International Journal of Advances in Engineering Science and Technology 201

www.sestindia.org/volume-ijaest/ and www.ijaestonline.com ISSN: 2319-1120

Effects of Industrial Effluent on Soil

Characteristics: A Review
Vimaldeep Kaur 1 and Gitanjali Sharma 2
1
Department of Chemistry, Poornima University, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India
2
Department of Chemistry, Baddi University, Baddi (Himachal Pradesh), India
2
E-Mail: gitanjali.sharma@baddiuniv.ac.in

Abstract: There is a gradual decline in soil fertility due to its continue use in farming. This necessitates developing new
strategies of management programs to recharge soil with nutrients. From review it has been found that reuse of industrial
effluents (wastewater) in agriculture can be a good mode to conserve soil nutrients. It may offer a way to fulfill irrigation
water demands also. The major challenge of using industrial effluent in irrigation is to take advantages for farmers and
society while minimizing negative environmental and health impacts. Presently, around 6.2 billion liters of untreated
effluent is produced every day that leads to pollution of natural water resources. Due to less availability of fresh water,
disposal of waste water into water bodies becomes more restricted. The review process was adopted for extraction of
information about long and short term effects of effluent irrigation over soil characteristics.

Key words: Effluent, Effluent irrigation, soil characteristics, waste water irrigation, water pollution

I. INTRODUCTION
An effluent is an inevitable production of industrial process. It is defined by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency as “wastewater (treated or untreated) that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer or industrial outfall.
Increased number of industries has enlarged the disposal of effluent to open land or to natural water resources. Effluent
of different industries may vary in composition depending upon the source of production. Effluent may contain
essential nutrients and some toxic substances. The available macronutrients and micronutrients of effluents can
increase soil fertility. On the other hand the heavy metals and toxic components can accumulate in soil. The various
effects depend on the period of effluent application. Metal contaminated soils can cause health problems to animals
and human beings when such plants are consumed [1]. Many investigators stated that heavy metals get accumulated in
soil resulted from continuous irrigation with sewage effluent [2]. On the other hand the use of waste water could solve
the disposal problems, minimizes the risk of public health and also prevents the ground water pollution [3].
Wastewaters from urban and agricultural sources have great potential for re-use as sources of water, organic matter,
nutrients and soil conditioning agents [4]. In this review we reported effluent irrigation can change soil properties,
including soil infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, porosity, pH and nutrient contents [5, 6]. Similar
findings were found in long term use of sewage effluent in irrigation where organic matter content increased ranging
from 17% to 30% in sewage-irrigated soils as compared to well water irrigated ones. On an average, the soil pH
dropped by 0.3 U as a result of sewage irrigation [7]. Effluent irrigation reduced the soil bulk density and soil pH, but
had no effect on soil infiltration rates. It increased the soil nutrient concentrations and organic matter content in many
of the researches. The effluent irrigation increased the total biomass production of the plantation. Soil properties are
hardly affected by different plant species. The species variation like planting Eucalyptus botryoides , E. globulus , and
E. ovata had limited influence on soil change. Authors also found decrease in bulk density along with increase in
organic matter and nutrients in soil. They concluded the increase in total biomass production of the plantation by using
effluent water [8]. Use of sewage for irrigation in various proportions improved the organic matter to 1.24–1.78% and
fertility status of soils especially down to a distance of 1 km along the disposal channel. Build up in total N was up to
2908 kg/ ha, available P (58 kg/ ha), total P (2115 kg/ ha), available K (305 kg/ ha) and total K (4712 kg/ ha) in
surface 0.15 m soil [9]. Mixing of effluent from different sources can give advantageous results. Addition of municipal
effluent to textile effluent is recommended as one of the better options for utilization of textile industrial effluent in
tree growing. Seedlings irrigated with municipal effluent showed optimum growth and plant nutrient concentration
[10]. In the long term, however, the changes in soil exchangeable cations may affect soil quality and the sustainability

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Effects of Industrial Effluent on Soil Characteristics: A review

of plant production, and could be a problem for sustainability of effluent application. The N-reduced effluent had a
more profound effect on the concentrations of cations in the drainage water than the primary-treated effluent. It is
concluded that application of meat processing effluents can increase plant production due to increased nutrient
loadings [11]. The effects of the non-N wastewater components (e.g. cations, particularly sodium) and hydraulic
loading rates on soil properties and waterways are also critical for the sustainability of wastewater irrigation. Sodium
(Na+) is of particular concern as it accumulates in soil and displaces other cations such as calcium (Ca2+) and
magnesium (Mg2+). Excessive Na+ may also have an adverse effect on soil structure, causing a decline in soil
permeability, and therefore in a soil’s ability to further accept and treat wastewater [12]. The waste waters carry
appreciable amounts of trace toxic metals [13, 14, and 15] and concentrations of trace metals in sewage effluents vary
from city to city. Concentration of heavy metals in sewage effluents are low, long-term use of these waste waters on
agricultural lands often results in the build-up of the elevated levels of these metals in soils. Significant positive
correlations were found between the concentrations of nutrients in soil and tree leaf suggest that the trend of mineral
concentration in plants would be a function of mineral content in soil and also depended on their uptake by plants. In
the absence of heavy metals, vegetables grown on sewage irrigated soils are still safe to be consumed by human being
[16]. Crop species exercise differently in accumulating heavy metals of effluents irrigated soils in their tissue. Uptake
of heavy metals by plants may be an indicator of efficiency of metal absorption of various crop species grown on
metal contaminated soils. Sewage irrigation for 20 years resulted into significant build-up of DTPA extractable Zn
(208%), Cu (170%), Fe (170%), Ni (63%) and Pb (29%) in sewage-irrigated soils in vicinity of Delhi over adjacent
tube well water irrigated soils, whereas Mn was depleted by 31%. Soils receiving sewage irrigation for 10 years
exhibited significant increase in Zn, Fe, Ni and Pb, while only Fe in soils was positively affected by sewage irrigation
for 5 years [17]. Rai (Brassica juncea) and tori (Brassica campestris) accumulated higher content of heavy metals
especially Ni as compared to other crops, with higher content in roots than shoots. There are some reports which
indicate that heavy metals pollution including Ni in soils arises as a result of various anthropogenic activities such as
continuous use of sewage water and sewage sludge [18, 19]. The content of DTPA –Ni showed decreasing trend with
depth [20]. Ni is translocated to top parts of plants in the given order tori > rai> maize> bajra >lady finger. Trace
elements including Ni are present in different chemical forms because they are associated to diverse organic and
inorganic components of the soils such as soluble, exchangeable, bound to carbonate, Fe and Mn oxides, organic
matter and residual [21]. With the exception of Zn in plant tissues harvested from compost and sludge treated soils,
root tissue of cabbage for both compost and sludge treated treatments appeared to accumulate more metals in the roots
than the aerial parts [22]. The effect of irrigation with secondary treated municipal effluent on the accumulation of
heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was investigated by monitoring sites that had been irrigated with effluent
for 4 and 17 years [23]. Concerning nutrient recycling, it is commonly admitted that wastewater irrigation results in
higher yield than irrigation with fresh water due to the supply of nutrients (especially nitrogen, Phosphorus and
potassium) contained in the wastewaters [24]. Chemical analysis clearly exhibited sodium and bicarbonates
accumulation, and pH increase to alkaline values, in the topsoil of the plots irrigated with recycled wastewater.
Shrinkage analysis showed that the structural pore network of the soil collapsed dramatically, resulting in compact
layers with poor water storage. In addition, alkalinization induced organic matter dissolution resulting in black alkali
forming at the soil surface [25]. The level of sanitary hazard involved in agricultural use of wastewater depends on the
nature of the effluent treatment prior to reuse [26]. There are different views associated with effects of long-term waste
water application on soil pH. There are studies [27, 28, 29] which confirms increase in soil pH with waste water
irrigation of soil.

Similar results showed of decrease in soil pH with waste water irrigation in different soils of varying agro-climatic
conditions have also been reported [30, 31]. Elements such as Ca and Mg needed for plant growth can accumulate in
soils thereby improving the pH especially of acidic soils [32]. Based on literature thus reviewed, it can be concluded
that some industrial effluents hold great promise for the improvement of soil fertility and crop yields, if proper
treatment and management practices are adopted. Literature reviewed reveled that safe utilization of waste water for
irrigation to crops requires several precautionary measures viz. adequate dilution, selection of crop etc. Besides, soil
physical properties needs to be reviewed periodically for long-term sustainability of the system. [33]. Long-term use of
waste water for irrigation to crops results in significant increased in soil organic content than the soils irrigated with
ground water [34, 35, 36, 37]. The concentrations of ions in soils are influenced by water movement, their
concentrations in irrigation water, soil properties and plant uptake [38]. Phosphorous is an immobile nutrient in soil,
thus long term field studies are necessary to understand the effluent-P dynamics in the soil [39]. Land application of
wastewaters can increase the levels of soluble and exchangeable forms of potassium in soil more rapidly than with
conventional inorganic fertilizers. Most of the potassium in wastewater is immediately available [40]. The quantity of

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Vimaldeep Kaur and Gitanjali Sharma

heavy metal absorption using plant depends upon many factors including the total quantity of the elements applied
through sewage application, soil properties, and type of plant [41]. It was found overall concentrations of all measured
elements except Calcium and Cadmium were significantly elevated in the soil that was irrigated with effluent. Sodium
concentration and pH were elevated in the upper soil horizon, whereas Phosphorus concentrations were elevated
uniformly. Differences in electrical conductivity and Magnesium concentrations between the effluent-irrigated field
and the unirrigated field increased with depth. They concluded that soil could be a good repository for Sodium;
however, the nutrient content of the resident saltbush population was affected [42]. According to review the
background soil values for NPK were 21.58, 8.39 and 95.22 mg kg-1 at 0-20 cm soil depth while 19.54, 6.39 and
73.72 mg kg-1 at 20-40 cm soil depth, respectively. They concluded higher level of NPK in surface soils compared to
sub-surface soils [43]. Effluent irrigation affects pesticide sorption by altering: (i) the CEC of the soil; (ii) the soil
solution pH which controls the dissociation and protonation of ionic pesticides as well as the number of available
binding sites; (iii) the DOM content of the soil solution. They concluded that there is considerable scope for scientists
to help develop sustainable practices as well as more sound and rigorous effluent irrigation guidelines by improving
the understanding of related soil processes [44]. It was found increase in Electrical conductivity, Exchangeable
cations, size and activity of soil microbial community [45]. The irrigation with treated waste water improves soil labile
Phosphorous content [46]. Continuous application of effluent appears to deteriorate soil quality in some areas. They
recommended the urgent management practices of waste water for irrigation purpose [47]. Electrical Conductivity
(salinity), organic carbon, soluble Ca and Mg, available soil phosphorus, potassium increased significantly and
percentage of total neutralizing Value (T.N.V) of soil decreased [48]. That physico chemical analysis of soil around
industrial area and agricultural area shows variation [49]. Plots irrigated with wastewater showed important structural
damage in sub surface zone where soil pore network collapsed dramatically, resulting in a compact impermeable layer.
They concluded that a strong deterioration is observed in a very short time period due to such reasons [50]. Poor water
quality degrades soil quality, results in the accumulation of heavy metals and alteration of soil physical and chemical
properties and influences the soil health to a great extent. They concluded the sewage effluents as a cheap potential
alternative source of plant nutrients in agriculture. Finally sewage irrigation-it’s never new, only recycle and reuse
[51]. The process of metal uptake, accumulation and distribution in plants is strongly influenced by the soil
characteristics including pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter, metals content, solubility sequences and
plant species [52, 53]. The addition of organic and inorganic material would be expected to affect physicochemical
changes on the soil, which would in turn impact upon soil microbial community structure, as has previously been
shown following organic soil amendment [54]. The effluents of a leather industry complex markedly increased the
concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al, Cr and Ni in sewage water, and irrigation with the contaminated sewage water
increased the concentration of these elements in soils. Hence Mn, Cr and Ni are more likely to be the elements that
may become health hazards for consumers of the crops grown in sewage-water irrigated fields [55]. Under DFE
irrigation there is a characteristic increase in EC, ESP, extractable soil Na, K and particularly P, and an increase in the
size and activity of the soil microbial community. Despite these changes, the metabolic quotient and structure of the
soil bacterial community remained unaffected suggesting that the existing soil microbial community is relatively
resilient under dairy effluents irrigation [56]. Treatment of industrial water at point source is the best remedy for
consumers. Industrialists should take this responsibility.

Table1 Analysis showing effects of effluent over soil characteristics at various places

S.N Type of effluent Place Effect over Reason

. used soil

1 Urban effluent Australia Degradation Accumulation of heavy metals like Cr, Pb, Cu,
Ni, Zn and Cd

2 Domestic sewage Krukshetra, India Fertilization Improvement in organic matter, N, P, K and

effluent fertility of soil

3 Dye, textile and Jalandhar, Amritsar, Degradation Cd, Ni, Co accumulation

wool industrial Ludhiana
effluents

4 Meatworks New Zealand Fertilization Decrease in bulk density and pH + increase in

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Effects of Industrial Effluent on Soil Characteristics: A review

effluent organic matter and nutrients

5 Animal Hamilton, New Degradation Ca loss in drainage

processing waste Zealand
water

6 Sewage effluent Western Delhi, India Degradation High content of Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb but
depletion in Mn

7 Sewage effluent Punjab, India Degradation High amount of DTPA-Ni and heavy metals

8 Secondary treated Glen Valley Degradation Low salinity, high SAR, ESP values, low
waste water microbial content, accumulation of Cd, Ni and
Cu

9 Dairy factory Bega Valley Fertilization Increase in Electrical conductivity,

effluents Exchangeable cations, size and activity of soil
microbial community

10 Phosphate Tunisian area Fertilization High amount of soil labile P content

fertilizer industry
effluent

11 Paper mill Bukkathurai Fertilization High amount alcohols, carbohydrates and

wastewater inorganic compounds

12 Olive mill waste Laconia, Greece Fertilization High amount of N, P and K

water

13 Municipal Segzi plain in Isfahan Fertilization Increase of EC, P, OM, TN, K, Na, Cl, Fe, Cd
Wastewater and Zn but decrease of soil pH

14 Dye industrial Ujjain, MP, India Degradation High amount of Chloride

effluent

15 Winery Victoria, Australia No Low soil respiration, nitrogen cycling and

wastewater significant microbial community structure
effect

16 Iron and Steel Bhandra, Maharastra Degradation High concentration of COD, BOD, Chloride
industrial effluent content, Alkalanity and heavy metals like Ni,
Cd, Pb, Fe and Mn

17 Municipal Iran Fertilization Increase in soil organic carbon and bulk density
wastewater

18 Municipal South west of Iran Fertilization Increase of Electrical Conductivity (salinity),

wastewater organic carbon, soluble Ca and Mg, phosphorus
and potassium

19 Distillery Modinagar Fertilization higher concentration of COD, BOD

irrigation

20 Industrial effluent A.P, India Fertilization High organic C, Sulphate, Ca and Mg

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Vimaldeep Kaur and Gitanjali Sharma

21 Vinasse effluent State of Goias Degradation Nutrient leaching and soil dispersion, low ph

22 Industrial effluent Burkina Faso Degradation Collapsing of soil pore network

Common findings for Effects of effluent irrigation over soil characteristics

• Researchers analyzed the effect of effluent over soil characteristics in areas like Australia (Wodongs, Canberra),
Krukshetra, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Abohar, Malerkotla, New Zealand, Mandi Gobindgarh, Glen Valley, Bega
Valley, Bukkathurai, Laconia, Greece, Iran, Ujjain city, Western Delhi, Maharastra, Burkina Faso, Goianesia, State of
Goias, Yerraguntla, A.P and Modinagar.
• Researchers analyzed time required for heavy metals to be accumulated in soil from urban effluent, Australia. The
threshold for Cd would be reached with 50 years at Canberra and 140 years at Wodongs.
• Domestic sewage in Krukshetra District showed improvement in organic matter from 1.24 to 1.78%, N content up to
2908 kg per Ha, P upto 2115 kg/Ha, K upto 4712 kg/Ha and overall the fertility of soil.
• The high amounts of Cd, Ni, Co in dye, textile and wool industrial effluents from industrial towns like Jalandhar,
Amritsar, Ludhiana, Cr amount was 140 times the tolerance limits that can accumulate in plants and soil. On the other
hand the sewage of non industrial towns like Abohar and Malerkotla can be used for irrigation purpose.
• A decrease in bulk density and pH of soil along with increase in organic matter and nutrients in soil was found in New
Zealand with meatworks effluent irrigation.
• High amount of DTPA-Ni content by 3.04 times in effluent irrigated soils of Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Amritsar and Mandi
Gobindgarh was found. The crops like rai (Brassica juncea) and tori (Brassica campestris) accumulated higher content
of heavy metals as compared to other crops, with higher content in roots than shoots. The transport order of metals in
crops is toria > raya = maize> bajra >lady finger.
• Irrigation with high potassium effluent has been shown to help in sustaining the overall fertility in soils. When using
high concentration of potassium in waste water, appropriate management strategies have to be developed to minimize
leaching losses from crop root zone and maximizing nutrient removal with soil colloids.
• Glen Valley effluent irrigated soil samples are with low salinity, high SAR, ESP values, and biological clean. The Cd,
Ni, Cu have more of the positive impact over soil quality.
• Dairy factory effluent of Bega Valley is compatible in irrigation due to increase in Electrical conductivity,
Exchangeable cations, size and activity of soil microbial community.
• The FTIR extensive band at 1033 cm-1 – 1030 cm-1 represents alcohols, carbohydrates and inorganic compounds in
paper mill effluents of Bukkathurai, hence increase fertility of the soil to restore wastelands.
• The olive mill waste water, OMW resulted in 6 times more N, 2 times more P, and 50 times more K than conventional
fertilization in Laconia, Greece.
• The municipal waste water from Segzi plain in Isfahan province in the center of Iran is compatible for irrigation
purpose.
• The continuous application of effluent appears to deteriorate soil quality in the Ujjain city.
• The high organic content up to 38-79%, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb found after 10 years of sewage irrigation in Western Delhi
but vegetables grown on sewage irrigated soils are still safe to be consumed.
• Iron and Steel Industry situated at Bhandra, Maharastra causes the pollution problems in the surrounding area.
• Irrigation with waste water is responsible for decreasing soil reactions in top soil of Iran.
• On the other hand TMWE is in favorable range for irrigation purpose due to significance level of EC, soluble calcium
and magnesium, available phosphorus and available potassium in south west of Iran.
• Distilleries of Modinagar leads to significant positive impact over soil but heavy metals remained the major limitation
in implementation of real time practice.
• The physio chemical analysis of soil around industrial area and agricultural area of Yerraguntla, Kadapa District, A.P
shows significant variation.
• High vinasse dose in sugar effleunt may lead to increase nutrient leaching and soil dispersion in Goianesia, State of
Goias
• Plots irrigated with wastewater showed important structural damage in sub surface zone where soil pore network
collapsed dramatically, resulting in a compact impermeable layer in Burkina Faso.

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Effects of Industrial Effluent on Soil Characteristics: A review

• Irrigation with treated waste water from Tunisian phosphate fertilizer industry improves soil labile P content by 38.15
mg/kg P from 15.53 mg/kg.
CONCLUSION

Waste water management is a big challenge in today’s world. The review of waste water management considers the
need of new technologies for better reuse of waste water. Effluent contains nutrients as well as toxic components
depending upon the source of production. Effluent quality indicators are tested to check suitability for reuse or
disposal. In order to access usability of effluent in irrigation effluent quality indicators are used for periodic
monitoring of effluent. The present work is presented with a vision to study the alteration of soil characteristic in
effluent (treated or untreated) irrigation. It may offer a low cost technology for better waste water disposal, hence
prevents water pollution. Alternatively, industrial effluents may be made eco friendly. One of the processes may
include incorporation of soil and effluent at different dilutions with a view to improve soil fertility.

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