REPORT FOR VISIT TO CLEANSE PUREWATER FACTORY, POWERLINE

ROAD, MORO, OSUN STATE.

The essence of water cannot be overemphasized in the life of mankind. It serves multipurpose

and diverse functions in human life, therefore it is important that it is pure and potable. In order

to appreciate this most important process of water purification, the visit to the CLEANSE water

factory was made, the process of water manufacture process starts from the harnessing of the

water to the filtration process and final packaging.

The borehole’s pipe runs water by a pipe to the raw water store. The water is then passed

to the sand filter when the water pass through filtration by sand. The filtered water runs through

another pipe to the carbon filter. The pumping machine then runs the carbon filtered water to

the treatment water. Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a bed of activated

carbon to remove contaminants and impurities, using chemical adsorption.

Each particle/granule of carbon provides a large surface area/pore structure, allowing

contaminants the maximum possible exposure to the active sites within the filter media. One

pound (454 g) of activated carbon contains a surface area of approximately 100 acres (~40

Hectares). Activated carbon works via a process called adsorption, whereby pollutant

molecules in the fluid to be treated are trapped inside the pore structure of the carbon substrate.

Carbon filtering is commonly used for water purification, in air purifiers and industrial gas

processing, for example the removal of siloxanes and hydrogen sulfide from biogas. It is also

used in a number of other applications, including respirator masks, the purification of sugarcane

and in the recovery of precious metals, especially gold. It is also used in cigarette filters. Active

charcoal carbon filters are most effective at removing chlorine, sediment, volatile organic

compounds (VOCs), taste and odor from water. They are not effective at removing minerals,

salts, and dissolved inorganic compounds.

Typical particle sizes that can be removed by carbon filters range from 0.5 to 50 micrometres.

The particle size will be used as part of the filter description. The efficacy of a carbon filter is

also based upon the flow rate regulation. When the water is allowed to flow through the filter

at a slower rate, the contaminants are exposed to the filter media for a longer amount of time.

The treated water is pumped into the production room. The water passes through the candle

filter to the ultraviolet light where the final pure water is achieved and the water is passed to

the automated machine that produces the sealed water where it is packaged.

In order to conform with NAFDAC (National Agency for Food, Drug Administration

and Control) rules, certain measures are implemented such as the use of bore hole water in

preference to tap water as instructed by NAFDAC. Also building enclosure such as a fence is

mandated by NAFDAC’s order and more importantly a generator encampment is also to be

installed.

The buildings surroundings must be clean and free from hindering particles and

dismemebered window frame is not allowed. PVC ( poly vinyl chloride) ceiling is to be used

instead of asbestos. Also a minimum of 5- rooms is required in the building. The rooms are

;production room, cloak room, finished production room, office and raw material room. A tiled

floorfinish is also to be used as instructed by NAFDAC. All these measures were implemented

by the water factory.

 TABLE OF DATA IN CONFORMATION WITH NAFDAC GUIDELINES

S/N NAFDAC GUIDELINES

1 There should be adequate personnel to perform and supervise the production and Yes

packaging of potable water

2 The entire factory premises should be fenced to demarcate it from all other Yes

buildings

3 Personnel should be adequately clad in overall, hand gloves, nose/mouth masks, Yes

headgears and rubbershoes.

Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable

material and should have smooth surface.

4 The factory must not be sited (located) near a cemetery, abattoir, quarry, sewage Yes

treatment plant, sawmill, oil depot (Petroleum and Vegetable) or anysuch

establishment

5 Presence of Cloak room Yes

6 Floor should be covered with easy to clean durable materials in production room Yes

7 Ventilation and Illumination should be adequate in production room No

8 An Ultraviolet sterilizing lamp should be provided and bulb changed when spent. Yes

8 Drainage system should be adequate to prevent flooding. Yes

9 The source of water could either be from a borehole of minimum depths of 100ft or Yes

150ft

10 All tanks should be made of PVC or stainless steel. No

11 All pipes should be made of stainless steel or PVC. Use of galvanized iron pipes is No

not allowed.

12 Taps should be made of stainless steel or PVC mounted on a stainless steel sink No

13 Any building used in the manufacture, processing and packaging of potable water No

should be maintained in a hygienic condition

14 The building for the production of potable water should be purpose built or suitably No

adapted to comprise a minimum of five rooms designated as the cloak room,

packaging material store, production room and finished product store and Office

15 Windows should and be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such No

a way as not to trap dust.

16 Pallets/shelves (not wooden) should be provided. No

Cleanse water factory satisfied 9 out of 16 guidelines leading them to a 56.25% conformation.
REPORT FOR VISIT TO ELION WATER FACTORY, MORO, OSUN STATE.

The water is pumped into the storage tank elevated by situating it on a slab. Through

series of well-arranged pipes, the water flows to the sand filter from which it flows to the carbon

filter. The water is then passed through the candle filter to the sealing machine. Ceramic candle

filters are simple devices made out of clay and used to filter drinking water in order to removes

turbidity, suspended materials and pathogens. Removal takes place by physical process such

as mechanical trapping and adsorption on the ceramic candles, which have micro-scale pores.

Water is poured into the upper of two container and flows through a candle situated in the

bottom. Once the water has passed through the candle, it is collected in the lower container.

This system both treats the water and provides safe storage until it is used. The filters are easy

to assemble and no energy is required. Maintenance includes frequent scrubbing with a brush

and proper care during transport and its use. They can be constructed with locally available

material, which can contribute to the development of local commerce.

The use of ceramic material for the filtration of drinking water is one of the oldest drinking

water treatments. Nowadays, the ceramic candle filters and the colloidal silver filter (see also

the colloidal silver filter factsheet) are the most widely used. The devices consist of two

compartments, which allow simultaneous treatment and save storage of the drinking water.

Candle filters are used in various countries and produced by a range of manufacturers around

the globe.

Ceramic candle filters basically consist of an upper and a lower container, one or more ceramic

candles in between, a tap and a lid. Usually the containers have a diameter of about 30 by 25

cm depth for a treatment capacity of about 8 L and a flow rate of 1-2 L per hour per candle.

The ceramic candles are screwed into the base of the upper container. To the lower container
is attached a tap that allow to withdraw safe water without risking recontamination. A lid is

placed on top of the upper container to prevent contamination.

Candles can have very slow flow rates, so it is common to use two or more candles in one filter.

The candles are made up of clay and the container can be made from plastic, aluminium,

copper, steel or clay material. Though clay containers keep water cold and tasty, due to its

fragile nature other materials nowadays replace it.

How Does It Work?

Water is poured into the upper container and flows through the candle and collects in lower

container. Turbidity, suspended materials and pathogens are removed from water through

mechanical trapping and adsorption in micro-scale pores of ceramic candles. Colloidal silver

is sometimes used in candle for more effective pathogen removal.

Care and Maintenance

Water should be poured slowly into the container, not above the candle as regular water

pressure may damage fragile candle. Candle needs to be replaced if any cracks are found:

cracks will reduce the effectiveness since water can pass through that crack without being

filtered through the ceramic pores.

Candle needs regular cleaning, particularly when the flow rate slows down. The candle is

cleaned by (slightly) scrubbing the candle surface with a soft scrubber brush or cloth to remove

any accumulated dirt. Only clean water (no soap, chlorine or other chemicals!!!) should be used

for cleaning. The candle should not be touched with dirty hands, and not placed on a dirty

surface during cleaning. Storage containers, tap and lid should be cleaned on a regular basis

using soap and water.

 Ultraviolet Disinfection

•May be considered for approval as a primary disinfection treatment if UV treatment guidelines

are met –Source of supply is groundwater .Bacteria is documented to be coming from the

groundwater source (not in distribution system)

Advantages

–No chemicals

–Instantaneous bacteria inactivation

–Low maintenance –

Can be installed in a relatively small space if pre-treatment is not necessary

–Relatively low initial and maintenance costs compared to chlorination systems

Disadvantages

–No disinfectant residual

–Will only be effective if the bacteria source is entering the water system prior to the UV unit

–Pretreatment may be necessary for raw water with moderate to high mineral content

–May require units to be installed in parallel if water system cannot be shut down to allow for

UV maintenance or replacement

TABLE OF DATA IN CONFORMATION WITH NAFDAC GUIDELINES

S/N NAFDAC GUIDELINES

1 There should be adequate personnel to perform and supervise the production and Yes

packaging of potable water

2 The entire factory premises should be fenced to demarcate it from all other Yes

buildings

3 Personnel should be adequately clad in overall, hand gloves, nose/mouth masks, Yes

headgears and rubbershoes.

Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable

material and should have smooth surface.

4 The factory must not be sited (located) near a cemetery, abattoir, quarry, sewage Yes

treatment plant, sawmill, oil depot (Petroleum and Vegetable) or anysuch

establishment

5 Presence of Cloak room No

6 Floor should be covered with easy to clean durable materials in production room No

7 Ventilation and Illumination should be adequate in production room Yes

8 An Ultraviolet sterilizing lamp should be provided and bulb changed when spent. Yes

8 Drainage system should be adequate to prevent flooding. Yes

9 The source of water could either be from a borehole of minimum depths of 100ft or Yes

150ft

10 All tanks should be made of PVC or stainless steel. Yes

11 All pipes should be made of stainless steel or PVC. Use of galvanised iron pipes is No

notallowed.

12 Taps should be made of stainless steel or PVC mounted on a stainless steel sink No
13 Any building used in the manufacture, processing and packaging of potable water No

should be maintained in a hygienic condition

14 The building for the production of potable water should be purpose built or suitably No

adapted to comprise a minimum of five rooms designated as the cloak room,

packaging material store, production room and finished product store and Office

15 Windows should and be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such Yes

a way as not to trap dust.

16 Pallets/shelves (not wooden) should be provided. No

Elion water factory conformed to 10 of 16 regulations leading them to a 62.5% conformation

with NAFDAC guidelines

NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUGADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL

GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF PACKAGED WATER PLANT IN NIGERIA

GENERAL

These guidelines are for the general public, corporate organizations and individuals that wish

to engage in production of packaged potable water for public consumption.

These guidelines prescribe the minimum GMP requirements for personnel, materials, machine

and environment for production of potable water.

It is important to note that no packaged water should be manufactured, advertised, sold or

distributed in Nigeria unless it has been registered in accordance with the provisions of Act

Cap F33 LFN 2004 and the accompanying guidelines.

ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL

There should be an adequate organizational structure that clearly defines

a) Responsibility

b) Authority

c) Qualification of Personnel

There should be adequate personnel to perform and supervise the production and packaging

of potable water. Production of potable water must be under the supervision of a production

manager who must possess a minimum of ordinary National Diploma in a science based

course obtained from a recognised tertiary institution.

In house and In process Quality Control of functions can be carried out by the production

manager while comprehensive/detailed product analysis should be performed by public

analyst registered by the Institute of Public Analyst of Nigeria (IPAN)

Personnel should be adequately clad in overall, hand gloves, nose/mouth masks, headgears

and rubber shoes.

BUILDING(S)

The entire factory premises should be fenced to demarcate it from all other buildings

(residential or commercial).

The factory must not be sited (located) near a cemetery, abattoir, quarry, sewage treatment

plant, sawmill, oil depot (Petroleum and Vegetable) or anysuch establishment that could be a

source of contamination for processing, production and packaging of potable waterThe

building should be designed to allow for free flow of personnel and materials to prevent cross

contamination. The building for the production of potable water should be purpose built or

suitably adapted to comprise a minimum of five rooms designated as the cloak room,

packaging material store, production room and finished product store and Office

CLOAK ROOM:

a. Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and

should have smooth surface.

b. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and

should have smooth surface.

c. Windows should and be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such a way

as not to trap dust.

d. Wall hangers/cupboard should be provided.

e. Shoe rack/lockers should be provided.

f. Ventilation and Illumination should be adequate.

g. A netted door at the entrance should be provided.

PACKAGING MATERIALS STORE:

a. Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and

should have smooth surface.

b. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable materialand
should have smooth surface.

c. Windows if present should be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such a

way as not to trap dust.

d. Pallets/shelves (not wooden) should be provided.

e. Ventilation and Illumination should be adequate.

f. An Ultraviolet sterilizing lamp should be provided and bulb changed when spent.

PRODUCTION ROOM:

a. Floor should be covered with easy to clean durable materials.

b. Drainage system should be adequate to prevent flooding.

c. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable materialand

should have smooth surface.

d. Windows should be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructedin such a way as not

to trap dust.

e. An air conditioner should be provided.

FINISHED PRODUCT STORE:

a. Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durablematerial and

should have smooth surface.

b. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and

should have smooth surface.

c. Windows should be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructedin such a way as not

to trap dust.

d. Pallets/shelves (not wooden) should be provided.

e. A netted door should be provided at the exit.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT:

SOURCE OF WATER

The source of water could either be from a borehole of minimum depths of 100ft or 150ft

depending on topography of the location. Water could also be found through public mains

provided by the local water cooperation. Use of dug out well is not allowed. Water source

should be at least 30-50m away from the nearest septic tank which may or may not be

situated within the premises.

TANKS AND RESERVOIR

All tanks should be made of PVC or stainless steel. Underground reservoir (where available)

should be made of concrete and fully tiled.

PIPES

All pipes should be made of stainless steel or PVC. Use of galvanised iron pipes is not

allowed.

TAPS

Taps should be made of stainless steel or PVC mounted on a stainless steel sink.

FORM FILLING AND SEALING MACHINE

The form filling and sealing machine (where available) should be designed to minimize man-

material contact, safe to use, easy to clean and environmentally friendly. The equipment may

be a fully or semi-automated device.

RAW WATER TANK (should be PVC or stainless steel, chlorination to be done here)

BOREHOLE

(100-150ft)minimum

INDUSTRIAL MODULES (should consist of graded sand bed filter and activated carbon)

UV STERILISER

TREATED WATER TANK (Should be PVC orStainless Steel)

PRODUCTION LINE

WASHING AND TOILET FACILITIES

Adequate, clean washing and toilet facilities should be provided for personnel Washing

facilities should be equipped with soap or detergent, air driers or single-service towels. This

should be walled and floored with easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable

material and should have smooth surface.

Toilets should be away from the production or storage areas and should be easily accessible

to production area.

Sewage, refuse and other wastes within the premises should be disposed of in a safe and

sanitary manner.

SANITATION

Any building used in the manufacture, processing and packaging of potable water should be

maintained in a hygienic condition. Standard operating procedures assigning responsibility for

cleaning must be in place. The SOP should describe in sufficient details, the cleaning schedules

as well as equipment and materials to be used in cleaning the buildings and facilities. The

building should be regularly fumigated with approved fumigants in accordance with the food

and drug act and the pesticides registration regulation of NAFDAC.