more efficient than java and runs faster

2. CIL (Common (.NET) Intermediate Language) is a standard language, while java

bytecodes are not.

3. It has more primitive types (value types), including unsigned numeric types

4. Indexers let you access objects as if they were arrays

5. Conditional compilation

6. Simplified multithreading

7. Operator overloading. It can make development a bit trickier but they are optional and
sometimes very useful

8. (limited) use of pointers if you really need them, as when calling unmanaged (native)
libraries which doesn't run on top of the virtual machine (CLR).

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 A more closer Comparison

Advantages of .NET
1. It allows the use of multiple languages
2. It has horizontal scalability
3. .NET creates a unified environment that allows
developers to create programs in C++, Java or Virtual
Basic
4. Interfaces easily with Windows or Microsoft
5. All tools and IDEs have been pre-tested and are easily
available in the Microsoft Developer Network.
6. UI best practices are more consistent
7. Language integration is seamless, as you can call
methods from C# to VB.NET
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 A more closer Comparison cont…

Disadvantages of .NET
1. Limited object-relational (OR) support as it comes only
with Entity Framework
2. Does not come with multi platform support from
Microsoft, and is not available right after installing
Visual Studio
3. The managed code can be slower than native code
4. Involves a vendor lock-in, and future development is
solely dependent on Microsoft
5. Migrating applications to .NET can be expensive

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 A more closer Comparison cont…
 Applications of .NET
1. Developers can use .NET to design applications for specific business
functions such as finance, CRM, supply management etc.
2. It can also be used to re-design applications to serve growing needs of an
organization
3. Provides platforms, tools, and a programming environment for
addressing the design and overall management of distributed and multi-
tiered applications
4. Provides individual and business users with a seamlessly interoperable
and Web-enabled interface for applications and computing devices
5. Allows the entire range of computing devices to work together
6. Provides customized access and delivery of products and services to the
user from a single starting point for managing various applications, such
as e-mail
7. Ready access to information and multi-user, multi-device synchronization
8. Helps integrate various communications media, such as e-mail, fax and
phones
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 A more closer Comparison cont…
 Advantages of Java
1. Java comes with better OR-support than .NET
2. Prefers to keep everything in domain objects outside the
database
3. Build systems and CI tools are more advanced in Java
4. Java community is better than the Microsoft Developer
Network, as is the Java tool ecosystem which offers some of
the best and most popular development tools and free
integrating connectors
5. Java apps are easily portable on any platform. This allows you
to choose whatever OS you want for production and
development
6. Java platforms are backward compatible and migration
between different Java platforms is smooth.
30-Jan-18 Unit 1 - Understand Basics of .NET Framework 30
 A more closer Comparison cont…

Disadvantages of Java
1. It allows the use only of the Java programming
language
2. It is hard to call Scala functions from Groovy
3. As a multi-platform programming language, Java is
considered to be slower than some others and also
requires more memory space
4. More susceptible to security breaches because it is
platform independent
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 A more closer Comparison cont…

Applications of Java
1. Its versatility allows it to be equally useful for gaming,
web and enterprise-grade applications
2. Inbuilt networking features allow it to be used for
developing network related programs and software
3. Java generates static HTML content, so it can be used in
web designing
4. Developers use Java for application software
development because it is an Object Oriented
Programming language
5. Java GUI is efficient, making it a preferred choice for
creating app interface

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 WHAT IS BEST – JAVA OR .NET?

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 Introduction to C#
 C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language
that enables developers to build a variety of secure and
robust applications that run on the .NET Framework.

 You can use C# to create Windows client applications, XML

Web services, distributed components, client-server
applications, database applications, and much, much more.

 Visual C# provides an advanced code editor, convenient

user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many
other tools to make it easier to develop applications based
on the C# language and the .NET Framework.

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 Introduction to C# cont…
 C# syntax is highly expressive, yet it is also simple and easy to learn. The
curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar
with C, C++ or Java.

 C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ and provides

powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates,
lambda expressions and direct memory access, which are not found in
Java.

 C# supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type

safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of
collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to
use by client code.

 Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) expressions make the strongly-typed

query a first-class language construct.

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 Introduction to C# cont…
 As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

 All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within
class definitions.

 A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methods
that override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental
redefinition.

 In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is a stack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not
support inheritance.

 In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# makes it easy to develop software components through
several innovative language constructs, including the following:

 Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.
 Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables.
 Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.
 Inline XML documentation comments.
 Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) which provides built-in query capabilities across a variety of data sources.

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 Sample – Hello, World! Program

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 Integrated Development Environment in c#.net

 Visual Studio is the Integrated Development Environment in which developers work when
creating programs in one of many languages, including C#, for the .NET Framework .

 It is used to create console and graphical user interface (GUI) applications along with
Windows Forms or WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) applications, web applications,
and web services in both native code together with managed code for all platforms
supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET
Compact Framework and Microsoft Silverlight.

 It offers a set of tools that help you to write and modify the code for your programs, and also
detect and correct errors in your programs.

 Visual Studio supports various programming languages by means of language services,

which allow the code editor and debugger to support nearly any programming language,
provided a language-specific service exists.

 Like any other IDE, it includes a code editor that supports syntax highlighting and code
completion using IntelliSense for not only variables, functions and methods but also
language constructs like loops and queries.

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 Integrated Development Environment in c#.net cont…

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 Integrated Development Environment in c#.net cont…

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30-Jan-18 Unit 1 - Understand Basics of .NET Framework 43
 Creating a New Project
 Either by clicking “New Project”
link from start page.

or

 Selecting File -> new -> project

from menu bar.

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 Select Project Type and provide name of project

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 VS IDE 2010 - Toolbox and Solution Explorer

 Solutions and projects contain items that represent

the references, data connections, folders, and files
that you need to create your application.
 A solution container can contain multiple projects and
a project container typically contains multiple items.

 The Toolbox contains all the

controls, etc. we can use in
our user interface.
 In order to use them in our
user interface, we just drag
and drop them to the “Form”

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 VS 2010 – Editors (Code Editor & Design Mode Editor)

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 Properties, Build & Debug Menu
 If the build is
 Each control we have on our user successful, the
status pane
interface has lots of Properties we displays a
Build
can set, this is done in the Succeeded
message.
Properties window.
 If there were
build errors,
the Error
List window
appears below
the editor/
designer
window with a
list of errors.
Double-click
an error to go
to the
problem line
in the source
code.

 The debugger has various windows that display values of variables and
type information as your application is running. You can use the Code
Editor window while debugging to specify a line at which to pause
execution in the debugger, and to step through code one line at a time.

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 Auto Hiding, Docking of VS 2010 Windows

Auto Hiding a Window Docking a window as

(Pinning and Unpinning) per convenience.

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 Visual Studio Help System – MSDN Library
•Download Visual Studio from the Visual Studio Developer Center on MSDN
•Installing Visual Studio
Getting started •Visual Studio 2010 Product Highlights
•What's New in Visual Studio 2010

•Debugging in Visual Studio

•Creating Windows-Based Applications
•Getting Started with Windows Forms
•Accessing Data in Visual Studio
Common tasks •Creating Data Applications
•Managing Solutions, Projects, and Files
•Deploying Applications and Components
•Building in Visual Studio
•Editing Code and Resource Files
•.NET Framework 4
•Visual C#
•Visual C++
Technologies •Visual Basic
•Visual F#
•Visual Web Developer Content Map
•Visual Studio LightSwitch
•Getting Started with Visual Studio Application Lifecycle Management
•Planning and Tracking Projects
Application lifecycle •Modeling the Application
•Using Version Control
management (ALM) •Developing the Application
•Testing the Application
•Building the Application
•Visual Studio Walkthroughs
Samples and •Visual Studio 2010 Walkthroughs on the Visual Studio Development Center on MSDN
walkthroughs •Visual Studio 2010 Samples on MSDN

•Watch How Do I? Videos on MSDN

•Watch Channel 9 videos on MSDN: Visual Studio 2010 Videos, Visual Studio ALM Videos, and .NET Framework 4 Videos
Additional resources

30-Jan-18 Unit 1 - Understand Basics of .NET Framework 50