Design of Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Fuzzy Logic Controller To Improve Power Quality

DESIGN OF UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER USING
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY
A THESIS
Submitted
In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
by
VELAGALA L S S PHANI REDDY
(Roll No: 15K11D5601)
Under the guidance of

V.NAGARAJU NAYAK M.Tech
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AFFILIATED TO JNTUK, KAKINADA)
VISAKHAPATNAM-533003
2015-2017
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis / dissertation entitled “DESIGN OF UNIFIED

POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER TO IMPROVE
POWER QUALITY” that is being submitted by Mr. VELAGALA L S S PHANI REDDY
bearing Roll No:15K11D5601 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Master of
Technology in Power Systems Engineering to the Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Department, Pydah college of engineering and technology is a record of bonafide work carried
out by him under our guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Signature of Guide Signature of HOD
V.NAGARAJU NAYAK M.Tech , K.SAI SARITHA M.Tech,

Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Pydah college of Engg & Tech. Pydah college of Engg & Tech.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I offer my profuse thanks to our Chairman Mr. P.KRISHNA PRASAD for successful
completion of the project. I thank Dr. S. SARABANDI, Principal, for extending his utmost
support and cooperation in providing all the provisions for successful completion of the project. I
consider it our privilege to express our deepest gratitude to Mrs. K. SAI SARITHA M.TECH
Assistant professor and Head of the Department E.E.E for her suggestions and constant
motivation support that helped the project work to get successfully completed. I consider it our
privilege to express our deepest gratitude to my guide Mr. V.NAGRAJU NAYAKM.TECH
Assistant professor Department of E.E.E for his suggestions and constant motivation support that
helped the project work to get successfully completed.
I sincerely thank all the members of all teaching and non-teaching staff of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for their sustained help in all pursuits. I thank all my family, friends and
M.Tech classmates those who contributed directly or indirectly in successfully carrying out this
work.

(15K11D5601)
i
DECLERATION
I hereby declare that the Project work entitled “Design of Unified Power Quality
Conditioner using Fuzzy Logic Controller to Power Quality” is the bonafied work done by
me and submitted in partial fulfillment for the Award of Degree in MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY in POWER SYSTEM and this project work has not been submitted to any
other College or University for the Award of any kind of Degree.
(15K11D5601)
ii
ABSTRACT
Unified power quality conditioner is a series parallel compensating FACTS

device which is used for mitigation of all power quality problems. In this project unified
power quality conditioner is realized using the fuzzy logic controller for power quality
improvement in the 3-phase distribution system. Unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC) can be connected in both three-phase three-wire (3P3W) (or) three phase four
wire (3P4W) distribution systems for performing the series parallel power-line
conditioning. Thus, even when only a 3P3W power system is available at a plant site, the
UPQC is able to carry out power line compensation for installed unbalanced loads that
require a neutral conductor to operate by using three phase four-leg voltage source
inverter (VSI). Unified power quality conditioner is the combinations of series active
power filter and shunt active power filter which is joined back to back by a common DC
link through the capacitor. The performance of the active filters mainly depends on its
control strategy. The control technique used for series active power filter is based unit
vector template generation scheme while for shunt active power filter is based on
synchronous Reference frame (SRF) and instantaneous PQ. A Fuzzy Logic Controller
(FLC) is based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules with their membership functions of inputs
and outputs. This paper accentuates improvement of power quality by using Unified
power quality conditioner with the proportional integral controller and hybrid fuzzy logic
controller (FC+PI). The performance and behavior of the proposed controllers have been
evaluated through MATLAB/SIMULINK.
iii
LIST OF CONTENT
S.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (i)
DECLERATION (ii)
ABSTRACT (iii)
LIST OF CONTENT (iv-vi)
LIST OF FIGURES (vii-viii)
LIST OF TABLES (viii)
LIST OF ABBREVIATION (ix)
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION (01-08)

1.1 Overview 01
1.2 Literature Survey 03
1.3 Research motivation 05
1.4 Proposed 3P4W Distribution System Utilizing UPQC 05
1.5 Organizing of Thesis 08
CHAPTER 2 POWER QUALITY AND FACTS DEVICES (09-26)
2.1 Introduction to Power Quality 09
2.2 Linear and Non- linear loads 09
2.2.1 Linear load 09
2.2.2 Non-Linear loads 10
2.3 Major power quality problems 10
2.3.1 Short duration voltage variation 10
2.3.2 Long- Duration voltage variation 12
2.3.3 Voltage fluctuations 12
2.3.4 Voltage Unbalance 13
2.3.5 Transients 13
2.3.6 Waveform Distortion 14
2.3.7 Frequency variations 14
2.4 Power definitions 14
2.5 Harmonics 15
iv
2.6 Harmonics Indices 15
2.6.1 Total harmonic distortion (THD) 15
2.6.2 Total Demand Distortion (TDD) 16
2.7 Problems caused by harmonics 16
2.7.1 Problem Caused by Harmonics in Installation 16
2.8 Reasons for Poor Power Quality 17
2.9 Solution to Power Quality Problem 18
2.10 Introduction to FACTS Devices 19
2.11 FACTS Devices Categories and Their Functions 20
2.11.1 Series controllers 20
2.11.2 Shunt controllers 21
2.11.3 Combined series-series controllers 23
2.11.4 Combined series-shunt controllers 23
2.12 FACTS Devices used in Distribution Systems 23
2.13 Superiority of UPQC Over Other Devices 26
CHAPTER 3 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (27-47)
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Active Power Filter 27
3.3 Basic Configuration of UPQC 28
3.3.1 Power flow analysis of UPQC in steady state 30
3.4 Shunt Active Power Filter 36
3.4.1 Block diagram of shunt APF 36
3.4.2 Basic Structure of Shunt APF 37
3.4.3 Steps for Controlling Shunt APF 37
3.4.4 Control scheme of shunt APF 37
3.4.5 Hysteresis Current Controller 43
3.4.6 PI Controller 44
3.4.7 DC Voltage Regulator 44
3.5 Series Active Power Filter 44
3.5.1 Block Diagram of Series APF 44
3.5.2 Basic structure of series APF 45
v
3.5.3 Steps for controlling series APF 45
3.5.4 Control scheme of series APF 45
3.5.5 Hysteresis Voltage Controller 46
3.5.6 Series Transformer 47
3.5.7 DC Voltage Regulator 47
CHAPTER 4 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER (48-53)

4.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic 48
4.2 Importance of Fuzzy Logic 48
4.3 Fuzzy Control 48
4.3.1 Fuzzification 49
4.3.2 Rule base 49
4.3.3 Defuzzification 50
4.4 Fuzzy Logic Controller Design 51
4.5 Application of Fuzzy Logic 52
CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND RESULTS (54-60)
5.1 Matlab 54
5.2 Simulink 54
5.3 Simulation Results of 3P4W System Without 55
Compensation
5.4 Simulation Results of 3P4W System With 56
Compensation
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTHURE SCOPE (61)
6.1 Conclusion 61
6.2 Further Scope 61
REFERENCES (62-63)
PAPER PUBLISHED (64-65)
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. FIGURE
1.1 3P4W distribution system: neutral provided from generation station
1.2 3P3W distribution system: neutral provided from Δ –Y transformer
1.3 3P3W UPQC structure
1.4 Proposed 3P4W system realized from a 3P3W system utilizing UPQC
2.1 Voltage Sag
2.2 Voltage Swell
2.3 Voltage Interruption
2.4 Voltage Fluctuations
2.5 Impulsive transients
2.6 Voltage oscillations
2.7 Series FACTS Controllers
2.8 Shunt FACTS Controller
2.9 Combine Series-Series Controller
2.10 Combined Series-Shunt Controller
2.11 DVR
2.12 DSTATCOM
2.13 UPQC model
3.1 Active Filter Classification
3.2 Basic UPQC Configuration
3.3 Circuit diagram of UPQC
3.4 Reactive Power flow in system without UPQC
3.5 Reactive Power flow in system with UPQC from Shunt APF
3.6 Real power flow during Voltage dip (sag) condition
3.7 Real power flow during voltage rise condition
3.8 The real power flow in normal condition
3.9 Basic control design of shunt APF
3.10 Flow chart of shunt APF control technique
3.11 Shunt active filter control block diagram
3.12 Hysteresis current controller
vii
3.13 Principle of hysteresis current controller
3.14 Basic Control design of Series APF
3.15 Unit Vector Template Generation Scheme
3.16 Hysteresis voltage controller
3.17 Principle of Hysteresis Voltage controller
4.1. Sample model of fuzzy logic
4.2. Memberships of Inputs and Output Fuzzy Controller
5.1 Simulation Circuit of 3P4W Distribution System Neutral from Δ-Υ Transformer
5.2 Simulation Results of 3P4W Distribution System Neutral from Δ-Υ Transformer
5.3 FFT Response of Uncompensated System
5.4 Simulation Circuit of 3Phase Distribution sytem with UPQC
5.5 Simulation Results of 3P4W Distribution system using UPQC with PI controller
5.6 FFT Response of Source Voltage and Load Current for PI Controller
5.7 Simulation Results of 3P4W Distribution system using UPQC with Hybrid Fuzzy
controller
5.8 FFT Response of System Using Hybrid Fuzzy Controller
LIST OF TABLES
TABEL NO. TABEL Page No.
2.1 List of Non Linear Loads 10

4.1 Simple Rule Base 50
4.2 Rule Base 51
5.1 System Parameters 58
viii
LIST OF ABBERVIATION
APF Active Power Filter
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
DSTATCOM Distribution Static Compensator
DVR Dynamic Voltage Regulator
HB Hysteresis Band
LPF Low Pass Filter
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
PCC Point of Common Coupling
PI Proportional and Integral
FC Fuzzy Controller
PLL Phase Locked Loop
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
UPQC Unified Power Quality Conditioner
VSI Voltage Source Inverter
UVT Unit Vector Template
PQ Power Quality
FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System
APLC Active Power Line Conditioner
OCC One Cycle Control
PLC Programmable logic circuits
TDD Total Demand Distortion
IPFC Interline Power Flow Controller
SMES Super Conducting Magnet Energy Storage
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
famous from of energy source that can be easily transmitted over long distance and can
be converted to other form easily. Without supply of electricity life cannot be imagined.
At the same time the quality and continuousness of the electric power supplied is also
very important for the efficient functioning of the end user equipment. Many of the
commercial and industrial loads require high quality undisturbed and constant power.
Thus maintaining the qualitative power is topmost priority
With the development in the field of power electronics there is a increase in non
linear load connected to the system. Because of increase in non linear loads (computer,
lasers, printers, rectifiers) in the system there are power quality (PQ) problems such as
flicker, harmonics, voltage fluctuations etc. There are some other PQ problems caused by
voltage rise/dip due to network faults, lightning transients and switching transients. With
the excessive uses of non-linear load there is reactive power disturbances and harmonics
in power distribution system. It is very essential to overcome this type of problems as its
effect may increase in future and cause adverse effect.
Traditionally passive filters were used for reactive power disturbances and
harmonics generation but there is many problems with them like they are large in size,
resonance problem, effect of source impedance on performance of system. Several
procedures have been adopted to mitigate PQ problems, which can be carried out by
means of active power-line conditioners, such as unified PQ conditioners (UPQCs) [2]
[7] [12], shunt active filter [13], series active filter [8] and dynamic voltage restorers
[14]. Active Power Filters are used for power quality enhancement. Active power filters
can be classified according to system configuration. Active power filters [2] are of two
types series active power filter and shunt active power filter.
A Shunt APF eliminates all kind of current problems like current harmonic
compensation, reactive power compensation, power factor enhancement. A Series APF
compensates voltage dip/rise so that voltage at load side is perfectly regulated. The Shunt
APF is connected in parallel with transmission line and series APF is connected in series
with transmission line. UPQC is formed by combining both series APF and shunt APF
connected back to back on DC side through a capacitor [1]. Thus UPQC is a series-
parallel compensating FACTS device.
Several procedures have been adopted to mitigate PQ problems, which can be carried out
by means of active power-line conditioners, such as unified PQ conditioners (UPQCs) [2]
[7] [12], shunt active filter [13], series active filter [8] and dynamic voltage restorers
[14].A three-phase four-wire (3P4W) distribution system can be realized by providing the
neutral conductor along with the three power lines from generation station or by utilizing
a delta- Y) transformer at distribution level. With nonlinear loads the operation of
transformer is poor. The UPQC installed for 3P4W application generally considers 3P4W
supply [10] [12]. UPQC employs two voltage source inverters (VSIs) that connected to a
DC energy storage capacitor. The series active filter is realized by 3-phase 3-leg voltage
source inverter while shunt active filter is realized by using 3-phase four leg voltage
source inverter. Series active filter is used to mitigate the voltage sag and voltage swell,
thus maintaining voltage variation within limits. Shunt active filter is used for to
eliminate harmonic content and maintain reactive power balance in the system. Thus
series and shunt active filter are used to improve load voltage magnitude and eliminate
the ripple content in source current. The control technique used for series active power
filter is based unit vector template generation scheme while for shunt active power filter
is based on synchronous Reference frame (SRF) and instantaneous PQ.
The performance of UPQC mainly depends upon how quickly and accurately
compensation signals are derived. Control schemes of UPQC based on PI controller has
been widely reported. The PI control based techniques are simple and reasonably
effective. However, the tuning of the PI controller is a tedious job .Further, the control of
UPFC based on the conventional PI control is prone to severe dynamic interaction
between active and reactive power flows.
In this paper, the conventional PI controller has been replaced by a hybrid fuzzy
controller (PI+FC). The (PI+FC) has been used in APFs in place of conventional PI
controller for improving the dynamic performance. The Fuzzy controller (FC) is basically
nonlinear and adaptive in nature. The results obtained through FC are superior in the
cases where the effects of parameter variation of controller are also taken into
consideration. Some great benefits of fuzzy controllers over the conventional PI
n work with
imprecise inputs, can manage nonlinearity, and is also extra potent than the conventional
PI controller. In this paper a Mamdani fuzzy controller is used to control the harmonics
underneath variable load conditions apart from balanced and unbalanced load
stipulations.
1.2 Literature Survey
V. Khadkikar, and A. Chandra in their paper has proposed a novel structure for a
three-phase four-wire (3P4W) distribution system utilizing unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC). The 3P4W system is realized from a three-phase three-wire system
where the neutral of series transformer used in series part UPQC is considered as the
fourth wire for the 3P4W system. The neutral current that may flow toward transformer
neutral point is compensated by using a four-leg voltage source inverter topology for
shunt part .The Control circuit for Shunt APF is released from this paper[1].
B. Singh, K. Al-Haddad, and A. Chandra in their paper has proposed Three-phase

AC-DC converters with improved power quality in terms of power factor correction and
reduced THD on AC side and regulated DC output [2].
C. A. Quinn and N. Mohan in their paper has proposed a four-wire active filter. It
neutralizes current harmonic effects, caused by any configuration of nonlinear loads in
three-phase, four-wire systems [3].
H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae in their paper has proposed about

instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching devices. The
conventional reactive power in single-phase or three- phase circuits has been defined on
the basis of the average value concept for sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms in
steady states. The instantaneous reactive power in three-phase circuits is defined on the
basis of the instantaneous value concept for arbitrary voltage and current waveforms,
including transient states [4].
Y. Komatsu and T. Kawabata in their paper has proposed a control strategy of

active power filter in unbalanced and voltage distorted systems the authors propose a
calculation method for the compensating current reference of an active power filter,
where a nonlinear load exists in the three-phase three-wire unsymmetrical voltage
system. This new method has been named the extension pq method. The authors have
experimented with the extension pq method and the pq method [5].
M. T. Haque in his paper has proposed the theory of instantaneous reactive power
compensation of single-phase circuits is presented. This theory is a general case of well-
known pq theory and it is usable in single-phase as well as three-phase circuits [6].
J. M. Correa, S. Chakraborty, M. G. Simoes, and F. A. Farret in their paper has

proposed the implementation of UPQC in a micro grid that can compensate for current
harmonics, voltage distortion and also for reactive power [7].
V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A. O. Barry, and T. D. Nguyen in their paper

published in 2006 has proposed the implementation of UPQC based unit vector template
generation scheme. In this project the logic is used to design the control circuit for Series
APF [8].
V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A. O. Barry, and T. D. Nguyen in their paper

published in 2008 has proposed the conceptual analysis of unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC). In this paper the This paper deals with conceptual study of unified
power quality conditioner (UPQC) during voltage sag and swell on the power distribution
network. One of the peculiarities of UPQC is that it can inject voltage from 0deg to
360deg. Based on this injected voltage phase angle with respect to the utility or PCC
voltage phase angle, UPQC can absorb or inject active power. Thus the UPQC can work
in zero active power consumption mode, active power absorption mode and active power
delivering mode. The series active power filter (APF) part of UPQC works in active
power delivering mode and absorption mode during voltage sag and swell condition,
respectively. The shunt APF part of UPQC during these conditions helps series APF by
maintaining dc link voltage at constant level. In addition to this the shunt APF also
compensates the reactive power required by the load and harmonics generated by them
[9].
M. Aredes, K. Heumann, and E. H. Watanabe has proposed The power circuit of a

general active power line conditioner (APLC) is based on series and shunt power
converters that share a single DC link. In the present paper, a generic control concept for
these series and shunt converters is proposed. It is based on the instantaneous real and
imaginary power theory. This equipment incorporates not only the compensation
functions at the fundamental frequency like a unified power flow controller (UPFC), but
also provides active harmonic mitigation capabilities [10].
R.Faranda and I.Valade in their paper has proposed a strategy to reduce the
switching losses in Active Power Filter [11].
G. Chen, Y. Chen, and K. M. Smedley in their paper has proposed unified power
quality conditioner (UPQC) with one cycle control (OCC) that has the functions of
harmonic suppression, reactive power compensation, unbalanced load correction, and
source neutral/zero-sequence current limitation. The advantages of this UPQC include no
need for reference calculation, vector operation, and flexible structure for three-wire or
four-wire system [12].
P. Acuna, L. Moran, M. Rivera, J. Dixon, and J. Rodrigues in their paper

proposed active power filter implemented with a four-leg voltage-source inverter using a
predictive control scheme. The use of a four-leg voltage-source inverter allows the
compensation of current harmonic components, as well as unbalanced current generated
by single-phase nonlinear loads [13].
1.3 Research motivation

Due to increase in use of power electronics devices in the power system and due
faults in the system the electric power supply gets interrupted and power quality is highly
effected. There is contents of harmonics in currents and voltages. There are faults like
flicker, increase in voltage fluctuations. The telecommunication, industries, and
semiconductor manufacturing industries are more sensitive to power quality problems as
they need high quality of power. So here we have studied how to remove power quality
problems with the help of active power filters. Shunt APF is used to compensate the
problems caused by load current harmonics and make the source current completely
sinusoidal. Series APF is used to mitigate problems related to voltage dip/rise in source
voltage and make load voltage completely regulated. UPQC is used to solve all problems
related to voltage and current harmonics and improve power quality.
1.4 PROPOSED 3P4W DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM UTILIZING UPQC

Generally, a 3P4W distribution system is realized by providing a neutral conductor along
with three power conductors from generation station or by utilizing a three- Y
transformer at distribution level. Fig. 1 shows a 3P4W network in which the neutral
conductor is provided from the generating station itself, whereas Fig. 2 shows a 3P4W
Y transformer. Assume a plant site where three-
phase three-wire UPQC is already installed to protect a sensitive load and to restrict any
entry of distortion from load side toward utility, as shown in Fig. 3. If we want to upgrade
the system now from 3P3W to 3P4W due to installation of some single-phase loads and if
the distribution transformer is close to the plant under consideration, utility would
provide the neutral conductor from this transformer without major cost involvement. In
certain cases, this may be a costly solution because the distribution transformer may not
be situated in close vicinity. Recently, the utility service providers are putting more and
more restrictions on current total harmonic distortion (THD) limits, drawn by nonlinear
loads, to control the power distribution system harmonic pollution. At the same time, the
use of sophisticated equipment/load has increased significantly, and it needs clean power
for its proper operation. Therefore, in future distribution systems and the plant/load
centers, application of UPQC would be common. Fig. 4 shows the proposed novel 3P4W
topology that can be realized from a 3P3W system. This proposed system has all the
advantages of general UPQC, in addition to easy expansion of 3P3W system to 3P4W
system. Thus, the proposed topology may play an important role in the future 3P4W
distribution system for more advanced UPQC-based plant/load center installation, where
utilities would be having an additional option to realize a 3P4W system just by providing
a 3P3W supply.
As shown in Fig. 3, the UPQC should necessarily consist of three-phase series
transformer in order to connect one of the inverters in the series with the line to function
as a controlled voltage source. If we could use the neutral of three-phase series
transformer to connect a neutral wire to realize the 3P4W system, then 3P4W system can
easily be achieved from a 3P3W system (Fig. 4).
Fig.1.1 3P4W distribution system: neutral provided from generation station
Y transformer
Fig. 1.3 3P3W UPQC structure.
The neutral current, present if any, would flow through this fourth wire toward
transformer neutral point. This neutral current can be compensated by using a split
capacitor topology [2], [9], [10] or a four-leg voltage-source inverter (VSI) topology for a
shunt inverter [2], [11]. The four-leg VSI topology requires one additional leg as
compared to the split capacitor topology. The neutral current compensation in the four-
leg VSI structure is much easier than that of the split capacitor because the split capacitor
topology essentially needs two capacitors and an extra control loop to maintain a zero
voltage error difference between both the capacitor voltages, resulting in a more complex
control loop to maintain the dc bus voltage at constant level.
In this paper, the four-leg VSI topology is considered to compensate the neutral current
flowing toward the transformer neutral point. A fourth leg is added on the existing 3P3W
UPQC, such that the transformer neutral point will be at virtual zero potential. Thus, the
proposed structure would help to realize a 3P4W system from a 3P3W system at
distribution load end. This would eventually result in easy expansion from 3P3W to
3P4W systems. A new control strategy to generate balanced reference source currents
under unbalanced load condition is also proposed in this paper and is explained in the
next section.
Fig. 1.4 Proposed 3P4W system realized from a 3P3W system utilizing UPQC
1.5 Organizing of Thesis:
In Chapter 1 there is brief description about the thesis and paper studied for organization
of thesis and the summary of work done by different researchers and how I was
motivated to do this project, and objective of thesis.
In Chapter 2 there is a discussion about power quality and introduction to FACTS

devices, and what are the problems effecting power quality of a system, different types of
loads, harmonics indices, different type of FACTS devices used in distribution systems.
In Chapter 3 there is discussion about UPQC, different control strategy of UPQC, parts of
UPQC i.e. Shunt APF and series APF. And different control strategy required for
simulation of both.
In Chapter 4 Introduction to fuzzy logic and design of Fuzzy Logic controller
In Chapter 5 simulation results are given and they are discussed.

In Chapter 6 conclusions are discussed along with future scope and reference
CHAPTER-2
POWER QUALITY AND FACTS DEVICES
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY
In our day to day life and in many industries there is very huge use of power
electronics devices, Programmable logic circuits (PLC), semiconductor devices, and
adjustable speed drives due to this there is power quality problems. There is also many
external and internal factors that effect the quantity and quality of power delivered. Many
network faults, switching of capacitor banks, voltage sag/swell, lightning, and harmonics
also cause power quality problems. Mainly loads work at 50 Hz and 60 Hz frequencies.
But there are many loads which work at integer multiple of 50 Hz and 60 Hz frequencies.
Because of these loads there is harmonics in power system.
2..2 Linear and Non- linear loads
2.2.1 Linear load
The loads which have current and voltage waveform sinusoidal are linear loads.
The current at any time is proportional to voltage. Linear load only change relative timing
(phases) between current and voltage there is no change in shape of current waveform.
According to Ohm’s law
𝒗 𝒕
𝒊 𝒕 = (𝟐. 𝟏)
𝑹
According to this law if waveform of voltage is sinusoidal then the waveform of

current will also be sinusoidal. Linear loads are capacitor and inductor. If capacitor is in
load side then the current will lead voltage. If inductor is in load side then voltage will
lead. So waveforms in both case will be out of phase. Power factor defined in case of
linear load
𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 (𝟐. 𝟐)
Example of linear loads are

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 9
1.Resistive Loads : Lightning loads, Heaters, Incandescent lamps
2. Inductive loads: Induction motors, Induction generators
3.Capactive Loads: Insulated Cables , Underground cables, Capacitor used in Harmonic

filters
2.2.2 Non-Linear loads
In non-linear loads the shape of current waveform changes its shape from original
shape. Non-linear loads produces harmonics with original fundamental component of AC
current. Non-linear loads examples are power electronics devices like BJT, MOSFET.
Given in Table 2.1
Power Electronic ARC Devices

Inverters Arc Furnace
Cranes Welding machines
Computers
Power converters
Refrigerators
Battery chargers
Elevators Steel mills
Power supplies
2.3 Major power quality problems
2.3.1 Short duration voltage variation
Due to faults there is voltage rise (swells), voltage dip (sag), or complete loss of
voltages (interruptions) which are temporary for certain interval of time depending upon
the type of fault occurred and location of fault. The duration is around 1 min for short
voltage variation. Also if duration of fault is for few millisecond then it is short duration
voltage variation.
(i) Voltage Sag : Voltage sag is also called voltage dip . The rms line voltage decreases
to 10 % to 90 % of nominal line voltage. The time interval for voltage dip is about 0.5

cycle to 1 min. The equipment which cause voltage dip are induction motor starting etc.
Voltage dip is shown in fig.2.1.
Fig. 2.1 Voltage Sag
(ii) Voltage swell is also called voltage rise. The rms line voltage increases from 1.1 % to
1.8% of nominal line voltage. The duration for voltage rise is around 0.5 cycle to 1 min.
The voltage swell is caused due to energizing the large capacitor bank and shutting down
the large loads. Voltage swell is shown in fig.2.2
Fig. 2.2 Voltage Swell
(iii) Interruption:- Interruption is degradation in current or line voltage up to 0.1 pu of

the nominal value. It is for the time period of 60 seconds and not going beyond it. The
cause of interruption are failures in equipment, faults in power systems, control
malfunctions. It is shown in fig.2.3
Fig. 2.3 Voltage Interruption

2.3.2. Long- Duration voltage variation
The long duration voltage variations are caused because of sustained interruptions, under
voltages and over voltages
(i)Sustained interruptions:- When there is zero supply voltage for a interval of time
more than 60 sec, it is considered as sustained interruption in case of long duration
voltage variation.
(ii)Under voltages:- It is the reduction in rms ac voltage to lower than 90 % at power
frequency for a time interval 60 sec or may be greater than it. The switching off of
capacitor banks and switching on of loads cause under voltage as far as voltage regulation
device on the system bring back the voltage to the given tolerance limits. The under
voltage is also caused due circuits which are overloaded.
(iii)Over voltages:- It is the rise in rms ac voltage to more than 110 % at power
frequency for a time interval of more than 60 sec. Over voltages are caused due to the
wrong tap settings of transformers and switching of loads.
2.3.3 Voltage fluctuations
Fluctuations in voltage is irregular or repeated variations in magnitude of source voltage

due to sudden change in real and reactive power drawn by the load. The characteristics of
voltage fluctuation depend upon type of loads. The magnitude of voltage fluctuation does
not rise above 10% of nominal supply voltages. The Lamp flicker is the effect of voltage
fluctuations. Loads that cause fluctuations in voltages are arc furnaces, arc welders, air
conditioner units, rolling mills, cycloconverters, and equipment with excessive motor
speed changes. Voltage fluctuations are shown in fig.2.4.
Fig. 2.4 Voltage Fluctuations

2.3.4 Voltage Unbalance
Voltage unbalances occur when there is difference in magnitude of phases or line

voltages and phase angle is different from balanced conditions. Voltage unbalance is due
to different loads in the phases causing drops in voltages at phase – line impedance.
2.3.5 Transients
Transients are sudden & small change in current and voltage signals for a very less period
of time.
(i) Impulsive transients:- Impulsive transient are variation in current, voltage or both on
power line in one direction (unidirectional). The causes of impulsive transients are
switching in power distribution systems, inductive loads switching, lightning. The
impulsive transients can be removed with help of zener diode which suppresses the
transient voltage. Impulsive transients are shown in Fig.2.5
Fig. 2.5 Impulsive transients
(ii) Oscillatory transients:- Oscillatory transients are transients which have swing
(bidirectional) i.e. rapid change of polarity of current , voltage or both on power line.
Causes of this is Capacitors switching which help in power factor correction. It is given
in fig.2.6
Fig. 2.6 Voltage oscillations

2.3.6 Waveform Distortion
A power system network tries to generate a sinusoidal voltage and current waveform but
due to certain problem it is not able to generate the sinusoidal nature waveform and
distortions occurs
There are many causes of waveform distortion:-
(i) DC Offset:- A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power

system. Due to DC offset the signal shifts from its actual reference position.
(ii) Noise:- Noise is unwanted electrical signals. It is caused due to interference in
communication network. The unwanted signals are superimposed in powers system
current or voltage which are in phase or in neutral conductors.
(iii) Notching:- Notching is voltage disturbances caused periodically due to transfer of
current from one phase to another when power electronics equipment are commutated.
(iv) Harmonics:- The harmonics are sinusoidal currents and voltages which operate at
frequencies that are integer multiple of fundamental frequency. The 50 Hz and 60 Hz are
fundamental frequency. The harmonics are caused due to nonlinear loads.
2.3.7 Frequency variations
In a power system many equipment and devices are made to operate at fundamental
frequency. But there is variations in frequency due sudden disturbances in supply or
demand. Frequency variations are mainly caused due to failure of generators and
switching of loads.
2.4 Power definitions
Definitions of apparent power, active power, reactive power, complex power, power
factor are given below:-
(i) Apparent power:- It is multiplication between rms voltage & rms current in circuit. It
is given by
𝑺 = 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 ∗ 𝑰∗ 𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝟐. 𝟑
Where VRMS : RMS value of voltage magnitude

𝑻
𝟐
𝟎
𝒗(𝒕)𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 = (𝟐. 𝟒)
𝑻
I*RMS: Conjugate of RMS Value of Current
𝑻
𝟐
𝟎
𝒊(𝒕)𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 = (𝟐. 𝟓)
𝑻
(ii) Active power:- It is the real power drawn by the circuit while doing any useful work.
It is measured in watts.
𝒌 𝒏
𝑷= 𝑷𝒏 = 𝑽𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝑰𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒌 (𝟐. 𝟔)

𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Where 𝜃k is displacement angle between kth order harmonic component of voltage and
current
(iii) Reactive power:-It is energy stored and discharged by capacitors, induction motor,
transformers etc. It is measured in volt-ampere reactive (VAR).
𝒌 𝒏
𝑸= 𝑸𝒏 = 𝑽𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝑰𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒌 (𝟐. 𝟕)

𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
2.5 Harmonics
Harmonics are sinusoidal voltage & current which operate at integer multiple of
fundamental frequency.
2.6 Harmonics Indices
In power Quality Corporation some index values has been developed to determine the
service quality and distortions caused due to harmonics. The two indexes mostly used are
total harmonic distortions (THD) and total demand distortion (TDD). Harmonics indices
are given below:-
2.6.1 Total harmonic distortion (THD): The THD of a signal is measurement of

harmonic distortion present in it. Low THD means there is reductions in heating, losses,
and peak currents in a power systems. THD is measured in percentage. THD is given as

𝟐
𝟐 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏(𝑽𝒌_𝑹𝑴𝑺 ) − (𝑽𝟏_𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝟐 )
𝑻𝑯𝑫 = (𝟐. 𝟖)
(𝑽𝟏_𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝟐 )
Where k is harmonic order
VK_RMS : RMS magnitude of Kth harmonic
V1_RMS is RMS magnitude of fundamental component
2.6.2 Total Demand Distortion (TDD): It is described as root sum square value of
harmonic current to maximum demand load current. When TDD is calculated rather than
THD in a system than there is comparing between actual load of the system to the
maximum load which avoid the end customer from unreasonably penalized when load is
lighter than maximum load.
𝟐 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑻𝑫𝑫 = (𝟐. 𝟗)
𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝑰𝒌
𝑻𝑫𝑫 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝟐. 𝟏𝟎)
𝑰𝑳
Here IL is maximum demand load current at the point of common coupling (PCC) and k
is the order of harmonic component of current.
2.7 Problems caused by harmonics
Due to harmonics there is problems in supply system and also in the installation and user
ends and also. There are many problems caused due to harmonics
2.7.1 Problem Caused by Harmonics in Installation
Problems due to Current harmonics:
Transformers overheating:- Due to harmonic current there is heating in transformers

this is mainly because of two reasons:-
a.) Due to harmonic current the rms current of transformer increases more than its
capacity causing losses.

b.) Harmonic current component increases eddy current losses as it is directly
proportional to square of frequency.
Skin effect:-The phenomenon of alternating current to flow at exterior surface of
conductor is known as skin effect. Due to harmonics current the skin effect is more as
skin effect increases with increase in frequency. Skin effect is normal at fundamental
frequency but it increases as frequency increases and due to harmonics frequency
increases.
Neutrals overloading:-The voltage waveform in three phase system has 1200 angle
displaced between phase and neutral. When loads are unbalanced a net balance current
flows in neutral. Due to harmonics there is addition of current in neutral but balanced
current cancel outs.
Circuit Breaker Tripping:-Circuit breakers operate by adding the current of phases &
neutral conductors, if the current is not within the limit it disconnects the load from
circuit. Due to harmonics tripping can occur.
Problems due to voltage harmonics:-
Distortion in voltages:-There is distorted voltage drop in transmission line because of

transmission line impedance which is caused because of distorted load current which is
due to non-linear loads.
Induction Motors:- Due to harmonic voltage distortion there is eddy current losses in
motors same as transformers. Also due to harmonics there is stator losses etc.
2.8 REASONS FOR POOR POWER QUALITY
The main reasons for poor power quality (PQ) are as follows:
• End user devices become more sensitive to PQ due to many microprocessor based
controls.
• Large computer systems in many businesses facilities.
• Power electronics equipment used for enhancing system stability, operation and
efficiency.

2.9 SOLUTIONS TO POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
There are two ways mitigating the power quality troubles. It can be done from
either customer side or utility side. The first method can be used for mitigation of the
load conditioning and the other is line conditioning. Load conditioning ensures that the
apparatus is less sensitive to power disturbances. They are based on PWM converters and
connected in shunt or in series to low and medium voltage distribution system. Series
active power filters operate in conjunction with shunt passive filters in order to
compensate load current harmonics. Series active power filters operates as a controllable
voltage source whereas shunt active power filters operate as a controllable current source.
Both of these schemes are implemented preferable with voltage source PWM inverters,
with a dc bus having a reactive power, with the restructuring of power sector, the line
conditioning systems or utility side solutions will play a vital role in improving the
inherent supply quality.
Some of the effective and economic measures can be identified as follows:
(i) Lightening and Surge Arresters: Arresters are designed for lightening
protection of transformers, but are not sufficient for limiting voltage fluctuations to
protect sensitive electronic control circuits.
(ii) Thyristor Based Static Switches: The static switch is a device for switching a
new element into the circuit when the voltage support is needed. It has a dynamic
response time of about one cycle. It can be used in the alternate power line applications.
To correct quickly for voltage spikes, sags or interruptions, the static switch can be used
to switch one or more of devices such as filter capacitor, alternate power line, energy
storage systems etc.
(iii) Energy Storage Systems: Storage systems can be used to protect sensitive
equipments from shutdowns caused by voltage sags or momentary interruptions. Energy
is fed to the system to compensate for the energy that would be lost by the voltage sag or
interruption. The systems used are usually DC storage systems such as batteries, UPS,
super conducting magnet energy storage (SMES), storage capacitors or even fly wheels
driving DC generators. The output of these devices can be supplied to the system through
an inverter on a momentary basis.

(iv) Electronic Tap Changing Transformer: A voltage-regulating transformer with
an electronic load tap changer can be used with a single line from the utility. It can
regulate the voltage drops up to 50% and requires a stiff system (short circuit power to
load ratio of 10:1 or better). It can have the provision of coarse or smooth steps intended
for occasional voltage variations.
(v) Harmonic Filters: Filters are used where effective reduction or elimination of
certain harmonics is required. If possible, it is always preferable to use a 12-pulse or
higher transformer connection, rather than a filter. Usually, multiple filters are needed,
each tuned to a separate harmonic. Each filter causes a parallel resonance as well as a
series resonance, and each filter slightly changes the resonances of other filters.
2.10 INTRODUCTION TO FACTS DEVICES
The increasing Industrialization, urbanization of life style has lead to increasing
dependency on the electrical energy. This has resulted into rapid growth of Power
System. This rapid growth has resulted into few uncertainties. Power disruptions and
individual power outages are one of the major problems and affect the economy of any
country. In contrast to the rapid changes in technologies and the power required by these
technologies, transmission systems are being pushed to operate closer to their stability
limits and at the same time reaching their thermal limits due to the fact that the delivery
of power have been increasing. The major problems faced by power industries in
establishing the match between supply and demand are: Transmission & Distribution,
supply the electric demand without exceeding the thermal limit. In large Power
Systems, stability problems causing power disruptions and blackouts leading to huge
losses. These constraints affect the quality of power delivered. However, these constraints
can be suppressed by enhancing the PS control. One of the best methods for reducing
these constrains is FACTS devices. With the rapid development of power electronics,
FACTS devices have been proposed and implemented in Power System. FACTS devices
can be utilized to control power flow and enhance system stability.
Particularly with the deregulation of the electricity market, there is an increasing

interest in using FACTS devices in the operation and control of Power System. A better
utilization of the existing Power System to increase their capacities and controllability by
installing FACTS devices becomes imperative. FACTS devices are cost effective

alternatives to new transmission line construction. Due to the present situation, there are
two main aspects that should be considered in using FACTS devices:
1.)The first aspect is the flexible power system operation according to the power flow
control capability of FACTS devices.
2.)The other aspect is the improvement of transient and Steady State operation of
Power System. FACTS devices are the right equipment to meet these challenges.
The basic applications of FACTS-devices are:
• Power flow control

• Increase of transmission capability
• Voltage control
• Reactive power compensation
• Stability improvement
• Power quality improvement
• Power conditioning
• Flicker mitigation
• Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and storages.
2.11 FACTS Devices Categories and Their Functions
In general, FACTS devices can be divided into four categories on basis of their
connection diagram in Power System :
1.Series controllers
2.Shunt controllers
3.Combined series-series controllers
4.Combined series-shunt controllers
2.11.1 Series Controllers
Series controllers are being connected in series with the line as they are meant for
injecting voltage in series with the line. These devices could be variable impedances like

capacitor, reactor or power electronics based variable source of main frequency, sub
synchronous or harmonic frequency, or can be a combination of these, to meet the
requirements. If the injected voltage is in phase quadrature with the line current, then
only supply or consumption of variable reactive power is possible.
Fig. 2.7 Series FACTS Controllers
Various Series FACTS Controllers are
SSSC – Static synchronous series compensator,
TCSC – Thyristor controlled series capacitor,
TCSR – Thyristor controlled series reactor,
TSSC – Thyristor switched series capacitor and
TSSR – Thyristor switched series reactor.
2.11.2 Shunt controllers
Shunt controllers will be connected in shunt with the line so as to inject current
into the system at the point of connection. They can also be variable impedance, variable
source, or a combination of these. If the injected line current is in quadrature with the line
voltage, variable reactive power supply or consumption could be achieved. But any other
phase relationship could involve real power handling as well.
This category includes STATCOM (Static synchronous compensator) and SVC

(Static VAR compensator). The common Static VAR compensators are:
TCR – Thyristor controlled reactor,
TSR – Thyristor switched reactor,

TSC – Thyristor switched capacitor
Fig. 2.8 Shunt FACTS Controller
2.11.3 Combined Series-Series Controllers
This category comprises of separate series controllers controlled in a coordinated manner

in the case of a multiline transmission system. It can also be a unified controller in which
the series controllers perform the reactive power compensation in each line independently
whereas they facilitates real power exchange between the lines via the common DC link.
Because, in unified series-series controllers like Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC),
the DC terminals of the controller converters are all connected together.
Fig.2.9 Combine Series-Series Controller

2.11.4 Combined Series-Shunt Controllers
It is a combination of separate series and shunt controllers, being operated in a
coordinated manner. Hence, they are capable of injecting current into the line using the
shunt part and injecting series voltage with the series part of the respective controller. If
they are unified, there can be real power exchange between the shunt and series
controllers via the common DC power link, as in the case of Unified Power Flow
Controllers (UPFC).
Fig. 2.10 Combined Series-Shunt controller
2.12 FACTS Devices used in Distribution Systems

In distribution system, the FACTS devices used for power conditioning are
(i) DVR
(ii) DSTATCOM
(iii) UPQC
i. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)
DVR injects a voltage component in series with the supply voltage, thus
compensating voltage sags and swells on the load side as shown in Figure 2.11. The
Control response of DVR is on the order of 3msec, ensuring a secure voltage supply
under transient network conditions. Voltage injection of arbitrary phase ith respect to the
load current implies active power transfer capability. This active power is transferred via
the dc link, and is supplied either by a diode bridge connected to the ac network, a shunt
connected PWM converter or by an energy storage device. It works as a harmonic
isolator to prevent the harmonics in the source voltage reaching the load in addition to
balances the voltages and providing voltage regulation.

Fig. 2.11 DVR
ii. DISTRIBUTION STATCOM (DSTATCOM)
The purpose of the DSTATCOM is to cancel load harmonics fed to the supply. It works
as current source, connected in parallel with the nonlinear load as shown in Figure 1.2 It
generates harmonic currents at the load terminal as the load requires also balances them
in addition to providing reactive power. In order to compensate undesirable components
of the load current the DSTATCOM injects currents into the point of common coupling.
With an appropriated control strategy, it is also possible to correct power factor and
unbalanced loads. This principle is applicable to any type of load considered a harmonic
source. Its advantage is that it carries only the compensation current plus a small amount
of active fundamental current supplied to compensate for system losses. Shunt Active
Power Filter in current control mode is also called as DSTATCOM.
Fig. 2.12 DSTATCOM

iii. UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)
The UPQC is the most extraordinary device for the protection of sensitive loads
from sources with sufficient quality in shunt-series connection i.e., it is a combination of
DVR and DSTATCOM. This project is towards utilizing Unified Power Quality

Conditioner (UPQC) in mitigations of all the power quality problems such as voltage sag,
voltage swell, voltage outage, over correction of power factor and unacceptable levels of
harmonics in the current and voltage. This device also used to compensate the supply
voltage flicker/imbalance, reactive power, negative-sequence current, and harmonics. The
UPQC has the ability to improve the power quality at both the points of power system
i.e., power distribution system level or industrial power level. The basic configuration of
UPQC is shown in Figure 2.12.
Fig. 2.13 UPQC model
The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) facilities the linear and non-linear loads:
 It eliminates both harmonics and voltage imbalance in the source, thus improves
service current quality for nonlinear loads.
 It also provides the VAR requirement of the load, so that no additional equipment for
power factor correction is required for power industry.
 UPQC maintains load end voltage at the rated value even in the presence of supply
voltage sag.
 The voltage injected by UPQC is to maintain voltage at the load point and the most
wanted value is taken from the same dc link.

2.13 Superiority of UPQC Over Other Devices
Each of Custom Power devices has its own benefits and limitations. The UPQC is
expected to be one of the most powerful solutions to large capacity loads sensitive to
supply voltage and load current disturbances imbalance. The most effective type of these
devices is considered to be the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). There are
numerous reasons to have a preference on UPQC over the others. UPQC is much flexible
than any single inverter based device. It can simultaneously corrects the unbalance and
distortion in the load voltage and source current where as all other devices either correct
current or voltage distortion. Therefore the purpose of two devices is served by UPQC
only.

CHAPTER-3
UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER
3.1 Introduction
Basically UPQC (Unified Power Quality conditioner) is a equipment which is

used for compensate for voltage distortion and voltage unbalance in a power system so
that the voltage at load side is completely balance and sinusoidal & perfectly regulated
and also it is used to compensate for load current harmonics so that the current at the
source side is perfectly sinusoidal and free from distortions and harmonics. UPQC is a
combination of a Shunt Active power filter and Series Active power filter. Here Shunt
Active power filter (APF) is used to compensate for load current harmonics and make the
source current completely sinusoidal and free from harmonics and distortions. Shunt APF
is connected parallel to transmission line. Here Series APF is used to mitigate for voltage
distortions and unbalance which is present in supply side and make the voltage at load
side perfectly balanced, regulated and sinusoidal. Series APF is connected in series with
transmission line. UPQC consists of two voltage source inverters connected back to back
through a DC link capacitor in a single phase, three phase-three wire, three phase-four
wire configuration. The inverter in shunt APF is controlled as a variable current source
inverter and in series APF is controlled as a variable voltage source inverter. Earlier
passive filters where also used for compensation of harmonics and voltage distortion but
due to their many disadvantages they are not used now a days.
3.2 Active Power Filter
Traditionally passive filters were used for power quality improvement, the passive
filters consists of combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor. Passive filters are used
for harmonic filtering. Passive filters doesn’t depend upon the external power source. It
has many drawbacks such as it is larger in size, resonance problem, effect of source
impedance on performance, fixed compensation characteristics. So active power filters
(APF) came as alternate solution for passive filters. Active power filters removes
harmonics and not have drawbacks such as passive filters. Active power filters are
classified as are shown in fig.3.1

Active Power Filter
Converter Type Type of Topology No of Phases
Voltage Source
Series Active 1-Phase 2-wire
Inverter Power Filter System
Current Source Shunt Active

3 Phase System
Inverter Power Filter
3 Phase 3 Wire
System
3 Phase 4 Wire
System
Fig 3.1 Active Filter Classification
3.3 Basic Configuration of UPQC
Vs
Fig.3.2 Basic UPQC Configuration

UPQC mainly consists of
(i) Series APF:- In a transmission line series APF is generally connected in series. It is
connected to the transmission line with the transformer. Series APF is a voltage source
inverter connected in series with transmission line. It is used to compensate or mitigate
the problems which comes due to voltage distortions and voltage unbalances. The series
APF injects a compensating voltage so that load voltage will be perfectly balanced and
regulated. Controlling of series inverter is done by PWM (pulse width modulation)
techniques. Here we used Hysteresis band PWM techniques as it implementation is easy.
Also its response is fast. Its details are explained in subsequent sections.
(ii) Shunt APF: - In a transmission line shunt APF is generally connected in parallel.
Shunt APF is used to compensate for distortions & harmonics which are produced due to
current. Due to nonlinear load there is harmonics in load current, so to keep source
current completely sinusoidal and distortion free we uses Shunt APF. Shunt APF injects
compensating current so that the source current is completely sinusoidal and free from
distortions. Controlling of Shunt APF is done by hysteresis band PWM techniques. In
hysteresis band PWM techniques output current follows the reference and current and is
within the fixed hysteresis band.
(iii) Series Transformer:- The necessary voltage which is generated by series APF so
that the voltage at load side is perfectly balanced and regulated i.e. Sinusoidal is injected
into the transmission line with the help of these transformers. The series transformer turns
ratio should be suitable so that injected voltage is suitable such that it injects a
compensating voltage which will completely make the load side voltage balanced and
also it reduces the current flowing through series inverter.
(iv) Low Pass Filter:- Low pass filter is used at the output of series inverter so that the
high frequency voltage components are removed which is produced due to switching of
Voltage source inverter
(v) High pass filter:- High pass filter is used at output of shunt inverter so that the
ripples which are produced due to currents switching are absorbed.
(vi) DC link capacitor:- The two voltage source inverter are connected back to back
through a DC capacitor. DC capacitor is provides a DC voltage for working of both the
inverter. The DC capacitor also provides a real power difference between source and load

during the transient period and also acts as a energy storage elements. During steady state
real power supplied by source should be equal to the sum real power demand of load & a
small amount of power which compensates for active filter. DC capacitor voltage should
be equal to reference value but due to disturbance in real power balance between source
and load due to change in load conditions the DC capacitor value is changed from
reference value.
As given in fig.3.2 vs is source voltage, vc is series compensation voltage, is is
source current & iL is load current. Assuming the system to be unstable source voltage
contains a positive, negative , zero and also the harmonic components. The voltage at M
is written as
∞
𝑣𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑣1𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑣1𝑝 𝑡 + 𝑣𝑘 𝑡 (𝟑. 𝟏)

𝑘=2
Eqn (3.1 ) can be also written as

∞
𝑣𝑠𝑛 = 𝑣1𝑛 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃1𝑛 ) + 𝑣1𝑝 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃1𝑝 ) + 𝑣𝑘 sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑘 (𝟑. 𝟐)
𝑘=2
3.3.1 Power flow analysis of UPQC in steady state
Fig 3.3 Circuit diagram of UPQC

Here vs = source voltage
is = source current
vt = terminal voltage at PCC
vL = load voltage
iL = load current

ic = compensating current of shunt APF
vsr = injected voltage by series APF
Rs & Ls = resistance and inductance of source
k=degree of fluctuation; k=(vt – vL)/vL
Circuit Diagram of UPQC is given in fig. 3.4. UPQC is used to eliminate harmonics
present in current and distortions of voltage and is used for reactive power compensation.
In UPQC series APF is used as voltage source inverter to compensate for voltage
distortions and make voltage at load side completely balanced and sinusoidal. Series APF
injects a voltage which is difference of source voltage and perfectly balanced load
voltage. Shunt APF is used as to eliminate harmonics present in load current so that
source current is completely sinusoidal and also used for compensation of reactive power.
Shunt APF is also used to maintain value of DC link capacitor constant.
Taking the load voltage vL as reference phasor and suppose the lagging power factor of
the load is cosФl we can write
𝒗𝑳 = 𝒗𝑳 ∠𝟎∘ (𝟑. 𝟑)
𝒊𝑳 = 𝒊𝑳 ∠−𝝓𝒍 (𝟑. 𝟒)
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒗𝑳 𝟏 + 𝒌 ∠𝟎∘ (𝟑. 𝟓)
Factor k denote fluctuation of source voltage
Where k = (vt-vL)/vL
The voltage injected by series APF must be equal to
𝒗𝑺𝒓 = 𝒗𝑳 − 𝒗𝒕 = −𝒌𝒗𝑳 ∠𝟎∘ (𝟑. 𝟔)
The UPQC is assumed to be lossless and therefore, the active power demand by the load
is equal to the load is equal to the active power input at PCC. The UPQC provides a
nearly unity power factor source current, therefore, for a given load condition the input
active power at PCC can be expressed by the following equations,

𝒑𝒊 = 𝒑𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟕)
𝒗𝒕 ∗ 𝒊𝒔 = 𝒗𝒍 ∗ 𝒊𝒍 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟖)
𝒗𝒍 (𝟏 + 𝒌) ∗ 𝒊𝒔 = 𝒗𝒍 ∗ 𝒊𝒍 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟗)
𝒊𝒍
𝒊𝒔 = ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟎)
(𝟏+𝒌)
The above equation suggest that the source current iS depends on the factor k since ФL
and iL are load characteristics and are constant for a particular type of load.
The complex apparent power
𝑺𝑺𝒓 = 𝒗𝑺𝒓 . 𝒊𝒔 ∗ (𝟑. 𝟏𝟏)
𝑷𝑺𝒓 = 𝒗𝑺𝒓 ∗ 𝒊𝒔 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝒔 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟐)
𝑷𝑺𝒓 = −𝒌. 𝒗𝑺 ∗ 𝒊𝒔 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝒔 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟑)
𝑸𝑺𝒓 = 𝒗𝑺𝒓 ∗ 𝒊𝒔 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓𝒔 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)
Фs =0, Since UPQC is maintaining unity power factor
𝑷𝑺𝒓 = 𝒗𝑺𝒓 ∗ 𝒊𝒔 = −𝒌. 𝒗𝒔 . 𝒊𝒔 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟓)
𝑸𝑺𝒓 ≅ 𝟎 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟔)
The complex apparent power absorbed by the shunt APF can be expressed as
𝑺𝑺𝒉 = 𝒗𝑳 . 𝒊𝒔𝒉 ∗ (𝟑. 𝟏𝟕)
The current provided by the shunt APF , is the difference between the input source
current and the load current, which includes the load harmonic current and the reactive
current. Therefore, we can write
𝒊𝒔𝒉 = 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒊𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟖)

𝒊𝒔𝒉 = 𝒊𝒔 ∠𝟎° − 𝒊𝑳 ∠𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟏𝟗)
𝒊𝒔𝒉 = 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒊𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝑳 − 𝒋. 𝒊𝑳 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟎)
𝒊𝒔𝒉 = (𝒊𝒔 − 𝒊𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝑳 ) + 𝒋. 𝒊𝑳 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟏)
𝑷𝑺𝒉 = 𝒗𝑳 ∗ 𝑰𝒔𝒉 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝑺𝒉 = 𝒗𝑳 ∗ 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒊𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟐)
𝑸𝑺𝒉 = 𝒗𝑳 . 𝒊𝑺𝒉 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓𝒔𝒉 = 𝒗𝑳 . 𝒊𝑳 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓𝑳 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟑)
Case 1
During normal operations when UPQC is disconnected from supply the reactive power is
completely supplied from the main source. But when UPQC is joined with the system
than the reactive power is supplied with the Shunt APF. Shunt APF provides reactive
power to the load and there is no burden on main supply. Series APF has no relation with
reactive power demand of load.
Qs Ql
Fig 3.4 Reactive Power flow in system without UPQC
QL
QSh
Fig 3.5 Reactive Power flow in system with UPQC from Shunt APF
Here Qs = reactive power of source
QL= reactive power of load
Qsh = reactive power of shunt APF
Case 2
Here k<0, that is vt < vL, in this case series APF is used to supply real power to load. This
is the voltage dip (sag) condition here is will be higher than normal current. In this
required power is taken from source at increased current so that power will be balanced
in the network and DC capacitor value should be at desired level. Here series injected

power will be positive. From source to Shunt APF the real power flows, first real power
flow from source to shunt APF and then from shunt APF to series APF through DC link
capacitor and from Series APF to load. So load will get desired power during voltage sag
condition. In this case the real power absorbed by shunt APF from source is equal to real
power supplied by series APF to load. It is given in fig. 3.6.
Fig 3.6 Real power flow during Voltage dip (sag) condition
Here Ps” = power supplied form the source to load during voltage sag condition.
Psr” = series APF injected power
Psh” = shunt APF absorbed power during voltage dip condition
Psr” = Psh”
Case 3
When k>0, that is vt > vL. Here Series APF absorbs more power from source here Psr” is
negative. This happens during voltage rise (swell) condition. Here is will be lesser than
normal current. As vs is increased DC link capacitor voltage increases. Shunt APF
increases the current from supply so that the DC link voltage remains constant. UPQC
gives extra amount of power to system. Given in fig. 3.7.
Fig. 3.7 Real power flow during voltage rise condition

Here Ps” = power supplied form the source to load during voltage rise condition.
Psr” = series APF injected power;
Ps”- Psr”=required voltage by load during normal condition
Psh” = shunt APF delivered power during voltage rise condition
Psr” = Psh”
Case 4
If k=0, that is vt = vL. In this case no real power flow through UPQC and it is normal
condition of operation. Given in fig. 3.8
Fig 3.8 The real power flow in normal condition
Case 5:
If the terminal voltage is distorted one containing several harmonics ,in such case
series APF injects voltage equal to the sum of the harmonics voltages at PCC but in
opposite direction. Thus the sum of the voltages injected by series APF and distorted
voltage at PCC will get cancelled out. During this voltage harmonic compensation mode
of operation the series APF doesn’t consume any real power from source since it injects
only harmonic voltage only. Hence UPQC work in zero active power compensation
mode.
Case 6:
If the load is a non linear one producing harmonics, in such case the shunt APF injects
current equal to the sum of harmonics current but in opposite direction, thus cancelling
out any current harmonic generated by the non linear load. During this current harmonics
compensation mode of operation the shunt APF does not consume any real power from

the source since it injected only harmonic currents. Hence UPQC work in zero active
power compensation mode.
3.4 Shunt Active Power Filter

Active power filters are devices which generates the same amount of harmonics
which are generated by load but at 1800 phase shifted. Active power filters are devices
such as amplifiers etc. Shunt APF injects the compensating current in the line at the point
of common coupling (PCC) so that the current at source sides become completely
sinusoidal and free from distortions. Generally due to presence of non-linear load there is
harmonics & distortions in load current due to which source current also get effected and
source current becomes non-sinusoidal and distorted. So to remove this non-sinusoidal
behavior of source current we use Shunt APF which provides the compensating current
which is same as harmonic generated by load but 1800 phase shifted and this
compensating current is given at PCC which helps in removing distortions from source
current and makes source current completely sinusoidal. Shunt APF is also used for
reactive power compensation & it also removes all problems which arises due to current
harmonics. The control scheme used in Shunt APF is instantaneous reactive power theory
also known as “p-q theory”. p-q theory is used to generate the reference current and this
reference current is given to Hysteresis current controller along with compensating
current (actual output current) of Shunt APF. Hysteresis current controller is used to
generate gating signal which is then given to voltage source inverter.
3.4.1 Block diagram of shunt APF
Fig 3.9 Basic control design of shunt APF

In Fig.3.9 given is=source current, ic=compensating current, iL= load current, Vdc=
voltage across capacitor
3.4.2 Basic Structure of Shunt APF

Basic structure of shunt APF consists of:-
(i) DC capacitor:- It is an energy storage device which provide real power difference
between source and load during transient periods.
(ii) Voltage source inverter:- VSI is a solid state device like IGBT, GTO etc. It is used
to inject compensating current so that the harmonics present in the load current are
removed and harmonics doesn’t affect source current. And the current taken from
source is completely sinusoidal. The PWM signal is given to VSI for its operation.
(iii)Hysteresis Current Controller:- Hysteresis current controller is used to generate

PWM signal for operation of VSI. The PWM signal is obtained by the error which we
get from comparing the reference current with the actual current.
(iv) PI controller:- PI controller is used to reduce steady state error. IT is also used to
calculate Ploss.
3.4.3 Steps for controlling shunt APF
(i) Generation of reference compensating current.

(ii) Generation of gating signal by hysteresis current controller.
3.4.4 Control scheme of shunt APF
In this project the control strategy is used to compensate the current unbalance
present in the load currents by expanding the concept of single-phase p–q theory.
According to this theory, a signal-phase system can be defined as a pseudo two-phase
system by giving π/2 lead or π/2 lag, i.e., each phase voltage and current of the original
three-phase system can be considered as three independent two-phase systems. These
resultant two-phase systems can be represented in α–β coordinates, and thus, the p–q
theory applied for balanced three-phase system can also be used for each phase of
unbalanced system in-dependently. The actual load voltages and load currents are
considered as α-axis quantities, whereas the π/2 lead load or π/2 lag voltages and π/2
lead or π/2 lag load currents are considered as β-axis quantities. In this paper, π/2 lead is
considered to achieve a two-phase system for each phase. The major disadvantage of p–

q theory is that it gives poor results under distorted and/or unbalanced input/utility
voltages. In order to eliminate these limitations, the reference load voltage signals
extracted for series APF are used instead of actual load voltages.
For phase a, the load voltage and current in α–β coordinates can be represented by π/2
lead as
𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜶 𝝊∗ 𝐋𝐚 𝝎𝒕 𝐕𝑳𝒎 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕

𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜷 = 𝝊∗ 𝐋𝐚 𝒘𝒕 + 𝝅 =
𝐕𝑳𝒎 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
(𝟑. 𝟐𝟒)
𝟐
𝒊𝑳𝒂_𝜶 𝐢𝑳𝒂 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑳
= 𝛑 (3.25)
𝒊𝑳𝒂_𝜷 𝐢𝑳𝒂 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑳 +
𝟐
where vLa(ωt) represents the reference load voltage and VLm represents the desired load
voltage magnitude.
Similarly, for phase b, the load voltage and current in α–β coordinates can be represented
by π/2 lead as
𝛖𝑳𝒃_𝜶 𝝊∗ 𝐋𝐛 𝝎𝒕 𝐕𝑳𝒎 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − 𝟐𝝅/𝟑

𝛖𝑳𝒃_𝜷 = 𝝊∗ 𝐋𝐛 𝒘𝒕 + 𝝅 =
𝐕𝑳𝒎 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 − 𝟐𝝅/𝟑
(3.26)
𝟐
𝒊𝑳𝒃_𝜶 𝐢𝑳𝒃 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑳
= 𝛑 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟕)
𝒊𝑳𝒃_𝜷 𝐢𝑳𝒃 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑳 +
𝟐
In addition, for phase c, the load voltage and current in α–β coordinates can be
represented by π/2 lead as
𝟐𝝅
𝛖𝑳𝒄_𝜶 𝝊∗ 𝐋𝐜 𝝎𝒕 𝐕𝑳𝒎 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 +
𝟑
𝛖𝑳𝒄_𝜷 = 𝝊∗ 𝐋𝐜 𝒘𝒕 + 𝝅 =
𝟐𝝅
(𝟑. 𝟐𝟖)
𝟐 𝐕𝑳𝒎 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 +
𝟑
𝒊𝑳𝒄_𝜶 𝐢𝑳𝒄 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑳
= 𝛑 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟗)
𝒊𝑳𝒄_𝜷 𝐢𝑳𝒄 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑳 +
𝟐

By using the definition of three-phase p–q theory for balanced three-phase system , the
instantaneous power components can be represented as
Instantaneous active power
𝒑𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄= 𝒗𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄_𝜶 ∗ 𝒊𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄_𝜶 + 𝒗𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄𝜷 ∗ 𝒊𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄𝜷 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟎)
Instantaneous reactive power
𝒒𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄= 𝒗𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄_𝜶 ∗ 𝒊𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄_𝜷 − 𝒗𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄_𝜷 ∗ 𝒊𝑳,𝒂𝒃𝒄_𝜶 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟏)
Considering phase a, the phase-a instantaneous load active and instantaneous load
reactive powers can be represented by
𝒑𝑳𝒂 𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜶 𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜷 𝒊𝑳𝒂_𝜶

𝒒𝑳𝒂 = −𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜷 𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜶 ∗ 𝒊𝑳𝒂_𝜷 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟐)
Where
𝒑𝑳𝒂 = 𝒑𝑳𝒂 + 𝒑𝑳𝒂 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟑)
𝒒𝑳𝒂 = 𝒒𝑳𝒂 + 𝒒𝑳𝒂 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟒)
In (3.33) and (3.34), 𝑝𝐿𝑎 and 𝑞𝐿𝑎 represent the dc components that are responsible for
fundamental load active and reactive powers, whereas 𝑝𝐿𝑎 and 𝑞𝐿𝑎 represent the ac
components that are responsible for harmonic powers. The phase-a fundamental
instantaneous load active and reactive power components can be extracted from pLa and
qLa, respectively, by using a low-pass filter.
Therefore, the instantaneous fundamental load active power for phase a is given by
𝒑𝑳𝒂,𝟏 = 𝒑𝑳𝒂 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟓)
The instantaneous fundamental load reactive power for phase a is given by
𝒒𝑳𝒂,𝟏 = 𝒒𝑳𝒂 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟔)

Similarly, the fundamental instantaneous load active and the fundamental instantaneous
load reactive powers for phases b and c can be calculated.
Instantaneous fundamental load active power for phase b
𝒑𝑳𝒃,𝟏 = 𝒑𝑳𝒃 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟕)
Instantaneous fundamental load reactive power for phase b
𝒒𝑳𝒃,𝟏 = 𝒒𝑳𝒃 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟖)
Instantaneous fundamental load active power for phase c
𝒑𝑳𝒄,𝟏 = 𝒑𝑳𝒄 (𝟑. 𝟑𝟗)
Instantaneous fundamental load reactive power for phase c
𝒒𝑳𝒄,𝟏 = 𝒒𝑳𝒄 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟎)
Since the load current drawn by each phase may be different due to different loads that
may be present inside plant, therefore, the instantaneous fundamental load active and
instantaneous fundamental load reactive power demand for each phase may not be same.
In order to make this load unbalanced power demand, seen from the utility side as a
perfect balanced fundamental three–phase active power, unbalanced load power should
be properly redistributed between utility. UPQC and load, such that the total load seen by
utility would be linear and balanced load .The unbalanced or balanced reactive power
demand by the load should be handled by Shunt APF. The aforementioned task should be
achieved by summing instantaneous fundamental load active power demand of all the
three phase and redistributing it again on each utility phase, i.e., from (3.35),(3.37) and
(3.39)
𝒑𝑳,𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒑𝑳𝒂,𝟏 + 𝒑𝑳𝒃,𝟏 + 𝒑𝑳𝒄,𝟏 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟏)
𝒑𝑳,𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝒑∗ 𝒔 = 𝟑 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟐)
𝒑𝒉

Equation (3.42) gives the redistribution per phase fundamental active power demand that
each phase of utility should supply in order to achieved perfectly balanced source
currents. From (3.42), it is evident that under all the condition, the total fundamental
active power demand by the load, would be equal to the total power drawn from the
utility but with perfectly balanced way even though the load currents are unbalanced.
Thus the reference compensating currents representing a perfectly balanced three phase
system can be extracted by taking the inverse of (3.32)
𝐢∗ 𝒔𝒂_𝜶 𝒕 𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜶 𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜷 −𝟏 𝒑∗ 𝐬 + 𝒑 𝒅𝒄

= −𝛖 𝛖𝑳𝒂_𝜶 ∗ 𝐩𝐡 𝒑𝒉 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟑)
𝐢∗ 𝒔𝒂_𝜷 𝒕 𝑳𝒂_𝜷
𝟎
In (3.22), pdc/ph is the precise amount of per phase active power that should be taken from
the source in order to maintain the DC-link voltage at a constant level and to overcome
the losses associated with UPQC. The oscillating instantaneous active power 𝑝𝐿𝑎 should
be exchanged between the load and shunt APF. The reactive power term (qLa) in (3.22) is
considered as zero, since utility should not supply load reactive power demand. In the
above matrix, α-axis quantities belong to the original system under consideration and the
β-axis reference compensating currents represents the current that is at Π/2 lead with
respect to the original system.
𝛖𝐋𝐚_𝛂 𝒕
𝒊∗ 𝐬𝐚 𝒕 = ∗ 𝒑∗ 𝐬/𝐩𝐡 𝒕 + 𝒑𝒅𝒄/𝒑𝒉 (𝒕) (𝟑. 𝟒𝟒)
𝛖𝐋𝐚_𝛂 𝟐 + 𝛖𝐋𝐚_𝛃 𝟐
Similarly, the reference source current for phase b and c can be estimated as
𝛖𝐋𝐛_𝛂 𝒕
𝒊∗ 𝐬𝐛 𝒕 = ∗ 𝒑∗ 𝐬/𝐩𝐡 𝒕 + 𝒑𝒅𝒄/𝒑𝒉 (𝒕) (𝟑. 𝟒𝟓)
𝛖𝐋𝐛_𝛂 𝟐 + 𝛖𝐋𝐛_𝛃 𝟐
𝛖𝐋𝐜_𝛂 𝒕
𝒊∗ 𝐬𝐜 𝒕 = ∗ 𝒑∗ 𝐬 𝒕 + 𝒑 𝒅𝒄 𝒕 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟔)
𝛖𝐋𝐜_𝛂 𝟐 + 𝛖𝐋𝐜_𝛃 𝟐 𝐩𝐡 𝒑𝒉
The reference neutral current signal can be extracted by simply adding all the sensed load
currents, without actual neutral current sensing, as
𝐢𝑳_𝒏 𝒕 = 𝒊𝑳𝒂 𝒕 + 𝒊𝑳𝒃 𝒕 + 𝒊𝑳𝒄 𝒕 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟕)

𝒊∗ 𝐬𝐡_𝐧 𝒕 = −𝐢𝑳𝒏 𝒕 (𝟑. 𝟒𝟖)
The Propose balanced per-phase fundamental active power estimated, dc-link voltage
control loop based on PI regulator, the reference source current generation as given by
(3.44)-(3.46),and the reference neutral current generation are shown in Fig.3.11(a)-
(d),respectively.
Fig. 3.10 Flow chart of shunt APF control technique
Fig. 3.11 Shunt active filter control block diagram. (a) Proposed balanced per-phase
fundamental active power estimation. (b) DC-link voltage control loop.(c) Reference
source current generation. (d) Neutral current compensation.

3.4.5 Hysteresis Current Controller
Hysteresis controller is used as it is simple, it has fast transient response, it enhances

stability and has good accuracy. Hysteresis current controller is used for producing
switching signal by comparing the error present in the current in a fixed tolerance band.
Here comparison is done between the actual current & reference current within a fixed
tolerance band. Hysteresis current controller is used to compare current so to generate
switching signals for Shunt APF. Here the reference current ic* is compared with actual
current of shunt APF ic within a given hysteresis band. A hysteresis band is a boundary of
actual current. When ica< ( ica* −HB/2 ) then the upper switch is ON and lower switch is
OFF and the current is allowed to decay in phase it is similar for phase b and c . When
ica>( ica* +HB/2 ) then upper switch is OFF and lower switch is ON. Given in Fig. 3.12.
Fig. 3.12 Hysteresis current controller
Fig. 3.13 Principle of hysteresis current controller
The fig 3.13 shows principle of hysteresis controller here reference current is the middle
one & triangular waveform is actual current. The border of actual current is the hysteresis
band.

3.4.6 PI controller
PI controller is mainly used to reduce the steady state error. It is also used to find out the
power loss which is used in real power calculations. Power Loss can also be filter loss.
3.4.7 DC voltage regulator

It consists of a energy storage element such as capacitor. It is used to provide real power
difference between source and load during transient period. DC capacitor value should be
equal to reference value but due to changes in load condition its value decreases from
reference value.
3.5 Series Active Power Filter

A series active power filter is equipment which is used to mitigate the problems
which are caused due to voltage distortions and voltage unbalance in source voltage. The
voltage distortions and unbalance means voltage dip, voltage rise, voltage fluctuations,
voltage flicker these are removed from the source voltage by means of Series APF. A
series APF injects a voltage component in series with supply voltage and removes
harmonic component and distortions, unbalance present in voltage waveform. The series
APF is used to remove all these voltage problems from supply voltage and make load
voltage perfectly balanced and regulated. Series APF is connected in series with
transmission line with a series transformer. The turns ratio of series transformer should be
proper so that the injected voltage should come properly. Here three phase reference
voltage is calculated by transforming a-b-c to α-β-0 reference frame and again by
transforming α-β-0 to a-b-c frame. After that the reference voltage is given to hysteresis
voltage controller with the actual output voltage of series APF (voltage we got across series
transformer) and the PWM signal is generated which is given to voltage source inverter. The DC
voltage is given across VSI so to get real power difference between source and load.
3.5.1 Block Diagram of Series APF
As given in Fig.3.14, here is= source current

vinj= injected voltage across transformer
iL= load current

Vdc= dc voltage
Fig. 3.14 Basic Control design of Series APF

3.5.2 Basic structure of series APF
The basic structure of series APF contains
(i) Series Transformer

(ii) DC Voltage regulator
(iii)Voltage source inverter
(iv) Hysteresis Voltage controller
3.5.3 Steps for controlling series APF
(i) Generation of reference compensating voltage

(ii) Comparing reference compensating voltage with actual compensating voltage in
hysteresis voltage controller and generating PWM signal for voltage source inverter.
3.5.4 Control scheme of series APF
The control Strategy is basically the way to generate reference signals for both shunt and
series APFs of UPQC. The compensation effectiveness of the UPQC depends on its
ability to follow with a minimum error and time delay to calculate the reference signal to
compensate the distortions, unbalanced voltage or current or any other undesirable
condition. Unit Vector Template Generation(UVTG) technique is used to extract the
reference voltage and current signal for series and shunt APFs respectively. The
extractions of 3-phase voltage reference signals are based on unit vector template
generation. A phase locked loop(PLL) is used to extract the pure sinusoidal signal at
fundamental frequency. The PLL gives signal in terms of sine and cosine function. Here

only sine term are considered. The utility voltages are measured and are multiplied with
gain of 1/VM where VM is max value of fundamental frequency. These unit vector are
taken to PLL. The output of PLL is equal to unity terminal voltage at fundamental
frequency only. With proper phase angle shifting the unit vector template for 3 phases are
generated. As the desired value of terminal voltage is know , therefore by multiplying the
unit vector template with VLM gives the reference load signal. The reference voltages
signals are compared with actual load voltage to generate gate pulses.
Fig 3.15 Unit Vector Template Generation Scheme
3.5.5 Hysteresis Voltage Controller
A hysteresis voltage controller is used to generate the PWM signal for VSI. In this the
instantaneous value of output voltage or sensed output series APF voltage (Injected
voltage) is compared with the reference voltage vLa*. The reference signal is compare
with the load terminal voltage to generate the switching pulses. Switching occurs
whenever output voltage crosses hysteresis band. It is for the phase “a” operation for “b
and c” it is same. Whenever vLa= vLa* + 2 then upper switch is OFF and lower switch is
ON. And vLa= vLa* - 2 then upper switch is ON and lower switch is OFF. As shown in
Fig.3.16
Fig. 3.16 Hysteresis voltage controller

Fig.3.17 Principle of Hysteresis Voltage controller
3.5.6 Series Transformer
The necessary voltage which is generated by series APF so that the voltage at load side is
perfectly balanced and regulated i.e. Sinusoidal is injected into the transmission line with the
help of these transformers. The series transformer turns ratio should be suitable so that
injected voltage is suitable such that it injects a compensating voltage which will
completely make the load side voltage balanced and also it reduces the current flowing
through series inverter.
3.5.7 DC voltage regulator

A DC voltage regulator is energy storage component such as capacitor or a battery. It is
used to supply DC voltage to VSI. It is also used to provide real power difference
between source and load during transient period.

CHAPTER 4
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
4.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic
In recent years, the number and variety of applications of Fuzzy Logic (FL) have
increased significantly. The applications range from consumer products such as cameras,
camcorders, washing machines, and microwave ovens to industrial process control, medical
instrumentation, decision-support systems, and portfolio selection. To understand why use of
Fuzzy Logic has grown, it must be first understood as what is meant by Fuzzy Logic.
Fuzzy Logic has two different meanings. In a narrow sense, Fuzzy Logic is a logical
system, which is an extension of multivalve logic. However, in a wider sense Fuzzy Logic is
almost synonymous with the theory of Fuzzy sets, a theory which relates to classes of objects
with un sharp boundaries in which membership is a matter of degree. In this perspective, Fuzzy
logic in its narrow sense is a branch of Fuzzy Logic. Even in its more narrow definition, Fuzzy
logic differs both in concept and substance from traditional multivalve logical systems.
4.2 IMPORTANCE OF FUZZY LOGIC
Fuzzy logic is all about the relative importance of precision. It use as Fuzzy Logic
Toolbox software with MATLAB technical computing software as a tool for solving problems
with fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic is a fascinating area of research because it does a good job of
trading off between significance and precision something that humans have been managing for a
very long time. In this sense, fuzzy logic is both old and new because, although the modern and
methodical science of fuzzy logic is still young, the concept of fuzzy logic relies on age-old
skills of human reasoning.
4.3 Fuzzy Control
Fuzzy logic is an computing method, comparing to the traditional Boolean sets where
variables take only two values true or false. Fuzzy logic have two limits, completely true limit
take (1) value, completely false limit take (0) value and degree of truth limit taken between (0< t
< 1). The term “fuzzy logic” was introduced at 1965 by LotfiAZadeh. Fuzzy logic has been

applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence, generally “error” and
“change of error”, for the process state and applying rules to decide a level of output.
There are a lot of models of FLC,but the most famous ones are the mamdani model,
Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) model and KosKo’s additive model (SAM). This paper uses
mamdani’s model as given in fig.3 .The operational features of the FLC is explained in
following.
The transfer function of the system is a ratio of the output to input in the Laplace domain.
Laplace transformation of sensor and electrical and mechanical equations are shown below:
Fig.4.1 sample model of fuzzy logic
4.3.1 Fuzzification: Fuzzification means converting a crisp value of process variable into a
fuzzy set. In fuzzy set, numbers are converted into letters.
4.3.2 Rule base: It consists of the IF-THEN rules, many approaches taken in determining the
relation of the fuzzy rules are given below.
MamdaniìR(x,y) = min[ìA(x),ìB(y)].
ZadehìR(x,y) = max{min[ìA(x),ìB(y)], 1 - ìA(x)}.
LarsenìR(x,y) = ìA(x) . ìB(y). LukasiewiczìR(x,y) = min{ 1, [ 1 - ìA(x) + ìB(y)]}
The rule can be represents using these forms: : IF error is zero AND change of error is zero
THEN change of voltage is zero
R1: IF x is A1 THEN y is C1
R2: IF x is A2 THEN y is C2

............
............
............
Rn: IF x is An THEN y is Cn
It can also be represented by using Table 4.1:
TABLE 4.1 SIMPLE RULE BASE
Error[E]
Change of Error[CE] N P Z
N N N Z
Z N Z P
P Z P P
Where
E: Error
CE: Change of error
N: Negative
Z: Zero
P:Positive
4.3.3 Defuzzification : Defuzzification operation is the reverse of the fuzzification operation
which means the conversion of the fuzzy output values into crisp values. There are many type of
defuzzification:
 Mean of Maximum method (MoM)

 Center of Area (CoA)
 Center of Maximum (CoM)

4.4 .Fuzzy Logic Controller Design
Fuzzy logic controller is applied to single-axis levitation system. The best choice to get
robust, flexible, faster and real time speed control was to use Mamdani model for fuzzy
controller. In that two input error and change of error (e, ce) and one output change of voltage
(cv), seven membership (triangular, Z membership) functions were used for Fuzzification step
with selected range [-1,1] for the inputs and output. The Fig.4 shows membership function of the
fuzzy controller using GUI fuzzy toolbox of MATLAB software. Rule base of the system is
given in Table 2.
Fig. 4.2. Memberships of Inputs and Output Fuzzy Controller
TABLE 4.2 RULE BASE
CE NL NM NS EZ PS PM PL
NL NL NL NL NL NM NS NL
NM NL NL NL NM NS EZ NM
NS NL NL NM NS EZ PS NS
EZ NL NM NS EZ PS PM EZ
PS NM NS EZ PS PM PL PS
PM NS EZ PS PM PL PL PM
PL EZ PS PM PL PL PL PL

Where
CE: Change of Error
E: Error
LN: Large Negative
MN: Medium Negative
SN: Small Negative
ZE: Zero
SP: Small Positive
MP: Medium Positive
LP: Large Positive
4.5 APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY LOGIC:
Almost any control system can be replaced with a fuzzy logic based control system. This
may be overkill in many places however it simplifies the design of many more complicated
cases. So fuzzy logic is not the answer to everything, it must be used when appropriate to
provide better control. If a simple closed loop or PID controller works fine then there is no need
for a fuzzy controller. There are many cases when tuning a PID controller or designing a control
system for a complicated system is overwhelming, this is where fuzzy logic gets its chance to
shine.
One of the most famous applications of fuzzy logic is that of the Sendai Subway system
in Sendai, Japan. This control of the Nanboku line, developed by Hitachi, used a fuzzy controller
to run the train all day long. This made the line one of the smoothest running subway systems in
the world and increased efficiency as well as stopping time. This is also an example of the earlier
acceptance of fuzzy logic in the east since the subway went into operation in 1988.
The most tangible applications of fuzzy logic control have appeared commercial
appliances. Specifically, but not limited to heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)

systems. These systems use fuzzy logic thermostats to control the heating and cooling, this saves
energy by making the system more efficient. It also keeps the temperature more steady than a
traditional thermostat.
Another significant area of application of fuzzy control is in industrial automation. Fuzzy

logic based PLCs have been developed by companies like Moeller. These PLCs, as well as other
implementations of fuzzy logic, can be used to control any number of industrial processes.
Fuzzy logic also finds applications in many other systems. For example, the MASSIVE
3D animation system for generating crowds uses fuzzy logic for artificial intelligence. This
program was used extensively in the making of the Lord of the Rings trilogy as well as The Lion,
The Witch and the Wardrobe films.
As a final example of fuzzy logic, it can be used in areas other than simply control. Fuzzy
logic can be used in any decision making process such as signal processing or data analysis. An
example of this is a fuzzy logic system that analyzes a power system and diagnoses any
harmonic disturbance issues. The system analyzes the fundamental voltage, as well as third, fifth
and seventh harmonics as well as the temperature to determine if there is cause for concern in the
operation of the system.

CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
5.1 MATLAB
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing

environment and fourth-generation programming language. A proprietary programming
language developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of
functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and
interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and
Python.
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional

toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing
abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and
model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems.
5.2 Simulink
Simulink, developed by Math Works, is a graphical programming environment

for modelling, simulating and analyzing multi domain dynamic systems. Its primary
interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries.
It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive
MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in automatic control and digital
signal processing for multi domain simulation and Model-Based Design.
Used to model, analyze and simulate dynamic systems using block diagrams.
Fully integrated with MATLAB, easy and fast to learn and flexible. It has comprehensive
block library which can be used to simulate linear, non–linear or discrete systems –
excellent research tools.C codes can be generated from Simulink models for embedded
applications and rapid prototyping of control systems.

5.3 Simulation Results of 3P4W System Without Compensation
The circuit show in the figure 1.2 is realized using simulink software and is shown in
figure below
Fig. 5.1 Simulation Circuit of 3P4W Distribution System Netural from Δ-Υ
Transformer (Uncompensated)
Fig 5.2 Simulation Results of 3P4W Distribution System Netural from Δ-Υ
Transformer (Uncompensated) (a.)Source Voltage (b.)Source Current (c.)Load
Voltage (e.)Load Current
Fig 5.3 FFT Response of Uncompensated System (a.)THD of Load Voltage=12.71%
(b.) THD of Source Current=8.88%
5.4 Simulation Results of 3P4W System With Compensation
Simulation results circuit for 3P4W distribution system with UPQC using pi controller is
show in fig.5.5 and fig. 5.6. The Plant load is assumed to be combination of balanced
three phase diode bridge rectifier with R-L load, which act as harmonic generation load,
and three different single-phase load on each phase, with different load active and
reactive power demand.
Simulation results circuit for 3P4W distribution system with UPQC using hybrid fuzzy
logic controller is show in fig 5.7 and fig 5.8.

Fig 5.4 Simulation Circuit of 3Phase Distribution sytem with UPQC
Fig 5.5 Simulation Results of 3P4W Distribution system using UPQC with PI
controller (a.) Source Voltage (vs_abc) (b.)Load Voltage(vL_abc) (c.) Load Current
(iL_abc) (d.) Shunt Filter Currents(ish_abc)

Fig 5.6 FFT Response of Source Voltage and Load Current (a.)THD of Load
Voltage = 4.00% (b.) THD of Source Current = 2.30%
TABEL 5.1 SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Vs(peak-peak) 100v
F 60hz
Ls 10-4mH
Series Filter Impedance 0.1Ω
Rse ;Lse 3mH
Shunt Filter Impedance 0.1Ω
Rsh ;Lsh 3mH
Load Paramaters a.Three phase diode bridge rectifier
with R-L load R=10Ω L=5mH
b.Three Single Phase Load
A: 1000W and 600Var
B: 750W and 400Var
C: 1400W and 1200Var

Fig. 5.7 Simulation Results of 3P4W Distribution system using UPQC with Hybrid
Fuzzy controller (a.)Source Voltage(vs_abc) (b.) Load Voltage(vL_abc) (c.) Series Filter
Injected Voltage (Vinj_abc) (d.)Source Current (is_abc) (e.)Load Current(iL_abc)
(f.)Shunt Filter Current(ish_abc)
Fig.5.8 FFT Response of System Using Hybrid Fuzzy (a.) THD of Load
Voltage=1.51% (b.) THD of Source Current=2.30%

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTHURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
The Power quality in a 3Phase Distribution system is improved by using united

power quality controlled (UPQC) based on hybrid fuzzy controller(FC+PI).By using
UPQC based on hybrid fuzzy logic controller the total harmonic distortion(THD) of load
voltage is reduced. The Series active filter was able to maintain the terminal voltage at
rated value when subjected to a voltage sag by injecting required voltage in the system.
The shunt filter was able to reduce the harmonics content in source current, thus reducing
THD of source current. By using a three phase four leg voltage source inverter as shunt
filter 3P4W system is realized from existing 3P3W system where UPQC is installed to
improve power quality. The Neutral current that flow toward the transformer neutral
point is effectively compensated.
6.2 Further Scope
The further development of the project can be done on Active filters (Series APF
and Shunt APF) used in UPQC.A multi level inverters can be designed to operate as
active filters where the level of harmonic content is reduced. Thus there can be further
reduction in THD. Advance PWM technique like Space Vector Modulation techniques
(SVM) can used in place of Hysteresis PWM technique where switching frequency of
inverter switches is increased.

REFERENCES
[1] V. Khadkikar, and A. Chandra, “A novel structure for three-phase four-wire

distribution system utilizing unified power quality conditioner (UPQC),” IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1897–1902, Sep./Oct. 2009.
[2] B. Singh, K. Al-Haddad, and A. Chandra, “A review of active power filters for
power quality improvement,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 960–971,
Oct. 1999.
[3] C. A. Quinn and N. Mohan, “Active filtering of harmonic currents in three-phase,
four-wire systems with three-phase and single-phase nonlinear loads,” in Proc. 7th IEEE
APEC, 1992, pp. 829–836.
[4] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae, “Instantaneous reactive power
compensators comprising switching devices without energy storage com-ponents,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-20, no. 3, pp. 625–630, May/Jun. 1984.
[5] Y. Komatsu and T. Kawabata, “A control method of active power filter in
unsymmetrical and distorted voltage system,” in Proc. Conf. IEEE Power Convers., 1997,
vol. 1, pp. 161–168.
[6] M. T. Haque, “Single-phase PQ theory,” in Proc. 33rd IEEE PESC, 2002, vol. 4,
pp. 1815–1820.
[7] J. M. Correa, S. Chakraborty, M. G. Simoes, and F. A. Farret, “A sin-gle phase
high frequency AC microgrid with an unified power quality conditioner,” in Conf. Rec.
38th IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 2003, vol. 2,pp.956–962.
[8] V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A. O. Barry, and T. D. Nguyen, “Application of
UPQC to protect a sensitive load on a polluted distribution network,” in Proc. IEEE PES
General Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2006, 6 pp.
[9] V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A. O. Barry, and T. D. Nguyen, “Conceptual analysis
of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC),” in Proc. IEEE ISIE, 2006, pp. 1088–1093.
[10] M. Aredes, K. Heumann, and E. H. Watanabe, “An universal active power line
conditioner,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 545–551, Apr. 1998.
[11] R. Faranda and I. Valade, “UPQC compensation strategy and design aimed at
reducing losses,” in Proc. IEEE ISIE, 2002, vol. 4, pp.1264–1270.

[12] G. Chen, Y. Chen, and K. M. Smedley, “Three-phase four-leg active power quality
conditioner without references calculation,” in Proc. 19th IEEE APEC, 2004, vol. 1, pp.
829–836.
[13.] P. Acuna,˜ L. Moran, M. Rivera, J. Dixon, and J. Rodrigues “Improved active

power filter performance for renewable power generation systems,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 687–694, Feb. 2014.
[14.] A. K. Ramasamy, R. Krishnan Iyer, V. K. Ramachandaramuthy and R. N.

Mukerjee, "Dynamic Voltage Restorer For Voltage Sag Compensation," 2005
International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005, pp. 1289-
1294.

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Conditioner using Fuzzy Logic Controller to Improve Power Quality” after review in refereed
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Design of Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Fuzzy Logic Controller To Improve Power Quality

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DESIGN OF UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER USING

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY

Under the guidance of

This is to certify that the thesis / dissertation entitled “DESIGN OF UNIFIED

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

V.NAGARAJU NAYAK M.Tech , K.SAI SARITHA M.Tech,

VELAGALA L S S PHANI REDDY

Unified power quality conditioner is a series parallel compensating FACTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION (01-08)

CHAPTER 4 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER (48-53)

TABEL NO. TABEL Page No.

2.1 List of Non Linear Loads 10

1.2 Literature Survey

B. Singh, K. Al-Haddad, and A. Chandra in their paper has proposed Three-phase

H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae in their paper has proposed about

Y. Komatsu and T. Kawabata in their paper has proposed a control strategy of

J. M. Correa, S. Chakraborty, M. G. Simoes, and F. A. Farret in their paper has

V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A. O. Barry, and T. D. Nguyen in their paper

V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A. O. Barry, and T. D. Nguyen in their paper

M. Aredes, K. Heumann, and E. H. Watanabe has proposed The power circuit of a

P. Acuna, L. Moran, M. Rivera, J. Dixon, and J. Rodrigues in their paper

1.3 Research motivation

1.4 PROPOSED 3P4W DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM UTILIZING UPQC

Fig. 1.3 3P3W UPQC structure.

1.5 Organizing of Thesis:

In Chapter 2 there is a discussion about power quality and introduction to FACTS

In Chapter 4 Introduction to fuzzy logic and design of Fuzzy Logic controller

In Chapter 5 simulation results are given and they are discussed.

POWER QUALITY AND FACTS DEVICES

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY

2..2 Linear and Non- linear loads

2.2.1 Linear load

According to this law if waveform of voltage is sinusoidal then the waveform of

Example of linear loads are

2. Inductive loads: Induction motors, Induction generators

3.Capactive Loads: Insulated Cables , Underground cables, Capacitor used in Harmonic

2.2.2 Non-Linear loads

Power Electronic ARC Devices

2.3.1 Short duration voltage variation

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 10

Fig. 2.1 Voltage Sag

Fig. 2.2 Voltage Swell

(iii) Interruption:- Interruption is degradation in current or line voltage up to 0.1 pu of

Fig. 2.3 Voltage Interruption

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 11

Fluctuations in voltage is irregular or repeated variations in magnitude of source voltage

Fig. 2.4 Voltage Fluctuations

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 12

Voltage unbalances occur when there is difference in magnitude of phases or line

Fig. 2.5 Impulsive transients

Fig. 2.6 Voltage oscillations

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 13

(i) DC Offset:- A DC offset is a presence of DC voltage or current in a AC power

2.4 Power definitions

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 14

𝑷= 𝑷𝒏 = 𝑽𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝑰𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒌 (𝟐. 𝟔)

𝑸= 𝑸𝒏 = 𝑽𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝑰𝒌𝑹𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒌 (𝟐. 𝟕)

2.6 Harmonics Indices

2.6.1 Total harmonic distortion (THD): The THD of a signal is measurement of

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 15

𝟐 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

2.7 Problems caused by harmonics

2.7.1 Problem Caused by Harmonics in Installation