Chapter 5 Indices and Logarithms

5.1 Indices and Laws of Indices

1. 𝑝 𝑥+2 × 𝑝2𝑥−3
𝑘 4𝑝−1 ÷ 𝑘 2𝑝+3
(ℎ5𝑝 )3
a. 𝑏2𝑝−4 × 𝑏3𝑝+1
b. 𝑓 𝑝−1 ÷ 𝑓 2𝑝−5
c. (𝑔2𝑘 )4
2. 33𝑛+1 × 9 ÷ 27𝑛+1
a. 52𝑛+1 ÷ 25𝑛−1 × 125𝑛+1
23𝑛+1 ×4𝑛−1
b. 1
𝑛−1
83
𝑛+1
3. 2 + 2𝑛+2
3𝑛+1 − 3𝑛−1
a. 3𝑛+2 + 3𝑛+1
b. 5𝑛+2 − 5𝑛+1
c. 2𝑛+1 − 2𝑛−2
d. 3𝑛 − 3𝑛+1 + 3𝑛+2
4. Simplify 5𝑛+2 − 5𝑛 − 25(5𝑛−1 ) in the form 𝑘 (5𝑛 ), where 𝑘 is a constant.
a. Simplify 2𝑛+3 − 2𝑛+2 − 2𝑛 in the form 𝑘(2𝑛 ), where 𝑘 is a constant.
b. Simplify 3𝑛+1 + 3𝑛 + 9(3𝑛−2 ) in the form 𝑘(3𝑛 ), where 𝑘 is a constant.
5. Show that 3𝑛 − 3𝑛+1 + 3𝑛+2 is divisible by 7 for all positive integers of 𝑛.
a. Show that 5𝑛+2 − 7(5𝑛 ) − 25(5𝑛−1 ) is divisible by 13 for all positive integers of 𝑛.
b. Show that 7𝑛 + 7𝑛+1 − 21(7𝑛−1 ) is divisible by 5 for all positive integers of 𝑛.
Exercise 1
1. Simplify each of the following.
a. 23𝑛+1 × 2−3𝑛 × 8 (Ans: 16)
b. 31−𝑛 × 27𝑛+1 ÷ 9𝑛+1 (Ans: 9)
c. 73 × 492𝑛−1 ÷ 74𝑛+1 (Ans: 1)
2. Simplify each of the following.
1 2
− −
(𝑥 3 𝑦 3 )
a. 1 (Ans: 1)
(𝑥 2 𝑦 4 )−6
3
(𝑡 𝑥+1 𝑠 𝑦+2 )
b. (Ans: 𝑡 3𝑥 𝑠 6 )
𝑡 3 𝑠 3𝑦
3 2 2
2𝑥 2 9𝑦 2 9𝑦 2
c. [( ) ( 3
) ] (Ans: )
3𝑦 4𝑥 4
3𝑛
3 ×3 2−𝑛 1
d. (Ans: )
34 ×32𝑛+1 27
3. Show that
9
a. 32−𝑥 =
3𝑥
2𝑥+3
b. 2 = 8 × 4𝑥
125
c. 53−2𝑛 = 𝑛
25
d. 7𝑛 × 49𝑚 = 7𝑛+2𝑚
4. Simplify each of the following.
a. 2𝑛+3 − 2𝑛 (Ans: 7(2𝑛 ))
b. 32𝑛−1 + 9𝑛 (Ans: 4(32𝑛−1 ))
2𝑥
c. 8 3 + 42+𝑥 (Ans: 17(22𝑥 ))
d. 4𝑥+2 − 2𝑥 × 8(2𝑥−1 ) (Ans: 3(22𝑥+2 ))
5. Show that 7𝑛 + 7𝑛+1 + 7𝑛+2 is divisible by 19 for all positive integers of 𝑛.
6. Show that 4𝑛+1 − 4𝑛 + 4𝑛−1 is divisible by 13 for all positive integers of 𝑛.
12𝑛 +6𝑛
7. Given that 𝑀 = , simplify the equation. (Ans: 𝑀 = 2𝑛 )
6𝑛 +3𝑛
7𝑥−2 −7𝑥+1 171
8. Find the value of . (Ans: − )
7𝑥−1 +7𝑥+2 1024
1 1
9. Show that + = 1.
𝑎𝑥−𝑦 +1 𝑎𝑦−𝑥 +1
1 1
10. Given that + = 𝑎, find the value of 𝑎.
1−𝑥 𝑝−𝑞 1−𝑥 𝑞−𝑝
5.1 Solving Equation that Involve Indices
1. 8𝑥+1 = 16
9𝑥 . 3𝑥−1 = 81
a. 2𝑥+1 = 32
b. 3.9𝑥+1 = 27𝑥−1
8𝑥
c. = 21−𝑥
4
2
d. 5𝑥 = 256−2𝑥
2. √8𝑥+1 = 4𝑥+2
a. √3𝑥+2 = 9𝑥+4
3
b. √25𝑥−1 = 125𝑥+2
3. 3𝑥+2 − 3𝑥 = 24
52𝑥 − 52𝑥−1 = 100
a. 2𝑥+2 + 2𝑥 = 40
b. 3𝑥+3 − 3𝑥 = 234
c. 32𝑥−1 + 32𝑥−2 = 12
9
d. 2𝑥+2 + 2𝑥−1 =
8

4. Solve the simultaneous equation.

23𝑥
= 32
4𝑦
5𝑥 . 25𝑦−1 = 3125
Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
27𝑚
a. = 81
9𝑛

2 × 4𝑚 = 32𝑛
b. 5𝑝 . 252𝑞 = 125
2𝑝 1
=
4𝑞 8
Exercise 2
1. Solve each of the following equations.
1
a. 2𝑥 . 82𝑥−1 = 4𝑥−1 (Ans: )
5
𝑥2 6−2𝑥
b. 3 = 9 (Ans: 2, −6)
𝑥+4 𝑥+1
c. 3(9 ) = 27 (Ans: 6)
𝑥+1 𝑥
d. 5 + 5 = 150 (Ans: 2)
25
e. 125𝑥−1 = √5𝑥+3 (Ans: 1)
1
f. 3𝑦 × 9𝑦+1 = 271−2𝑦 (Ans: )
9
𝑥+3 𝑥+1
g. 2 −2 = 96 (Ans: 4)
h. 25(5 ) − 5𝑥 = 100 (Ans: 2)
𝑥−1
1
i. 64(163𝑥 ) − 1 = 0 (Ans: − )
2
2𝑥−1
j. 5 − 120 = 5 (Ans: 2)
1 6
2. Solve the equation √32𝑥−2 = 𝑥 . (Ans: 𝑥 = )
4 ×2𝑥+2 11
2
3. Given that 23𝑥+1 × 5𝑥−1 = 16 × 5 , find the value of 10𝑥 . (Ans: )
𝑥 2𝑥
5
𝑏 3
4. Given that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = when 𝑥 = 4, find the values of 𝑎 and
8
𝑏. (Ans: 𝑎 = 24, 𝑏 = −3)
5. If 6𝑥+𝑦 = 1 and 93𝑥−𝑦 = 81, find the numerical value of
1
a. 8𝑦−𝑥 (Ans: )
8
b. 𝑥 5𝑦 (Ans: 5.659)
𝑎𝑏
6. Given that 5𝑎 = 11𝑏 = 55𝑐 , express 𝑐 in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏. (Ans: 𝑐 = )
𝑎+𝑏
7. If 3𝑚+1 = 5𝑛−1 = 15𝑘 , show that 𝑘 (𝑚 + 𝑛) = (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)
2𝑟𝑠
8. If 3𝑟 = 4𝑠 = 24𝑡 , find an expression for 𝑡 in terms of 𝑟 and 𝑠. (Ans: 𝑡 = )
3𝑟+2𝑠